Economic Development Of Pakistan Research Articles

Nexus Between Economic Development and Population: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

The article explores the real-world connection involving population increase and economic development in Pakistan. This research examines the long-run and short-run implications of demographic parameters like population expansion, expectancy of life and fertility rate on the advancement of the Pakistani economy. The theoretical foundation of the study is built on demographic change, which takes into account life expectancy and the birth rate in the production function, as well as human capital development to establish research goals. The current study used Pakistan's time-series information from 1981 to 2021. The dataset was retrieved using the World Development Indicator engaging the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL) to figure out the short and long-run interactions between prosperity and population increase. The outcomes demonstrate an adverse and substantial association between the expansion of the population with the growth in the economy. On the contrary, life expectancy has a large and favourable impact on the development of the economy. According to the results, population growth has a detrimental impact on the development of the economy; nevertheless, appropriate usage of these assets must be made. Whenever a nation maintains an extensive population and fails to utilize its strength effectively, then it will become a strain on the economy. The authorities ought to implement comprehensive strategies for improving employment opportunities in the entire nation. Though Pakistan possesses an intelligent workforce, the challenge remains how to harness its potential profitably.

Nexus Between Economic Development and Population: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

The article explores the real-world connection involving population increase and economic development in Pakistan. This research examines the long-run and short-run implications of demographic parameters like population expansion, expectancy of life and fertility rate on the advancement of the Pakistani economy. The theoretical foundation of the study is built on demographic change, which takes into account life expectancy and the birth rate in the production function, as well as human capital development to establish research goals. The current study used Pakistan's time-series information from 1981 to 2021. The dataset was retrieved using the World Development Indicator engaging the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL) to figure out the short and long-run interactions between prosperity and population increase. The outcomes demonstrate an adverse and substantial association between the expansion of the population with the growth in the economy. On the contrary, life expectancy has a large and favourable impact on the development of the economy. According to the results, population growth has a detrimental impact on the development of the economy; nevertheless, appropriate usage of these assets must be made. Whenever a nation maintains an extensive population and fails to utilize its strength effectively, then it will become a strain on the economy. The authorities ought to implement comprehensive strategies for improving employment opportunities in the entire nation. Though Pakistan possesses an intelligent workforce, the challenge remains how to harness its potential profitably.

Reevaluating energy progress: An in-depth policy framework of energy, urbanization, and economic development

Pakistan has challenging energy-related economic concerns, including accessibility, affordability, and sustainability, all of which significantly impact the country's economic development and growth prospects. This study seeks to uncover the intricate link between energy use, power costs, urbanization, alternative energy consumption, and economic development from 1970 to 2018. Utilizing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, Frequency Domain Causality (FDC), and Innovative Accounting Approach (IAA), the research finds that energy use and urbanization positively impact economic development in the short and long term. Conversely, alternative energy consumption declines in the short run, while rising power costs negatively affect long-term economic development. FDC results indicate that rising power costs affect economic development in the short, medium, and long run, while urbanization has a long and short-term and energy use has a long- and medium-run impact on economic development in Pakistan. IAA aligns with ARDL and FDC hypotheses. This underscores the vital role of energy use and costs in economic activity, emphasizing the need for prudent urbanization and strategic alternative energy integration in long-term policy for Pakistan.

Testing the validity of feminization U-shape hypothesis for female labor force participation and economic development in Pakistan: a reexamination

