Economic Development In Mexico Research Articles

Practical Strategies for The Economic Development of Mexico: Nearshoring Trend

This research aimed to suggest practical strategies for Mexico's economic development through the trend of nearshoring. It involved identifying, analyzing, and organizing the causes of the conflict between China and the USA over international trade and exploring the opportunities that nearshoring to Mexico can offer. Qualitative research methods were applied, and documentary research techniques were used based on two study objects: a) the Sino-American dispute over international trade and b) nearshoring to Mexico. Nearshoring to Mexico is driven by various factors, including tariff benefits from Free Trade Agreements, low labor costs in manufacturing companies, and a stable exchange rate. Therefore, Mexico needs to encourage the development of industrial parks, implement an effective Public Security Policy, offer tax incentives to attract Foreign Direct Investment and improve port, road, and air infrastructure to take full advantage of this trend.

How rising temperatures affect electricity consumption and economic development in Mexico

How rising temperatures affect electricity consumption and economic development in Mexico

Agave crop segmentation and maturity classification with deep learning data-centric strategies using very high-resolution satellite imagery

ABSTRACTThe responsible and sustainable agave-tequila production chain is fundamental for the social, environmental, and economic development of Mexico’s agave regions. It is therefore relevant to develop new tools for large-scale automatic agave region monitoring. In this work, we present an Agave tequilana Weber azul crop segmentation and maturity classification using very high-resolution satellite imagery, which could be useful for this task. To achieve this, we solve real-world deep learning problems in the very specific context of agave crop segmentation such as a lack of data, low-quality labels, highly imbalanced data, and low model performance. The proposed strategies go beyond data augmentation and data transfer combining active learning and the creation of synthetic images with human supervision. As a result, the segmentation performance evaluated with the Intersection over Union (IoU) value increased from 0.72 to 0.90 in the test set. The authors also propose a method for classifying agave crop maturity with 95% accuracy. With the resulting accurate models, agave production forecasting can be available for large regions. In addition, some supply-demand problems such as excessive supplies of agave or, deforestation, could be detected early.

Institutions, Complex Societies and Fiscal Policy in Economic Development in Mexico An Objective Study of How These Three Concepts Interrelate with Each other

We review the main characteristics of three aspects that we consider critical for economic development such as institutions, complex societies and fiscal policy, to conclude that the virtuous coordination of these elements is necessary for economic development of societies and their interaction can explain the situation that Mexico lives today. We end this work stating that it is necessary for the country to develop solid institutions, but at the same time flexible that adapt to the growth of the economy in a globalized world and simplify political systems in order to avoid unnecessary complexities.

Potential of nearshoring for Mexico's economic development

The article focuses on analyzing the potential of "nearshoring," that is, outsourcing services and production to nearby countries, to strengthen the Mexican economy. Through a descriptive and qualitative methodology, the theoretical-methodological aspects related to the variants of nearshoring and the advantages offered by state participation in the economy are examined. The study highlights the growing global trend towards foreign direct investment. It underlines how Mexico has benefited from relocation to geographically close areas, driven by factors such as its proximity to the United States, the T-MEC, and key logistical connections, such as the transisthmian train linking the Pacific Ocean with the Gulf of Mexico. It is also noted that national and international indebtedness processes have led Mexico into a virtuous circle, requiring the authorities to focus strategically on identifying and meeting the logistics needs of foreign companies and the population itself.

100 years of Management in Mexico, background and current trends

Business Managementn (administration) has been a relevant topic in the Mexican economy in the last 100 years. In this essay we will analyze the different historical periods and their relationship with the administration, also, we will present the techniques and tools, most used at the time in our country. The paper begins with a brief introduction where management will be defined and the importance of the context of the Mexican economy and its relationship with management in Mexico will be explained. It will also present the research questions that will be addressed in the following sections. The second chapter will analyze the role of administration during the Porfiriato (1876-1911). It will analyze how the economic policies implemented during that period favored private investment and how foreign companies played a key role in Mexico's economic development and thus in the nascent concept of administration. The third chapter will study administration during the Revolutionary period. The role of the revolutionary leaders in the regulation of private investment and the nationalization of some foreign companies will be analyzed. The fourth chapter will discuss administration during the era of globalization. It will explain how the economic liberalization of the 1990s and the signing of free trade agreements affected private investment in Mexico, as well as its influence on the administrative techniques used. Finally, the fifth chapter will present the current challenges of private administration in Mexico (the Internet era). We will discuss global competition, investment in technology (internet of things) and the need for regulation to ensure that private investment contributes to the economic and social development of the country.

