Process Of Economic Development Research Articles

The Influence of Macroeconomic Variables on Asean- 5 Countries' Foreign Exchange Reserves Long-Term Relationship and Causality (Empirical Data Year 2014 to 2021)

The country's foreign exchange reserves are an important factor in supporting the economic development process in ASEAN-5 countries. The country's foreign exchange reserves are greatly influenced by macroeconomics so macroeconomic changes will have a large and rapid impact on foreign exchange reserves. So this research aims to determine the influence of macroeconomics, namely the rate of inflation, exchange rate, export value, and economic growth on the foreign exchange reserves of ASEAN-5 countries. The data processing was carried out using the multiple panel data regression method, empirical data from 2014 to 2021. The results of the data processing that has been carried out show that the model test, together with the inflation rate, exchange rate, export value, and economic growth, has an effect of 94.9867 percent. to the foreign exchange reserves of ASEAN-5 countries. Meanwhile, partially the export value and economic growth variables have a significant effect on ASEAN countries' foreign exchange reserves and are positively proportional, but the inflation rate and exchange rate have no effect on ASEAN countries' foreign exchange reserves and are negatively proportional. Apart from that, the role of the government is also very influential in maintaining the country's foreign exchange reserves because macroeconomics is determined by government policies.

Spatial Effects of Economic Modernization on Carbon Balance in China

Exploring the impact of economic modernization on carbon balance is an essential endeavor to achieve carbon neutrality and combat climate change. However, the spatial impact of economic modernization on carbon balance remains ambiguous. Therefore, this study aims to explore the spatial spillover effects of agricultural modernization, industrialization, and urbanization on carbon balance during the economic modernization process in China, taking 30 provinces and cities in China as examples from 2010 to 2021. This study utilizes the spatial Durbin model to derive the following results: In the past decade, the carbon balance ratio has shown a fluctuating and decreasing dynamic evolution trend. There is an increase in regions with serious carbon deficits. Further investigation into the spatial spillover effect of carbon balance unveils that for every 1% increase in the carbon balance ratio of a province, neighboring provinces experience a decrease of 0.833%. Additionally, the spatial spillover effects of the three modernizations in China on the carbon balance ratio behave differently. Agricultural modernization and urbanization demonstrate negative spatial spillover effects on the carbon balance in neighboring regions, while industrialization exerts a significant positive spatial spillover effect on the carbon balance of neighboring regions. Regarding control variables, the level of innovation solely contributes to local carbon balance realization without generating a trickle-down effect, whereas infrastructure development operates inversely. At the same time, there are differences in the spatial effects of agricultural modernization and industrialization on the carbon balance between the eastern region and the central and western regions. The study underscores the importance of economic modernization and development processes focusing on fostering synergistic growth between economic and environmental benefits within both local and neighboring areas.

Social comparison of home appliance ownership and use and heterogeneous impact on electricity consumption: a case of apartment households in Korea

AbstractEfficient energy demand management in the residential sector must be designed based on a sufficient understanding of factors. This study focuses on apartments, a mainstream housing type in Korea. The combination of factor analysis and quantile regression analysis provides insight into the sociocultural meaning of home appliance ownership and use pattern and the differential impact on electricity consumption. The eight representative home appliances closely related to electricity consumption in the household sector are related to household composition, life cycle, economic ability, education, and occupation type. Additionally, the influence of home appliances on electricity consumption is not constant and is differentiated depending on the consumption level of each household. These attempts can provide customized information on specific housing type groups emerging in the future economic development and urban development process. In residential energy demand management, further segmentation and specification of the target and content of information provision will increase the effectiveness of policy achievement.

Population dynamics, intergenerational mobility, and the process of economic development

AbstractThis study analyzes the interactions between population dynamics with differential fertility the intergenerational mobility and economic development. Population dynamics with differential fertility exerts the following two effects on the economy: (i) the change in the population size of the entire economy influences the mobility through changing in the composition of workers and (ii) the decreasing/increasing transfer per child influences the mobility. A sufficient increase in the population growth increases the population size and leads to a significant decline in the transfers per child; this phenomenon contributes toward the cyclical behavior of mobility and income inequality. On the other hand, when a population growth decreases, the mobility monotonically approaches toward steady state. These results are consistent with some empirical evidence. Hence, this study demonstrates that the population dynamics with differential fertility leads to a difference in transitional dynamics of intergenerational mobility and the process of economic development.