Purpose The participation of females in economic activity remains a challenge, and received a lot of attention for a better labor policy discourse. The empirical research focused widely on the relationship between female labor force participation (FLFP) and economic development, called the feminization U-shape hypothesis. However, the linear/nonlinear relationship has been questioned due to empirical and methodological anomalies. Hence, this study aims to extend the previous work by reexamining this relationship in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach The annual data from 1980 to 2021, the unit root tests augmented Dickey–Fuller and Phillips and Perron, the conventional autoregressive distributed lag bound test approach by including the quadratic-term of GDP per capita and the novel Sasabuchi–Lind–Mehlum (SLM) U test (2010) used for empirical estimation. Findings The findings revealed the prospects of a long-run nonlinear association between FLFP and economic development in Pakistan. However, an inverse U-shape exists between the female labor force participation rate (FLFPR) and GDP per capita, predicting that FLFP may decline in the future. Research limitations/implications The traditional feminization U-shape hypothesis has little empirical support in the case of Pakistan. Therefore, the Government of Pakistan should enhance the enabling environment for females through the provision of better job opportunities, technical skills, on-the-job training and social security benefits during all phases of economic development. Originality/value The conventional approach of testing U-shape is insufficient. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, therefore, this study incorporated a wider data set in a time series that is less evident, an advanced methodology SLM U test (2010), to validate the feminization U-shape hypothesis in Pakistan for the first time.

Breaking Barriers: Technological Adoption Challenges in Organizations of Developing Economies - A Case of Pakistan

Technology integration at the workplace is the most talked about and challenging topic in this technologically poised era. Academia and practitioners are both struggling to upgrade themselves. By not adopting technological revolutions, emerging economies face the danger of being left behind, which could lead to a significant disproportion of economic development and living canons compared to industrialized nations. Technological transformation in developing economies has both problems and possibilities. The research analyzes the challenging factors of implementing innovative technologies to foster societal development, economic advancement, and enhanced quality of organizational practices in emerging economies, with a particular emphasis on Pakistan. The study identifies the critical obstacles to adopting technology, such as scarcity of financial resources, threats over data privacy and security, the unwillingness of management personnel to embrace change, the fast pace of technical developments, and a deficiency of awareness vis-à-vis the advantages of integrating technology. This research used a cross-sectional, quantitative approach to collect data from 287 participants representing different industries/organizations in Karachi, Pakistan. The descriptive statistical analysis was performed via SPSS, emphasizing organizations' notable obstacles during technology adoption. The findings identify the importance of strategic resource allocation, strong cybersecurity measures, efficient change management, ongoing innovation, and thorough education and communication to address these difficulties. Working on these challenges is imperative if an organization seeks benefits from advanced technology and innovation, maximum employee efficiency, and required sustainable growth. The study findings propose valuable insights to help policymakers, organizational leaders, and practitioners pursue technological adoption and inspire economic development in Pakistan, an emerging economy.

Assessing the Drivers of Economic Growth in Pakistan: A Time-Series Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment and Oil Price Effects

This research looks at the factors that drive Pakistan's economic growth, with a particular emphasis on the influence of foreign direct investment (FDI) and oil prices. Using data from 1998 to 2022, the study applies the Auto Regression Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to examine the link between FDI, oil prices, and economic growth. The empirical findings show that FDI has a beneficial impact on economic growth, highlighting its importance as a driver for economic development in Pakistan. In contrast, the study finds that rising oil prices harm economic growth, emphasizing the negative effects of oil price volatility. Considering these findings, the study underlines the need for policies that encourage FDI inflows and industrialization to drive economic growth. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of government involvement to mitigate the negative effects of rising oil costs, since unchecked rises might stymie economic progress. Understanding the determinants of economic growth in Pakistan is critical for both policymakers and investors. FDI is critical for increasing productivity and creating jobs, yet oil price volatility can have a substantial influence on the country's macroeconomic stability and growth trajectory. Analyzing their effects gives useful insights for long-term economic growth initiatives. Overall, the study suggests a dual strategy for Pakistani policymakers: create a climate conducive to attracting FDI while taking steps to reduce the negative consequences of unpredictable oil prices. By prioritizing these policies, Pakistan may accelerate its economic growth and protect itself from foreign economic shocks.