Violence and economic development in Mexico: a panel data cointegration approach

ABSTRACT Worldwide, it is widely recognized that violent conflicts constrain economic growth and development. Thus, it is necessary to research and analyse the main causes of violence and their relationship with development. This paper analyses how violence has affected economic development in the Mexican context during the 2000–2015 period. It takes into account that in the last decade, this country has had increased levels of violence, especially since the ‘war on drugs’ against drug trafficking was promulgated in 2006. This study uses different econometric models that apply the assessments of the panel unit root and cointegration tests and panel cointegration estimation. The results indicate that the tests used to validate the data allow the panel data cointegration relationships to be calculated. They demonstrate the existence of a long-run relationship between violence and economic development. Specifically, the results take into account that gross domestic product per capita and public investments have inverse relationships with the homicide rate, whereas poverty, unemployment, illiteracy and the Gini index have direct relationships with the homicide rate. Moreover, violence is strongly related to the deterrence variables. The findings of this study demonstrate that drug trafficking explains the increased violence in Mexico. Thus, it is important to develop and formulate adequate policies to control this situation, take measures to control violence starting with its root causes and promote social and economic development with a strategy to strengthen legal activities in society.

The Impact of Return Migration on Economic Development

Abstract Mexican migration to the United States—one of the largest flows in human history—inverted in the late 2000s, and during the next decade more Mexicans returned home than those who migrated north. We exploit this historical reversal to estimate the effects of return migration on economic development in Mexico. We find that return migration leads to higher levels of development through improved income, labor, health, and educational outcomes. Our findings suggest that the benefits of migration extend beyond individuals' tenure abroad, as accumulated capital, skills, and social norms have the potential to contribute to development back home.

Importance of implementing B2C e-commerce systems in SMEs in Mexico

The important role of SMEs as a sector of growing importance in the economic development of Mexico is undeniable, its fundamental problem is the challenge of constant updating of technology that allows it to sustain itself in a competitive environment. Electronic commerce is a medium that has elements of distribution of products that can circulate online around the world, however, only a small part of SMEs have a sales channel on the Internet. The objective of this work is the proposal for the implementation of a B2C (business-consumer) e-commerce system so that SMEs can advertise, promote and distribute products over the Internet to achieve links with new markets that allow them to sustain themselves in an environment highly competitive. The analysis was carried out with a deductive methodology and with a quantitative approach in which the collection and analysis of data is used to validate the proposal in a statistical model and under this foundation to propose the model.

Optimization of municipal solid waste collection routes in a Latin-American context

ABSTRACT Latin-American cities need efficient municipal solid waste (MSW) collection systems, specifically in municipalities with fast urbanization. Poor logistics in collection routes is one of the causes of inefficient MSW management. A strategy for designing the MSW collection routes, considering an environmental and economic analysis, was developed and tested in the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey (MMA), one of the cities with the highest urban and economic development in Mexico. Life cycle assessment and costs analysis were performed to evaluate archetypal routes’ environmental and economic impact in the current MSW collection system. The assessment of the environmental impact was realized through midpoint indicators of the ReCiPe 2008 method. The mathematical model describing the collection routes was developed using actual data from the MSW collection system in MMA, optimized by the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), and solved in RStudio. This study shows a reduction of between 9 and 20% of greenhouse gas emissions and distance covered in current collection stages, respectively. The results also demonstrate the influence of road direction, collection-truck efficiency, and traffic load in different stage on the environmental and economic impacts of the collection routes. A life cycle inventory, with realistic inputs and outputs of the MSW collection system, was developed. These inventories are scarce in Mexico and Latin America; their development helps designing cleaner MSW collection systems. Implications: The optimization of urban solid waste collection systems is a strategy to reduce costs and environmental impacts, considering factors such as distance or fuel consumption. However, mathematical models within the optimization require detailed information of the road network to achieve reliable results. In this context, Latin America shows difficulties in increasing its collection systems’ efficiency due to economic constraints and limited access to information from locals governments. The use of geographic information systems has been shown to collect real data on a city’s roads. This work aims to propose a strategy for designing urban solid waste collection routes with the least environmental and economic impacts through an optimization strategy that considers the road network’s real-time data, added to an environmental analysis developed with a life cycle assessment approach. We believe that our results could help the design of urban solid waste collection systems for cities with Latin American characteristics. Additionally, an inventory of specific inputs and emissions for waste collection in this type of city will be generated, supporting future sustainable management strategies.

