Economic Development In Colombia Research Articles

Sustainability analysis of biorefineries applying biotechnological routes to convert bagasse from non-centrifugal sugar production for rural economic development in Colombia

AbstractPanela is the second most important rural agro-industry after coffee in Colombia. This agro-industry produces a large amount of bagasse from non-centrifugal sugar (B-NCSP) without valorization. B-NCSP is used in combustion boilers in panela production, causing greenhouse gas emissions and health problems. This research aims to compare the sustainability of two B-NCSP biorefineries considering the current residue use. The sustainability of the biorefinery scenarios was analyzed to promote rural economic development in Colombia. In both biorefinery scenarios, biogas was evaluated as an energy vector to meet the energy demand of panela production. Two biorefinery scenarios were considered: (i) saccharification, bioethanol, and biogas production and (ii) acid pretreatment, saccharification, xylitol, bioethanol, and biogas production. Experimental data of the pretreatment, saccharification, and anaerobic digestion stages were used as input information in simulations. Technical, economic, environmental, and social metrics were used to estimate a sustainability index. The experimental glucose yield in scenario 2 was 0.42 ± 0.03 (31.52 ± 2.36 g/L) g/g B-NCSP, 1.8 times greater than scenario 1. The biogas yield in scenario 2 was 504.23 ± 21.68 (71.16% CH4) L/kg B-NCSP, 3.3 times greater than scenario 1. Scenario 1 was unfeasible at different scales. Xylitol production helps to improve the economic feasibility in scenario 2 since the payback period was 15 years. This scenario can create 36 job positions with a wage 18% higher than the minimum wage in Colombia (highest sustainability index of 72.44%). Finally, biogas produced in scenario 2 supplies 62.76% of the energy demand needed in the panela production process, reducing the environmental impact.

Sustainability Assessment of Food Waste Biorefineries as the Base of the Entrepreneurship in Rural Zones of Colombia

The sustainability of food value chains is affected by the large amounts of waste produced with a high environmental impact. Food waste valorization applying the biorefinery concept has emerged as an alternative to reduce the generation of greenhouse gases and to promote the socio-economic development of value chains at local, regional, and national levels. This paper analyzes the sustainability of food waste biorefineries designed for boosting rural economic development in Colombia. These biorefineries were designed following a strategy based on a portfolio of bioprocesses involving fractions based on the composition of the raw materials. The valorization of six food residues produced in three representative rural areas of Colombia (i.e., Chocó, Caldas, and Sucre) was analyzed. Acai, annatto, sugarcane bagasse, rejected plantain and avocado, and organic kitchen food waste (OKFW) were selected as food wastes for upgrading. The biorefinery design strategy comprised five steps for filtering the most promising bioprocesses to be implemented. The OKFW was analyzed in detail, applying the design strategy to provide a step-by-step guide involving a portfolio of bioproducts, the technological maturity index, and the socio-economic context. This strategy implementation for OKFW valorization resulted in a scenario where biorefineries with levulinic acid production were the most feasible and sustainable, with high techno-economic performances and low environmental impacts. For the valorization of the other food residues, the processes with the greatest feasibility of being implemented in rural areas were bioactive compounds, oil, flour, and biogas production.