ИСТОРИКО-ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАКОНОМЕРНОСТИ ЗАСЕЛЕНИЯ И ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОГО ОСВОЕНИЯ ТЕРРИТОРИИ ПРИТАМБОВЬЯ

The article analyzes the processes of settlement and economic development of the territory of the modern Tambov region from ancient times to the founding of the city of Tambov, reveals the characteristic features and the main factors in the formation of the socio-economic system of the region. The main stages of colonization and development of the territory are investigated, and the influence of natural conditions and resources on the formation of economic specialization of the region is considered. The results of the study can be useful for the development strategies of the region and the preservation of its historical and cultural heritage.

Locating the 1948 Economic Agreement of Bogotá: The Rise and Fall of Latin America’s International Economic Law Project

Abstract This article claims that Latin America developed a competing International Economic Law project in the 1940s. These ideas and practices served the region to imagine its economic development process. Through the work of economists and lawyers – especially international lawyers – Latin America envisioned a future of industrialization and designed a strategy to make it happen. In the 1940s, many Latin Americans were enthusiastic about the prospects of industrialization; however, the consensus was that this objective required regional cooperation to reshape international trade and foreign investment laws among themselves and, especially, vis-à-vis the United States. This article explores this regional momentum focusing on the 1948 Economic Agreement of Bogotá, one of the most important international economic law-making efforts in the Western Hemisphere. In Bogotá, many Latin American governments insisted that states, not markets or foreign investors, should plan the region’s economic future. The United States and the US business elite disagreed.

IMPACT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ON THE DIGITAL ECONOMY

Purpose. The article explores the impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and their role and place in the dynamics of the digital economy. The aim of this research is to assess the impact of the digital economy on GDP per capita in EU countries. Methodology. Analysis of ICT as a key factor in enhancing economic growth through the implementation of digital technology opportunities. Panel data from Eurostat and the World Bank covering EU countries from 2014 to 2021 were used for analysis. A correlation analysis was then conducted between variables, and the model was relevant for forecasting. Results. The number of studies on the impact of Information and Communication Technologies on the economic growth of countries has increased in recent years. However, there is still no assessment of the real GDP impact on the level of household Internet access in the EU area. Studying this gap in the literature allows us to draw conclusions about the implications for stakeholders regarding more effective implementation of the digital agenda. Scientific novelty. The digital economy, measured by Internet, mobile phone, and fixed broadband access, influences the economic growth of a country. This, in turn, depends on the level of technology measures covering the digital economy. ICT positively influence the development of countries' economies and can be used as tools by stakeholders. These agents should generate policies that enhance ICT technological infrastructure, digital empowerment of the population, and greater access to ICT. The GDP level model is presented as a function of Internet access for households in the EU area along with a short-term forecast for this index. It is shown that investments in ICT infrastructure are indispensable for the development of a strong knowledge- and digital technology-based economy. Practical significance. The research results will help in identifying opportunities and levers of influence for governmental institutions and other socio-economic systems on the impact of digital economy development processes on GDP per capita in EU countries.

Новый военно-политический ландшафт в Арктике: прогнозы из Китая

The Arctic is becoming another node in a series of geopolitical contradictions between Russia and the West, where Moscow and Beijing speak largely from the same positions. This trend has become more relevant after the start of the Russian special military operation in Ukraine, which was also well understood by Chinese scientists and experts. In this work, the author has attempted to analyze the Chinese academic discourse, which considers the current geostrategic situation in the Arctic and substantiates the possibility and necessity of military and political cooperation between Russia and China in the Arctic region. Chinese scientists and experts identify a number of new trends in NATO’s Arctic policy and conclude that the adjustment and new trends in the Arctic policy of the North Atlantic Alliance closely interact with the international political situation and the Arctic geopolitical game and correspond to the transformation and expansion of NATO’s strategic functions in recent years. As for the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict on the Arctic, China believes that it is mainly reflected in changing the geopolitical structure of the Arctic; undermining the foundations of international cooperation in the region; negatively affecting the process of economic development of the Arctic; and increasing pressure on the Arctic climate environment. A general analysis of the military-political situation in the Arctic in the context of China’s interests leads Chinese researchers to the conclusion that it is necessary to strengthen Russian-Chinese interaction and cooperation in the region. This conclusion allows them to formulate specific recommendations: facing new challenges in the Arctic and its increasing militarization, China and Russia need to define a program of security cooperation and increase its level.