Experts’ Views on the Potential of Luxury Niche Agricultural Products for Rural Economic Development in Mexico and Other Nations with Similar Needs: A Delphi Study

Economic development is essential for nations to realize growth and prosperity. For rural contexts, producing luxury niche agricultural products, such as cut flowers, may offer unique opportunities. Nevertheless, variables exist that should be considered before starting such ventures. We sought to identify the potential of smallholder farmers in rural Mexico, and other nations with similar economic development needs, to grow high-value crops for luxury markets. Knowledgeable experts served as panelists during the study’s three rounds of data collection, including researchers, extension educators, or other relevant professionals from Mexico and the United States. The initial round included three questions regarding 1) plant products, 2) a SWOT analysis framework, and 3) what smallholder farmers needed to achieve competitive advantages. In rounds two and three, the items retained from the preceding round were presented within a SWOT framework to be rated using a six-point, Likert-type agreement scale. The cutoff percentage for consensus of agreement was 75.00%. After three rounds, 113 items reached consensus, including five categories of plant products; nine Strengths, 21 Weaknesses, 15 Opportunities, and 13 Threats; and 50 items regarding producers’ competitive advantages. Although our analysis revealed opportunities for smallholder farmers to successfully grow specialty crops for luxury niche markets, producer training and support mechanisms are needed to overcome weaknesses and threats while capitalizing on their strengths.

Inequality, living standards, and growth: two centuries of economic development in Mexico†

AbstractHistorical wage and income data provide both normative measures of living standards, and indicators of patterns of economic development. This study shows that, given limited historical data, median incomes are most appropriate for measuring welfare and inequality, while urban unskilled wages can be used to test dualist models of development. We present new estimates of these series for Mexico from 1800 to 2015 and find that both have historically failed to keep up with aggregate growth: GDP per worker is now over eight times higher than in the nineteenth century, while unskilled urban real wages are only 2.2 times higher, and national median incomes only 2.0 times higher. From the perspective of inequality and social welfare, our findings confirm that there is no automatic positive relationship between economic growth and rising living standards for the majority. From the perspective of development, we argue that these findings are explained by a dual economy model incorporating Lewis's assumption of a reserve army of labour, and we explain why the decline in inequality predicted by Kuznets has not occurred.

Prospectiva del turismo de naturaleza en la costa de Jalisco

El sector del turismo ha jugado un papel importante en el desarrollo económico de México. El gobierno federal ha convertido al turismo en una prioridad debido al poder que tiene para mejorar las condiciones locales y generar empleos. A diferencia del turismo de sol y playa, se han señalado las posibilidades del turismo alternativo para mejorar las condiciones locales a través del empoderamiento local donde el turismo de naturaleza no ha logrado ser una estrategia totalmente exitosa para abordar los problemas de la pobreza y la marginación del medio rural, especialmente en términos de creación de empleos y generación de ingresos para las comunidades. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar los elementos que conforman e intervienen en el desarrollo de este sector e identificar las áreas de oportunidad. Se utilizaron métodos prospectivos para la creación de futuros posibles con las herramientas de Mic-Mac® y Smic Prob-Expert®. El análisis de escenarios permitió identificar las ilustraciones en el futuro con diferentes probabilidades de ocurrencia, entre las cuales se destacó un escenario pesimista, tendencial y optimista. Se seleccionó el escenario optimista y se estableció como línea base para la ejecución del futuro del turismo de naturaleza en la costa de Jalisco.