La Colombia de Pedro Sonderéguer desde la atalaya bonaerense de La Nación

espanolPedro Sondereguer (Villanueva, Bolivar, 1884-Buenos Aires, 1964) realizo su “sueno argentino” en el prestigioso diario La Nacion en la primera mitad del siglo XX. Desde alli cultivo un proyecto americanista y colombianista que no logro materializar, pero quedo recogido en su obra periodistica —olvidada tanto en su pais natal como en el de adopcion— y en las multiples entrevistas que le hicieron en la prensa colombiana y extranjera. ?Por que Sondereguer no regreso a Colombia cuando se instauro la Republica Liberal y su nombre sonaba para ocupar altos cargos en el Gobierno de Enrique Olaya Herrera, si tenia todas las credenciales para ejercer la politica y el periodismo? Es la pregunta que apuntala este articulo inspirado en la teoria del acontecimiento (F. Dosse) con sus enigmas y reinterpretaciones constantes en torno a la biografia de un intelectual. Tras esbozar la linea editorial del diario La Nacion, fundado en 1870 por Bartolome Mitre, se reconstruye la trayectoria del escritor y periodista a partir de las escasas notas biograficas existentes y de testimonios de sus congeneres y familiares. Por ultimo, se interpretan sus ideas politicas, en concreto, sus proyectos de estadista que buscaban impulsar el desarrollo economico en Colombia, y se analizan sus actuaciones segun el contexto de la epoca para tratar de responder a la pregunta planteada. Con el rescate de este autor, no solo se hace un aporte a la historia del periodismo colombiano y argentino, sino tambien a la historia politica colombiana, en los albores de la llamada Republica Liberal marcados por la guerra con el Peru y los brotes de la violencia partidista. EnglishPedro Sondereguer (Villanueva, Bolivar, 1884–Buenos Aires, 1964) made his “Argentine dream” come true in the prestigious newspaper La Nacion in the first half of the 20th century. From there he conceived an Americanist and Colombianist project that he failed to bring to life, but was noticeable in his journalistic work —forgotten both in his home and adoptive countries— and in multiple interviews he gave to the Colombian and foreign press. Why did Sondereguer not return to Colombia when the Liberal Republic was established and his name was mentioned for high positions in Enrique Olaya Herrera’s administration, if he had all the credentials to practice politics and journalism? It is the question underpinning this article inspired by F. Dosse’s theory of the event with its enigmas and constant reinterpretations of the biography of an intellectual. After outlining the editorial line of La Nacion, founded by Bartolome Miter in 1870, the writer and journalist’s career is reconstructed from scarce biographical notes and testimonies of his peers and relatives. Finally, his political ideas are construed, specifically his statesman projects that sought to boost economic development in Colombia, and his actions are analyzed in the context of the time to attempt to answer the question posed. In reviving this author, a contribution is made not only to the history of Colombian and Argentine journalism, but also to Colombian political history at the dawn of the so-called Liberal Republic marked by the war with Peru and the outbreaks of partisan violence. portuguesPedro Sondereguer (Villanueva, Bolivar, 1884-Buenos Aires, 1964) realizou seu “sonho argentino” no prestigioso jornal La Nacion, na primeira metade do seculo XX. A partir disso, cultivou um projeto americanista e colombianista que nao conseguiu materializar, mas que ficou consagrado em sua obra jornalistica — esquecida tanto em seu pais natal quanto no de adocao — e nas multiplas entrevistas que lhe foram feitas na imprensa colombiana e estrangeira. Por que Sondereguer nao voltou a Colombia quando a Republica Liberal foi instaurada e seu nome era citado para ocupar altos cargos no governo de Enrique Olaya Herrera, se tinha todos os requisitos para exercer a politica e o jornalismo? Essa e a pregunta feita neste artigo inspirado na teoria do acontecimento (F. Dosse) com seus enigmas e reinterpretacoes constantes em torno da biografia de um intelectual. Apos esbocar a linha editorial do jornal La Nacion, fundado em 1870 por Bartolome Mitre, e reconstruida a trajetoria do escritor e jornalista a partir das escassas anotacoes biograficas existentes e de depoimentos de seus congeneres e familiares. Por ultimo, sao interpretadas suas ideias politicas, em especifico, seus projetos de estadista que pretendiam promover o desenvolvimento economico na Colombia, e sao analisadas suas acoes segundo o contexto da epoca para tentar responder a pergunta proposta. Com o resgate desse autor, nao somente se contribui para a historia do jornalismo colombiano e argentino, mas tambem para a historia politica colombiana, no inicio da chamada “Republica Liberal”, marcado pela guerra com o Peru e pelos surtos de violencia partidaria.