Research on Digital Economy and High Quality Development of Regional Economy

<p>The experience of developed countries shows that digital economy can promote high -quality economic development. By constructing a comprehensive evaluation index system, this paper measures the digital economy and high quality economic development level of Zhejiang province from 2013 to 2019. First, the coupling model is used to measure the dynamic evolution process of digital economy and high-quality economic development, then the general linear linear regression model is fitted to explore the promotion degree of digital economy to high-quality economic development, and finally, the mediationeffect model is used to analyze the mechanism of digital economy to promote high -quality economic development. The following conclusionsare drawn: In recent years, the development level of digital economy in Zhejiang province continues to improve, and the coupling coordination degree of digital economy and high-quality economic development gradually reaches a good level. Digital economy can promote high-quality economic development. Every 1% increase in the level of digital economy will increase the level of high-quality economic development by 0.4694%. The index of scientific and technological innovation is taken as a mediating variable, and the test model is constructed. The mediating effect is found to be significant, which indicates that digital economy empowers scientific and technological innovation to promote high-quality economic development. Based on this, this paper puts forward some suggestions to provide reference for thehigh quality economic development of Zhejiang Province.</p>

경제안보 패러다임 하에서 한일간 협력 강화의 중요성 고찰

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to look back on Korea-Japan economic relations in the wake of the recent improvement in Korea-Japan relations, and to consider the importance and necessity of strengthening cooperation between Korea and Japan in a trade environment where economic security and protectionism are spreading.
 Research design, data, and methodology: This paper first reviews recent studies similar to the scope of this study, and then examines changes in the world economic order and global trade environment due to the spread of the economic security paradigm. Based on this, we analyze the challenges facing Korea and Japan, and then consider why strengthening cooperation between Korea and Japan is important and necessary under the current trade environment where protectionism is rampant. The analysis method uses various international organizations and Korea-Japan trade statistics to analyze the structure and characteristics of Korea-Japan exports and imports, the effects of the Korea-Japan FTA within RCEP, and the ripple effects of the expansion of Korea-Japan cooperation.
 Results: This paper analyzes the relationship between the economic and industrial structures between Korea and Japan and suggests that building a strong cooperative relationship at the present time, as it has in the past, will bring about mutual benefits. In particular, it emphasizes the need for active response through multilateral cooperation on the international stage, such as RCEP and IPEF, and not limited to cooperation between the two countries. Specifically, the Korean and Japanese economies have a fundamental condition in which they cannot help but prioritize the U.S.-led economic bloc when choosing between the U.S.-led economic bloc and the Chinese-led economic bloc. However, as mentioned above, the Korean and Japanese economies are faced with a dilemma in that they have a connection and closeness with the Chinese economy that cannot be easily escaped. If bleeding occurs due to intensified competition between Korean and Japanese companies, there is a high possibility that only China will benefit as it will be able to purchase at low prices. On the contrary, if cooperation between Korean and Japanese companies is strengthened and transactions are carried out with Chinese companies, the Chinese economy is still highly dependent on the Korean and Japanese economies, so negotiations can be advantageously guided in the direction demanded by both Korea and Japan.
 Implications: Our government must recognize that Korea and Japan can continue to generate economic benefits by strengthening cooperation between the two countries, even under the economic security paradigm, considering the similarities in economic and industrial structures, the closeness of the economic development process, and the shared concepts of capitalism and free markets. It should not be overlooked that if trade friction or disputes occur between specific countries among the three countries, this could have a negative impact, so to speak, on large losses, not only to the relevant country but also to the other country. Therefore, strengthening cooperation between Korea and Japan is an essential option in the current situation.

Role of Community and Its Impact on Migration of Scheduled Cast Communities of West Bengal

Even in circumstances of poverty, migration responses are not simply driven by economic incentives but informed by ideas of appropriate actions in a particular context. A researcher focusing on migrant networks has played a very important role in helping to see the movement of people as part, not only of traditions of migration and interpreted in a cumulative migration theory, but also of wider processes of social and economic development. In this study carried out on an ancient, backward, and deprived Koch community people of Koch Behar district, we are straining to detect, how their relationship with any other member of the same community helps them to obtain a job outside the district. As our objective is to look at the association/ network in the process of migration, here we try to ensure that the whole society gets an equal opportunity to get selected for our study. So 500 households had been visited across the district comprising at least 50 percent should have at least one member residing outside. FGD and in-depth interviews were also carried out in each selected village. The outcome indicates that the present scenario of migration is not the only reason for impoverishment. The residential district is historically deprived basically on the economic front, but the masses are going to move outside for such a chore is a late phenomenon. The close relationship of the same community people is one of the primary causes of their migration. Education plays a crucial role in achieving their aspirations.