An Inquiry into the Significance of Selected Institutions in the Economic Development of Pakistan

Purpose: The study explores the significance of selected institutions in the economic development of Pakistan through its comparative study with Bangladesh and India over the period 2002-2021. The purpose is to identify the ultimate source of economic growth in Pakistan.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: To accomplish the objectives, the study resorts to descriptive statistics, correlation matrices and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) modeling techniques.
 Findings: The study confirms the dominant role of institutional quality in economic growth. Comparing the role of domestic institutions to traditional growth factors the study finds out that institutional indicators such as political stability, rule of law, and government effectiveness cast a higher impact on economic growth in Pakistan than traditional factors like human capital, physical capital and trade openness. The study reveals that Pakistan faces challenges on the institutional front impeding its economic progress compared to Bangladesh and India.
 Implications/Originality/Value: The study may serve as a guiding tool for policymakers and stakeholders emphasizing an urgent call for reforms in domestic institutions and suggesting improvement in institutional quality in Pakistan to foster a favorable environment for sustainable economic growth.

Soil erosion vulnerability and soil loss estimation for Siran River watershed, Pakistan: an integrated GIS and remote sensing approach.

Soil erosion is a problematic issue with detrimental effects on agriculture and water resources, particularly in countries like Pakistan that heavily rely on farming. The condition of major reservoirs, such as Tarbela, Mangla, and Warsak, is crucial for ensuring an adequate water supply for agriculture in Pakistan. The Kunhar and Siran rivers flow practically parallel, and the environment surrounding both rivers' basins is nearly identical. The Kunhar River is one of KP's dirtiest rivers that carries 0.1 million tons of suspended sediment to the Mangla reservoir. In contrast, the Siran River basin is largely unexplored. Therefore, this study focuses on the Siran River basin in the district of Manshera, Pakistan, aiming to assess annual soil loss and identify erosion-prone regions.Siran River average annual total soil loss million tons/year is 0.154. To achieve this, the researchers integrate Geographical Information System (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) data with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model. Five key variables, rainfall, land use land cover (LULC), slope, soil types, and crop management, were examined to estimate the soil loss. The findings indicate diverse soil loss causes, and the basin's northern parts experience significant soil erosion. The study estimated that annual soil loss from the Siran River basin is 0.154 million tons with an average rate of 0.871 tons per hectare per year. RUSLE model combined with GIS/RS is an efficient technique for calculating soil loss and identifying erosion-prone areas. Stakeholders such as policymakers, farmers, and conservationists can utilize this information to target efforts and reduce soil loss in specific areas. Overall, the study's results have the potential to advance initiatives aimed at safeguarding the Siran River watershed and its vital resources. Protecting soil resources and ensuring adequate water supplies are crucial for sustainable agriculture and economic development in Pakistan.

Natural resources, financial expansion and gross domestic savings influence to economic progress: a road to long-term sustainability

ABSTRACTThis study examined the impact of financial expansion, natural resources, gross domestic savings, and foreign direct investment on economic development in Pakistan, using annual data spanning from 1970 to 2020. We utilized the three regression techniques including Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), Cointegrating Regression analysis (FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR), and dynamic Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) to uncover the determinants influence on economic progress. The GMM technique findings reveal that natural resources and foreign direct investment have positively influenced the economic progress. Financial expansion and gross domestic savings both have a detrimental effect on Pakistan’s economic growth. Moving on to the effects of FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR, the natural resources and foreign direct investment favourably affected the Pakistan’s economic growth, whereas financial expansion and gross domestic savings adversely influenced the economic growth. Furthermore, the outcomes of dynamic symmetric (ARDL) approach in the short-run and long-run show that FDI and financial expansion have a negative impact on economic development, whereas natural resources and gross domestic savings have a favourable impact. In order to attain long-lasting and sustainable economic growth, it is crucial for the government to implement inventive policies and regulations that promote financial supply-side reform and enable various financial development initiatives.

EXPLORING THE PARADOX OF POPULATION GROWTH AND FOOD RESOURCES IN PUNJAB – PAKISTAN: REASSESSMENT IN THE LIGHT OF MALTHUSIAN THEORY

The correlation between population growth and economic development has been a persistent subject of inquiry among demographers and development economists. While some academics assert that population growth impedes economic development, others contend that it is advantageous due to the expansion of the workforce. Thomas Robert Malthus posited that population increases surpass the growth of food resources, resulting in food shortages and a diminished standard of living. The Neo-Malthusian theory advocates for the implementation of population control measures. This research delves into the connection between population growth and economic development in Pakistan, examining the validity of Malthus' assumptions. As the sixth most populous country with limited land area, Pakistan's largest unit, Punjab, holds a substantial portion of its population and food production. Through the analysis of data spanning from 1971 to 2017, despite experiencing a rapid population growth rate of 2.4% in 2017, a positive association between population growth and food resources was identified throughout the studied period.