Why ‘Good Governance’ Fails: Lessons from Regional Economic Development in Colombia

AbstractBy critically reviewing different strands of literature on institutional change and development, this essay argues that, in order to fully understand subnational economic development, we need to move away from ‘good governance' explanations in which geography‐specific analyses of power structures and elite interests are largely absent. Using findings for Colombia and insights from economic geography and heterodox political economy theories, this essay gives theoretical and conceptual guidelines and approximations for future studies on regional economic development. The contribution provides a place‐based discussion of how the historically evolved distribution of power balances, context‐specific elite interests, and the interaction between place‐bound actors and place‐less dynamics affect subnational institutional arrangements shaping policies and development outcomes. The conclusions drawn are not limited to Colombia and will prove beneficial to researchers studying regional economic development in subnational contexts elsewhere in the world.

Effect of agricultural inputs and essential oils on the soil of vegetables in Colombia's Caribbean region

The contribution of vegetables to food security and economic development in Colombia, as well as to environmental problems worldwide, justifies the interest to design sustainable production strategies for the agro-chain. This study was developed to evaluate the effect of the application of essential oils and agricultural inputs in chili peppers, beans and eggplants in Codazzi, Cesar, Colombia. The methodology included the compatibility analysis between pesticides used in these vegetables, and Lippia alba and Cymbopogon citratus oils in relation to their biocidal effect in vitro on native strains of Macrophomina phaseolina, Phytophthora capsici and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Applications of thiabendazole in an individual basis and combined with oils were carried out in the field. Physicochemical and microbiological indicators of soil, pests and diseases incidence and crop yield were measured. Oils controlled up to 97% of plant pathogens in vitro and exhibited compatibility with carbendazim and thiabendazole. In the field, up to 67 % of disease control was observed with C. citratus + thiabendazole compared to the control (p = 0.00), yields were close to the regional average, and better microbiological and physicochemical soil conditions were observed. In conclusion, there are differences in the edaphic effect between treatments, as the agrochemical and the oil combinations were more favorable than the individual effect of each product on the variables evaluated. The above exhorts to continue soil evaluations with oils to elucidate the duration of the described effects.

Efecto de agroinsumos y aceites esenciales sobre el suelo de hortalizas en el Caribe Colombiano

El aporte de las hortalizas a la seguridad alimentaria y desarrollo económico de Colombia y la problemática ambiental mundial, justifica el interés de diseñar estrategias productivas sostenibles para la agrocadena. Se desarrolló un estudio para evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de aceites esenciales y agroinsumos en cultivos de ají, fríjol y berenjena en Codazzi, Cesar. La metodología comprendió el análisis de compatibilidad entre pesticidas utilizados en estas hortalizas, aceites de Lippia alba y Cymbopogon citratus, respecto al efecto biocida in vitro sobre cepas nativas de Macrophomina phaseolina, Phytophthora capsici y Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. En campo, se aplicó tiabendazol individual y combinado con los aceites. Se midieron indicadores fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos de suelo, incidencia de plagas y enfermedades y rendimiento de cultivos. Los aceites controlaron in vitro hasta el 97 % de fitopatógenos y exhibieron compatibilidad con carbendazim y tiabendazol. En campo, se observó control de enfermedades hasta del 67 % con C. citratus + tiabendazol respecto al testigo (P=0,00), rendimientos cercanos al promedio regional, mejores condiciones microbiológicas y fisicoquímicas del suelo. En conclusión, existen diferencias en el efecto edáfico entre tratamientos, fue más favorable la combinación de aceites y el agroquímico respecto al efecto individual de cada producto sobre las variables evaluadas. Lo anterior exhorta a continuar evaluaciones en campo con aceites para elucidar la duración de los efectos descritos.

La paradoja del proceso de postconflicto en Colombia

Este artículo es el producto de la relación entre las instituciones estatales y el desarrollo económico en Colombia, sin el marco de referencia del posconflicto. Es un análisis que evidencia que el desarrollo económico de Colombia es insuficiente porque no lo sostienen instituciones que reflexionen sobre la estructura social y por el contrario, muestran la existencia de una debilidad del Estado a nivel judicial y las fallas en la organización de ciudades y en designación de estos grupos al margen de la ley en las zonas rurales, lo cual ha implicado que el conflicto se intensifique y también se perpetue en la urbe.