Economic Development in Mexico and the Role of Blockchain

This paper studies recent economic and political developments in Mexico and the potential role of blockchain technology in improving governance and fighting corruption in the country. Mexico badly needs innovative solutions to fight the persistent problems of corruption and inefficient governance. At the same time, blockchain, being a decentralized technology, promises to reduce administrative costs and ensure transparency in the public services. The paper takes stock of the current state of blockchain implementation in the economy and in the public administration of Mexico as well as studies the advantages and disadvantages related to the further outspread of the technology in the country. Moreover, the work aims at drawing policy recommendations as to the future role of blockchain in the public management and economic development in Mexico.

Simultaneous quantification of antibiotics in wastewater from pig farms by capillary electrophoresis

Pig farming is an important activity in the economic development of Mexico with millions of tons of meat produced annually. Antibiotics are used in therapeutic dose to prevent diseases, and sometimes as growth promoters. These compounds are not completely metabolized; they are carried into the environment in its active form at concentrations that could induce antibiotic resistance in bacteria, which could be transferred to human pathogens by horizontal gene transfer. The objective of this work was to develop methods of analysis for simultaneous quantification of the antibiotics Oxytetracycline (OXT), Chlortetracycline (CLT), Enrofloxacin (ENRO) and Ciprofloxacin (CIPRO) by field-amplified sampling injection in capillary zone electrophoresis (FASI-CZE). The method was validated by parameters of (1) linearity, obtaining a lineal range of 0.05 at 1 μg mL−1 for ENRO and CIPRO, and from 0.1 to 1 μg mL−1 for OXT and CLT; (2) precision, obtaining values <5% of standard deviation for CIPRO and ENRO and <10% of standard deviation for OXT and CLT; (3) accuracy, with recovery values from 93 to 115%; (4) selectivity, with values of resolution >2 for the all antibiotics tested. To prove the method, a sample of wastewater from a local pig farm was analyzed, detecting a concentration of 0.140 ± 0.009 for OXT. This concentration was higher than the minimal selective concentration, indicating the point in which resistance to a determined antibiotic could develop. The methods were validated with precision and sensitivity comparable to chromatographic methods, which can be used to analyze wastewater from pig farms directly.

Patent and SMEs in Latin America: Mexico

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have particular importance in the Mexican economy. This is not only because of their contribution to economic growth, but also their potential for jobs creation and innovation. SMEs generally represent a vehicle to boost regional and local economic development in Mexico.

An Immigrant's Tale: The Mexican American Southwest 1850 to 1950

Recent scholarship on Mexican Americans in the United States, relying largely on qualitative evidence, sees racism and exploitation as the major explanatory factors in their history. Using representative samples of persons of Mexican origin, we argue that immigration is fundamental to their historical experience. A small, beleaguered community in 1850, the Mexican-origin population grew during the late nineteenth century due to greater security under US jurisdiction. However, immigration between 1900 and 1930 created a Southwest broadly identified with persons of Mexican origin. Economic development in Mexico, restriction of European immigration to the United States, and extreme cross-border wage differentials prompted extensive emigration. Despite low human capital, circular migration, and discrimination, immigrant Mexicans earned substantially higher wages than workers in Mexico or native-born Hispanics in the United States. They followed typical immigrant paths toward urban areas with high wages. Prior to 1930, their marked tendency to repatriate was not “constructed” or compelled by the state or employers, but fit a conventional immigrant strategy. During the Depression, many persons of Mexican origin migrated to Mexico; some were deported or coerced, but others followed this well-established repatriation strategy. The remaining Mexican-origin population, increasingly native born, enjoyed extraordinary socioeconomic gains in the 1940s; upward mobility, their family forms, and rising political activity resembled those of previous immigrant-origin communities. In the same decade, however, the Bracero Program prompted mass illegal immigration and mass deportation, a pattern replicated throughout the late twentieth century. These conditions repeatedly replenished ethnicity and reignited nativism, presenting a challenge not faced by any other immigrant group in US history.