The right of the Republic of Moldova to defense and some aspects of defensive capabilities

Although it has declared itself a neutral state, the Republic of Moldova is compelled to consider potential sources of military threats. Defense is a fundamental and distinct field of national security, aiming to achieve national interests and the processes of political, economic, and social development of the state. According to international law, the Republic of Moldova has the right to defend and ensure its military security by all means at its disposal. It is legal to maintain Armed Forces, built on the principle of defensive sufficiency, for the defense of sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity, as well as for the annihilation of armed conflicts and other acts of violence within the country that endanger the constitutional order.

ДІАГНОСТИКА ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО ЗРОСТАННЯ КОМПАНІЇ В УМОВАХ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ: ЕКОНОМІКО-МАТЕМАТИЧНІ ОСНОВИ

Economic variables are important factors for explaining the dynamics of socio-economic processes and, as a rule, can be reflected in terms of results using abstract models. In conditions of uncertainty and under pressure from the external environment regarding the need to take into account non-economic factors, variables that are related and have a certain correlation with the result can be expressed in different values. To characterize the development processes of socio-economic systems as an object of management, a set of economic-mathematical models is used, among which the following are distinguished: optimization models, models of system dynamics, models of analysis and forecasting of financial reporting, models of discounting and value, conceptual model of ESG management. A structured review of the main generally recognized economic and mathematical methods and models shows that in the process of economic development, the level of technology, production efficiency, investments and other economic and non-economic factors have a certain influence on the direction and trajectory of economic growth, so companies should pay attention to the various influences of factors, to promote more stable development of economic activity. Mathematical models can specify abstract, non-quantitative problems, which is important in terms of sustainable development and the need to take into account non-economic parameters, mostly those that do not have a quantitative dimension. Such factors are difficult to take into account in traditional quantitative economic models. But thanks to the development of conceptual approaches and the use of various tools, the description, reasoning and calculation of relationships between processes and phenomena is possible with the help of quantitative and quantifiable non-quantitative parameters. As a result, economic-mathematical models play an important role in economic research and help solve practical problems on a scientific basis. In theory and in practice, there is a wide arsenal of development management tools. When modeling the company's economic development processes, it is important to consider it as an open socio-economic system consisting of interconnected elements that interact with the external environment. Such a system is presented through the functions performed by the business entity in the process of achieving the set goal, taking into account the conditions and circumstances through the search for possible alternatives. The performance of these functions involves a certain sequence of operations, the optimization of which leads to changes in the socio-economic system, and the actions, limited in time and aimed at the performance of relevant tasks, are modeled taking into account the need to solve problems or form new needs and satisfy potential requests.

Determinação dos fatores que afetam os termos de comércio domésticos na produção de tomate estufa

ABSTRACT: Agriculture plays a leading role in the economic growth and development process. Ensuring the continuity of production depends on the purchasing power of the producers. The sustainability of production and the development of the rural welfare index in favor of the producers will increase the driving role of the agricultural sector, which is also a resource for other sectors. This study determined the variables affecting the Domestic Terms of Trade of the greenhouse tomato producers in Antalya, Türkiye. The product price has been determined as the major factor affecting the Domestic Terms of Trade. In addition, it was concluded that a one-unit increase in the product price increases the Domestic Terms of Trade by 34.99 units. Interviews revealed that the continuity of consumption needs is more important than the continuity of production. It has been determined that the high and variable input costs cause erosion in the incomes of the producers. Agricultural policies will be more effective both in the short and long term when the aim is to improve the welfare and purchasing power of producers, rather than intervening in agricultural prices or reducing prices.

The Legal and Practical Issues of Environmental Protection Provisions in International Investment Law

International investment is an important form of cooperation between countries. International investment mainly in the form of investment agreements, through the signing of treaties to effectively protect the interests of investment importing countries and host countries. However, environmental problems are inevitable during the process of economic development. The deterioration of the environment will bring harm to the country and the whole world. This paper focuses on the legal and practical issues on environmental protection provisions in the area of international investment law, by means of analysing previous cases. Conclusively, these legal issues include vacancy in the specific context of environmental protection clauses, ambiguity of application and lack of legally binding force. As for practical issues, lack of evidence, lack of supervision and defeat in the evidence on compliance with environmental regulations are discussed in this paper. In closing, this paper also offers some suggestions to solve the issues mentioned above.