Vigilancia tecnológica e inteligencia competitiva en el modelo empresarial del sector hotelero colombiano

Este artículo destaca los conceptos de Vigilancia Tecnológica, VT, e Inteligencia Competitiva, IC; con el fin de establecer su importancia para las empresas hoteleras y el papel que desempeñan en el desarrollo económico de Colombia. Se partió de una revisión teórica-conceptual de los siguientes temas: Turismo e Industria Hotelera, Globalización, Competitividad y VT e IC. Por último, se hace una propuesta que pretende motivar la aplicación de las herramientas de VT e IT para buscar un mejor nivel de desempeño empresarial del sector hotelero colombiano.

INVERTEBRADOS MARINOS ASOCIADOS CON LAS PLATAFORMAS DE GAS EN LA GUAJIRA (CARIBE COLOMBIANO)*

The industrial and economic development of Colombia has expanded its limits towards the territorial sea in the search for new resources. The prospection and construction of infrastructures in the sea challenge new alternatives for the sustainable development of the country. The main goal of this study was to build a baseline inventory of the marine invertebrates associated to two gas platforms located offshore in La Guajira, at the northeastern Colombian Caribbean Sea: platforms A and B, sitting on sandy bottoms at 18 and 33 m depth, respectively. This inventory includes a total of 116 species of marine invertebrates that were collected by Scuba diving. Crustaceans had the greatest richness with 50 species, from which the infraorder Brachyura was the best represented with 10 families including approximately 44% of species. Mollusks comprised the second largest group with 29 species, followed by annelids with 14 species, sponges with 12 species, cnidarians with 7 species, and finally echinoderms with 4 species. Filter-feeding and sessile organisms dominated in abundance, while mobile species showed a larger number of species. The barnacles complex (Balanus spp.), the octocoral Carijoa riisei and sponges were the main components of the fouling fauna on the structures. Although there are no previous studies for the study area and the southern Caribbean, it is considered that the invertebrates community associated to gas platforms in La Guajira exhibit both high species richness and a large abundance of organisms.

Charter Cities And The Aerotropolis In Colombia

Based on its income per capita, Colombia meets the World Bank criteria for classification as an upper middle income country, but it still has many of the earmarks of a developing country, including its high poverty rate (45%), high infant mortality (16 deaths per 1000 live births), and lower life expectancy (74 years) than most developed countries. The capital city, Bogota, contains one-fifth of Colombias population, which is typical of the urban giantism of developing countries. Colombias income inequality is acute, with the lowest decile of households receiving 0.8% of household incomes, while the highest decile receives 45%. This results in a Gini coefficient of 58 - the ninth highest in the world. The paradox is that while Colombias per-capita GDP and GNI indicate that it is an upper-middle income country, its poverty, income inequality, infant mortality rate, and other socioeconomic indicators look very much like those of a low-income country. This raises an interesting question: How can Colombia continue its development, presumably toward becoming a high-income country, while it is addressing its disproportionate poverty levels and income inequality? This paper investigates the prospects and challenges of implementing two relatively new ideas in economic development. The first is the use of Paul Romers idea of charter cities to enhance economic development in Colombia. Charter cities could be used to create more dynamic enterprise zones than now exist in Colombia. Romer advocates that countries set aside currently uninhabited city-size special reform zones to be charter cities. These cities would have a charter or constitution which specifies the governing rules - good rules (or institutions) - which would be supportive of entrepreneurial activity and a robust business climate. Charter cities could presumably be like a clean slate without all the developing-country plethora of rules and regulations that hinder development in established cities such as Cairo and Mumbai. Romer cites the example of Hong Kong as an extraordinarily successful early type of charter city which was governed by different rules for 99 years before it was ceded back to the Peoples Republic of China by Great Britain in 1997. The second type of development tool for Colombia explored in this paper is John Kasardas aerotropolis. An aerotropolis is a city built around an airport. Traditional cities sprang up around existing trade routes along navigable waterways or where road and railroads met and crossed. The twenty-first century equivalent of that, according to Kasarda, is where highways in the sky interact with productive facilities on the ground at or near airports to be part of an ever-growing global supply chain. In this paper, some possible locations for charter cities and aerotropolises in Colombia are explored and their economic impact is assessed. The paper concludes that both can assist Colombia in reducing poverty and income inequality, but with certain qualifications. It also suggests that a hybrid of the two, an aerotropolis that is also a charter city, can significantly contribute to Colombias economic development.