Towards a more effective poverty reduction in Mexico: a general equilibrium assessment

Oportunidades, Mexico?s conditional cash transfer program, has proved to be an insufficient tool for poverty alleviation in a phase of low and uneven economic growth, and it has failed to achieve its intended goal to break the intergenerational transmission of poverty. In this context, what strategy would lead to a more effective poverty reduction without jeopardizing Mexico's economic development? This study carries out a general-equilibrium assessment in a bottom-up approach in the regional setting of Chiapas, the poorest state in Mexico. It finds that a policy set composed of a 20 per cent, 10 per cent, and 5 per cent increase in fixed investment in agriculture, construction, and manufacturing, respectively, as well as distributional changes in Oportunidades and other social transfers, pro-poor direct tax rate changes, a higher value-added tax rate and the elimination of labor and payroll taxes, may notably boost real GDP growth by 6 per cent. This economic strategy may also reduce informal employment, may ensure that formal labor income growth increases more than capital income, and may generate pro-poor growth, enhancing a process of structural transformation and rural change. Moreover, poverty would fall. The growth elasticity of poverty shows that for every one-percentage increase in GDP, poverty would decline by 2.95 per cent on average.

The environmental legacy of the Ixtoc-I oil spill in Campeche Sound, southwestern Gulf of Mexico

The southwestern Gulf of Mexico constitutes an important subsystem within a Large Marine Ecosystem. Due to its high biodiversity, living resources and energy resources, this region is strategic in the national plans for social and economic development of Mexico. The discovery of fossil fuel reserves in the seabed of Campeche Sound in the 1970s promoted the rapid expansion of the national oil industry in offshore waters. Unfortunately, the accidental blowout of the most productive well (Ixtoc-I) in June of 1979, caused the first–world massive oil spill in a tropical marine environment. More than 3.4 million of barrels of crude oil were liberated in an ecosystem formerly renowned for its pristine conditions. In the aftermath of this dreadful accident, an immediate concern emerged not only for the oil acute effects but also for the long-term environmental consequences derived from the residual hydrocarbon compounds accumulated in coastal environments of the southern Gulf of Mexico. The attempts to assess the magnitude of the environmental damage were strongly precluded by the lack of pre-spill information. Natural variability in the ecosystem and oil weathering-factors contributed to attenuate the acute pollution effects that lasted nine months. However, the post-spill environmental alterations caused by the Ixtoc-I blowout still remain unanswered. The sinking of the Deepwater Horizon oil platform in the deep-waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico, in 2010 rekindled our concern for the great risk involved for human lives and the health of shallow and deep sea habitats. The authors of this contribution offer their views on this environmental riddle from their own perspective as direct witnesses of the Ixtoc-I environmental tragedy.

Comparative Financial Analysis Of The Mexican Rural Sector

The development of the Mexican rural sector is vital because it is the source of raw materials needed for production in the manufacturing sector. Thus, it is indeed important that its development follow that of the industrial sector. The main objective of the present research is to evaluate the growth of the rural sector during the presidential term of Felipe Calderon (2007-2012) and to discover the lights and shadows that revolve around this suffering sector of the Mexican economy. The analyzed statistical evidence shows an important lag and stagnation of the development of the rural sector since 1960 in Mexico. Additionally, a decrease in the contributions of the rural sector to the entire economic development in Mexico in 2012, compared to the one registered 33 years ago (in 1979), is considered. The statistical evidence supports the conclusion that the Mexican rural sector has not been able to show any progress, regardless of the noble governmental initiatives and efforts. Financial government resources should not only be directed to pay salaries and subsidies, but through a more effective leadership, the agricultural government agencies could try to increase investment in infrastructure, development, and application of new technologies set in the context of civic responsibility, ethics, and a sustainable development approach.