The Impact of Brand Equity on Purchase Intentions: Investigation from Pakistan Automobile Industry

This research aims to scrutinize the influence of various brand equity factors on the purchase intentions of consumers within the automobile sector of Pakistan, focusing specifically on prominent brands like Honda and Toyota. Adopting a Positivism research paradigm, the study employs a quantitative, explanatory approach. Data was garnered from 150 consumers utilizing online surveys (via Google Forms) and was analyzed through Smart PLS Software. The research focused primarily on primary data collection. The findings illuminate that Brand Knowledge, Brand Awareness, Brand Performance, Brand Resonance, Brand Image, Brand Salience, Brand Relevance, and Self-esteem significantly impact Brand Equity, acting as independent variables, with Brand Equity mediating and Purchase Intentions as the dependent variable. All variables exhibited a Cronbach’s alpha greater than 0.7, ensuring reliability, with SEM regression highlighting the significant impact of Brand Equity on purchase intentions of consumers. Insights derived from the research findings could be instrumental for brands in the automobile sector to formulate strategies that enhance brand equity and subsequently, positively influence consumer purchase intentions. Considering the pivotal role of the automobile industry in the economic development of Pakistan, these strategies could hold substantial implications. The study provides a comprehensive exploration of the relationship between brand equity and purchase intentions within Pakistan’s automobile industry, offering valuable insights for both academic and practical realms in a context where such detailed exploration is scant.

The Impact of Employment and Education on the Economic Growth of Pakistan: A Time-series Analysis

Economic development is a fundamental need for the nation of Pakistan. The independent variables in this research can have a direct influence on economic growth. The present research examines the influence of employment and education on the economic development of Pakistan throughout the period spanning from 1981 to 2022. Regression analysis was done to check the short-run and long-run relationship among GDP growth rate, education, and employment. The study implies an augmented-dickey fuller test to check the stationarity of the variables and error terms. In addition, the tests of Ramsey Reset, multi-collinearity, and heteroscedasticity have also been employed in the study. The results of the study indicate the importance of promoting education and the creation of employment opportunities, which in turn will provide a nation with rapid and sustained economic expansion over an extended period. Education and economic growth were shown to be correlated in the short term, but employment and growth were not. The study proposes boosting educational spending to make it more accessible to the public and raising school and higher education enrolment to boost Pakistan's literacy rate. Education quality and quantity should be prioritized. The government should also create jobs and invest in R&D to boost labor force participation and efficiency.

Curriculum of Higher Education for Fostering Economic Development in Pakistan

Education is deliberated comprehensively as a gadget for growing financial development, authorizing people, valuing individual incomes, and humanizing a satisfying and elastic atmosphere that concretes the way for a well-off economy. It also offers suggestions gearing the new generations to contract with the contests of markets in the future. Deprived of a vigorous education curriculum, neither economic nor social development is conceivable in Pakistan. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of curriculum of higher education for fostering the economic development and find out relationship between curriculum and economic development. The subjects of this research were university students and sample of 600 university students were selected via stratified and simple random procedure. The collected data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics frequency percentage and correlation on SPSS version 28.0. The results exposed the low indications that the Pakistani curriculum is teaching the techniques of financial learning, financial intelligence to its youth. The results found that participants were incapable to capitalize and grasp businesses in the global market to revel in financial independence. Positive descriptions for educational institutes entails to update their curriculum with acquaint practical courses for youth with boosted job scenarios in the marketplace. A robust positive correlation between financial knowledge and job opportunities as an apprise in the curriculum with modern-day mandatory subjects can resulted to enhance opportunities for graduates in the job market

Analysis of environmental sustainability and economic development from electricity consumption based on the modified spatial Durbin model