Urban development in Serbia - The economic positions and development processes of major cities.

Urban development in Serbia - The economic positions and development processes of major cities.

The impact of the industrial special economic zone “Lipetsk” on socio-economic processes of the region

The processes of economic development of the Russian regions nowadays represent a deep practical interest in the professional community, which requires further study and observation in dynamics. Due to natural and artificial circumstances and reasons, the regions of the country are developed extremely unevenly. There are no actual systematisation of the economic development of the federal subjects management and territorial clusterisation according to their development indicators. The Lipetsk region historically and today is also no exception. The region is part of the Central Federal District and a significant industrial centre here. More than 18 years ago the industrial special economic zone (hereinafter referred to as ISEZ) “Lipetsk” was created. The Lipetsk region is one of the first regions among various investment ratings in terms of quality and volume of investments, as well as among implemented investment projects, involving domestic and foreign capital. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of the activities of the ISEZ “Lipetsk” on the socio-economic processes of the region and to study the possibilities of assessing such an impact.

Urgensi Undang-Undang Penilai Dalam Memberikan Perlindungan dan Kepastian Hukum Bagi Penilai

The preamble of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD NRI 1945) mandates the objectives of forming the Government of the Indonesian State. These objectives include the protection of the nation and all the blood of Indonesia, as well as the progress of public welfare, national education, and contributions to world order based on independence, eternal peace, and social justice. One of the efforts to achieve these objectives is by building the national economy as a collective endeavour based on the principle of togetherness. Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution regulates the national economy with economic democracy, the principles of togetherness, just and efficient justice, sustainability, and environmental awareness. The implementation of the fifth principle of Pancasila in economic development is stipulated in Article 33 paragraphs (1)-(5) of the 1945 Constitution. The Valuer profession plays a crucial role in supporting the national economy, providing economic value, and being an important institution in economic administration. However, the existence and role of Valuers also bring risks, such as legal claims against the opinions they produce. Clear norms and complaint mechanisms are needed to maintain the independence of Valuers. The current economic development process focuses on increasing productivity through diversification and technological innovation. The Valuer profession is rapidly growing in both the government and private sectors, including banking, capital markets, financial reporting, insurance, and land procurement. However, regulations related to the Valuer profession are scattered across several laws, which require clearer arrangements to ensure legal certainty and order. Therefore, legal protection in the form of regulations within the law is necessary to guarantee the important role and independence of the Valuer profession in supporting national economic development.

Solutions to Enhance Foreign Direct Investment Attraction to Vietnam in the Digital Transformation Phase

The reality shows that developing countries often face capital and technology shortages, outdated industrial production techniques, small-scale production, low labor productivity, low per capita GDP, low GDP growth rates, low savings rates, underdeveloped foreign trade with a trade deficit, exporting raw materials and semi-processed goods, a development gap compared to advanced countries, and dependence on developed countries in terms of trade, technology, foreign aid, and expertise. This is referred to as the "vicious circle" of poverty by Paul A. Samuelson, which requires an external boost. According to him, this boost includes capital, technology, expertise, etc. Therefore, attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) is considered an effective solution for the socio-economic development of developing countries. Consequently, these countries pay special attention to studying the factors that influence FDI attraction policies to timely adjust their policies to optimize FDI attraction and serve the process of economic and social development. Evaluate the attraction of foreign direct investment and examine the factors influencing foreign direct investment attraction. Based on that, propose solutions to enhance the attraction of foreign direct investment in the current phase.

Modern sociological approaches to innovation research (critical review)

This article examines sociological research of innovations and prospects for considering innovations in a joint sociological. The article analyzes complex innovations, with a large number of various amenities available for distribution and territorial entities. Based on the analyses of current writers on the traces of innovations in the articles, it will be concluded that the agreed will weigh on innovation and will mean in the story and the saying of the Ecos in which innovations are generated and in the framework where the exploration of assets is carried out intrigued in the coordination of the process of economic development of a particular territory. Based on an extensive range of information, the authors inform the priority schemes for the development of both innovations and innovative ecosystems. Paying attention to the prospects for the practical implementation of innovative systems. Different attention in the work is dominated by an active - network approach to the search for innovations, which allows us to consider the prospects for the development of their innovations. Also, the article sends out research, agreed prospects for the use and examples of new technologies and their differentiation in specific cases, and it is possible to conclude about the implementation of communication and prospects for interaction within the innovation system for the implementation of reengineering of innovation.