Insecurity and economic development in Colombia in the 1stcentury of independence

AbstractThe article questions the degree of importance that has been attributed to insecurity in the recent analysis of Colombia's lack of development in the 19thcentury, and of the lack of development in post-independence Latin America generally. The author criticizes their lack of empirical evidence, and their lack of comparative focus, both within the hemisphere and outside it, and offers a series of arguments against their conclusions. His own evidence in the Colombian case indicates that neither «anarchy» nor deficiencies in property rights constituted significant brakes on the development of the country's economy. He also questions the direction of causation in institutionalist explanations.

Geography and Economic Development in Colombia: A Municipal Approach

The object of this paper is to determine the relationship between geographical variables and income per capita, income per capita growth, population density and population growth in Colombian municipalities. In order to carry out econometric estimations at the municipal level we constructed a set of geographical variables based on soil, climate and road maps. We obtained some other geographical variables from the Colombian Institute of Geography (IGAC) homogeneous zone statistics. We found that geography affects both the level of municipal income per capita and its growth, being responsible for between 36% and 47% of the variance in municipal income per capita, and between 35% and 40% of the variance in municipal income per capita growth. It was established that, among the geographic variables, distance to domestic markets and soil type exercise the greatest influence on income per capita and its growth. Furthermore, geographical variables seem to be more significant for poor municipalities than rich ones. In poor municipalities, geography is responsible for between 25% and 32% of income per capita variance, and between 24% and 27% of income per capita growth variance. In contrast, in rich municipalities, geography is less important, being responsible for between 18% and 25% of income per capita variance and between 16% and 17% of income per capita growth variance. Thus, geography affects income and income growth via the productivity of the land, the availability of natural resources (such as water and rivers), the presence of tropical diseases, and agglomeration. Although geography influences the fate of a region, that is not the end of the story. Human factors, both public policy and private intervention, also play an important role. Education, infrastructure and more efficient public institutions can boost regional economic growth, and can help poor regions to overcome the poverty trap of low income and low economic growth.

El SENA – Regional Valle en su Centro Nacional de Asistencia Técnica a la Industria recibió del ICONTEC la Certificación del Sistema de Gestión de Calidad bajo la Norma NTC - ISO 9001-2000

EI Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y Certificación ICONTEC certifico el Sistema de Gestión de Calidad del Centro Nacional de Asistencia Técnica a la Industria ASTIN del SENA bajo la Norma ISO 9001:2000. La implementación de la cultura de Calidad en un Centro de Formación como el ASTIN es primordial porque contribuye a mejorar los procesos de prestación de Servicios Tecnológicos y Formación Profesional, siempre garantizando la oportuna atención y respuesta a los requerimientos de los clientes y usuarios. Igualmente, estar avalados bajo estos lineamientos le permite al SENA fortalecer su competitividad con elementos que aportan al desarrollo socioeconómico del país.

Economic Growth and Social Indicators: An Exploratory Analysis

Next article No AccessEconomic Growth and Social Indicators: An Exploratory AnalysisJohannes Fedderke and Robert KlitgaardJohannes FedderkeCity University, London, and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Search for more articles by this author and Robert KlitgaardRand Graduate School, Santa Monica Search for more articles by this author City University, London, and University of the Witwatersrand, JohannesburgRand Graduate School, Santa MonicaPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 46, Number 3April 1998 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/452354 Views: 159Total views on this site Citations: 53Citations are reported from Crossref © 1998 by The University of Chicago. 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