The study investigates the impacts of financial development, electricity use, and technology innovation on CO2 emissions. International trade also plays an essential role in the economic development of Pakistan. Studying the relationship between ecological parameters, technological innovation, electricity use, and CO2 emissions is necessary to formulate the country's reasonable and practical energy policies. Based on the study's use of data from 292 Pakistani firms from 2006 to 2021, the paper investigates the mechanism of the role between financial development, electricity use, technological innovation, international trade, and CO2 emissions using the spatial Durbin model. The results reveal that the effect of economic growth, electricity use, and technological innovation on CO2 emissions has a spatial spillover effect. The results verify that international trade and the transport sector promote the country's carbon emissions. The typical speculation spike on technology innovation enhanced and financial development should concentrate more on protective ecological parameters. The research provides theoretical guidance for solving the contradictory problem of renewable energy use growth and CO2 emission limitation while promoting green and low-carbon development in the country.

Study on ecotourism development in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan

Gilgit Baltistan is representative of the correlation between eco-tourism and local economic development in Pakistan, but there is a lack of research on eco-tourism in this region. This paper aims to provide theoretical basis and strategic direction for the coordinated development of tourism development, ecological protection, economic development, social benefits, and ecological benefits in this region. This paper systematically analyzes the stage of transformation and upgrading of local ecotourism development, and deeply explores the problems and causes. The popularity of cultural tourism brings new opportunities for Gilgit Baltistan, but some practical problems and conflicts are constantly exposed in the process of tourism development. This study tried to address that how to develop the cultural ecology of Gilgit Baltistan in a protective way and realize the harmonious development of economic value and ecological society has thrown up a difficult problem for the construction of eco-tourism in Gilgit Baltistan. This paper uses SWOT analysis to extract and summarize the internal strengths and weaknesses, external opportunities and challenges of Gilgit Baltistan's eco-tourism, so as to provide appropriate strategies for the development of local eco-tourism and clarify development goals and priorities.

Analyzing the Influence of Exchange Rate Dynamics on Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan: A 13-Year Analysis

Background: In the economic development of Pakistan, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays a crucial role while the exchange rate has been determined as an important factor influencing the FDI inflows. Research Aim: This research paper explores the multifaceted relationship between changes in exchange rate and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Pakistan aiming to shed the light on complex dynamics at play. Methodology: Through the data analysis from 2010 to 2022 and empirical studies this study identifies a significant relationship between the change in exchange rate and FDI. The test of Linear Regression and Pearson’s Correlation were applied to test the data through SPSS software. Results: The results of the correlation exhibited that there is a positive relationship between change in Exchange rate and FDI, while the R-square in the regression analysis showed about 58.1% impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable. It is apparent from the study that the depreciation and appreciation of the Pakistani currency relative to major international currencies affects the decision of the investors. Conclusion: This paper concludes with a set of recommendations for the Government of Pakistan with the aim of creating a conducive environment for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) by considering stabilizing the exchange rate as a key factor. Further, this research will help provide valuable insight and pathways for the policymakers and investors in forming the decision-making and policy for the development and sustainable growth of the economy of Pakistan.

Impact of Financial Sector Development & Savings on Economic Development of Pakistan

The primary objective of this research was to examine the correlation between financial sector development, savings, and economic growth in Pakistan. As a developing nation, Pakistan holds considerable potential to enhance its economic condition through natural resources and favorable geographic allocation for both domestic and foreign investment. To accomplish this goal, the research utilized 2SLS techniques and yearly time-series data spanning from 1980 to 2022. The outcomes of all equations demonstrated that financial development is adversely impacted by inflation. Furthermore, high-interest rates are unfavorable for economic growth as they motivate individuals to deposit their funds in banks instead of investing them, which eventually leads to a reduction in economic activity. On the other hand, output had a positive connection with savings, whereas inflation had a negative impact on savings. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the importance of developing the financial sector and promoting savings mobilization for fostering economic growth in Pakistan. These findings could assist policymakers and the government in implementing strategies to enhance the economic development of the country.

Digital Governance Initiatives in Pakistan to Combat COVID-19: Current Developments and Challenges for a Sustainable Future

This study aims to investigate the adoption of digitalized service delivery mechanisms by various government and non-governmental institutions in Pakistan to combat the COVID-19 Pandemic. The key study objectives are; to analyze the role of digital governance in managing the pandemic and promoting sustainable social and economic development in Pakistan while focusing on the Digital Pakistan Policy and its implementation; and highlighting its significance in public service delivery in the new normal era. The paper adds value by evaluating the key features of the indigenous digitized governance model of public service delivery in Pakistan to handle the pandemic and also unveils implementation challenges posed by the context which could be addressed in future by offering relevant strategies, policy directives/guidelines and recommendations to the public policy formulators and public managers. The study adopted a descriptive approach to discuss various measures adopted by the government of Pakistan to deliver services in a digitized manner during the pandemic. Data was collected through a review of literature as a secondary source, while official websites of the government were consulted to gather primary data as well. Digital governance policy suggestions proposed in this paper are drawn from recommendations provided by in-service bureaucracy, policymakers and public policy experts in academic conferences. Thus, the study has practical implications for the policymakers aiming to overcome the challenges of the current and future post-pandemic era by developing a resilient and contextually inspired model of digital governance.

Riding the Waves of Fluctuating Oil Prices: Decoding the Impact on Economic Growth

Oil price fluctuations have always been controversial and remain significant in how a country's economy develops. It is especially easy for the worldwide price of natural resources to fluctuate, putting developing nations at risk of economic instability. Consider Pakistan's economy, which is very sensitive to changes in oil prices due to its reliance on the commodity. This research analyses the effects of oil prices on several macroeconomic indicators, including inflation, imports, gross savings, domestic lending to the private sector (DCPS), and industrial value-added in Pakistan. The study uses an error-correcting framework known as autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modelling to examine long-term connections between variables and their short-term implications. Additionally, data acquired between 1970 and 2020 was analyzed using Granger causality tests, impulse response functions (IRFs), and variance decomposition analyses (VDAs). The study found that inflation and domestic loans to the private sector hampered economic development in the near run. Conversely, imports, gross savings, industrial value added, and oil rents have a positive effect. A long-term connection between these variables was verified using the boundaries test. A unidirectional link was found in the causality tests between economic growth and imports, inflation and economic growth, and gross saving and domestic credit. An inverse link between domestic credit and inflation was found. The effect of oil rents on economic development in Pakistan is expected to rise during the next four years, according to the forecasts, before levelling out. According to the VDA results, the most critical factor influencing Pakistan's economic development over the next decade would be domestic lending to the private sector. Following these empirical results, the study proposes policy adjustments that might help Pakistan's economy expand more quickly and sustainably.

The Impact of High Population on Economic Development of Pakistan

Purpose: Population is an important factor which plays a double role in the economic development of Pakistan. From one side it is related to labor force. The larger size of the population has to produce more amount of the labor force. When resources are presented in sufficient amount, then labor force can become beneficial to economic development. From the other side, the labor cannot produce anything alone, if resources are in scarce amount the afterwards larger workforce can become the obstacle to economic growth and development of Pakistan. There is a different opinion about the population growth and economic development. Some viewer says it is a real problem while the other says it is not an actual and real problem. On the basis of these views in this paper studied the population growth impact on development of Pakistan economy.
 Methodology: The study used secondary data by reviewing existing literature.
 Findings: It is found that high population creates so many economic, social, environmental, and sociological problem which adversely affect the economic growth and development of Pakistan. The study also revealed that the relationship between high populations and economic development could be satisfied only when the population and resources are increasing at the same rate and all the resources are to be utilized at full capacity, effective and competent method through the expert, and capable human resources in the countries like Pakistan.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommended that the government should be well aware of the problem of population growth and make efforts to control through various population welfare programs like Family Welfare Centre, Mobile Service Units and Training Centers. These are significantly contribution in controlling population growth rate, fertility rate, maternal and infant mortality rate.