Development Economics Research Articles

The impact of economic growth targets on the level of green development-A perspective on officials’ promotion incentives and environmental regulations

Currently, China is at a critical stage of accelerating the green transformation of its economic development model, with considerable attention being paid to achieving this transformation while maintaining moderate economic growth. This study uses 271 prefecture-level cities in China from 2006 to 2020 to examine the impact of local government economic growth target constraints on the level of green economic development and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The results show that economic growth targets significantly inhibit the level of urban green development, with this effect being more pronounced in the economically developed eastern regions of China. Hard constraints on economic growth targets have a greater inhibitory effect on green development than soft constraints. The greater the promotion pressure on local officials, the stronger the inhibitory effect of economic growth target constraints on green development. The test of the mediation effect model reveals that economic growth targets can inhibit green development by affecting the degree of regional marketization, leading to mismatches in the capital and labor markets. Moreover, environmental regulations can mitigate the inhibitory effect of economic growth targets on green development levels. The conclusions of this study provide useful insights for local governments to optimize economic development target constraint mechanisms and accelerate high-quality green economic development.

БОЛОЧОКТОГУ МАТЕМАТИКА МУГАЛИМДЕРИН ОКУТУУНУН ЗАМАНБАП ТЕХНОЛОГИЯЛАРЫ

This article examines the impact of informatization and computerization on the development of science and economics in a modern digital society. The process of improving professional education and information plays a special role. Trends in informatization of education are aimed at training competent, highly qualified specialists in professional activities and related fields. Bul makala koldonuu mүmkүnchүlүktөrүnө arnalgan bilim beru maksatynda zamanbap ilim menen tehnikanyn zhetishkendikteri. Zamanbap koldonuunun on jaktary okuuchularga mathematicians okutuunun technologylars. modern science of mathematics prefers the introduction of new pedagogical technologies to traditional knowledge and skills in the field of Education. Educational technologies are also changing, and the introduction of information and communication technologies provides great opportunities for expanding the range of education in each subject in a general educational institution, including in the field of mathematics.

Financial ambiguity and oil prices

Recent theoretical developments in economics distinguish between risk and ambiguity (Knightian uncertainty). Using state-of-the-art methods with intraday stock market data from February 1993 to February 2021, we derive financial ambiguity and empirically examine the effect of shocks to it on the price and volatility of crude oil. We provide evidence that ambiguity carries important information about future oil returns and volatility perceived by investors. We validate these results using Granger causality and in-sample and out-of-sample forecasting tests. Our findings reveal that financial ambiguity is a possible factor that explains future drops in oil prices and their increased variability. Our findings will benefit scholars and investors interested in how financial ambiguity shapes short-term oil prices.

Environmental forcing and policy synergy: A multidimensional approach in the governance of air pollution and carbon emission

Policy synergies effectively contribute to the integrated management of air pollution and carbon emissions, which is crucial for safeguarding ecosystem stability and public health. This study uses the causal network model of Gaussian process regression to analyze the combined impacts of dynamic and static carbon emission reduction and air quality policies on carbon emissions and air quality. The causal effects of policy measures and their synergistic effects are also examined. The study results indicate: (1) There is significant geographical heterogeneity in the implementation of environmental policies and regional economic development, with the economically developed eastern coastal regions adopting more stringent carbon emission and air pollution control measures, while the western provinces adopt relatively lax environmental policies. (2) The synergistic effect of carbon emission reduction policies and air quality policies exists, and the two types of static policies are substitutable for managing carbon dioxide emissions and air pollution. (3) Policies' forced effect exists, where the exacerbation of environmental problems leads to the formation and implementation of policies. (4) The value added by the secondary industry is a key motivation for forming carbon emission reduction policies and air quality control policies. Additionally, the value added by the secondary industry directly impacts the incidence of respiratory diseases (e.g., tuberculosis). Finally, dynamic and synergistic policy recommendations are proposed based on the study's findings.

The economics of human development: ‘Investing in children’ or ‘children as an investment’? And why it matters

The economics of human development: ‘Investing in children’ or ‘children as an investment’? And why it matters

Economics of Sustainable Development——Harmonisation of Resources and the Environment

Economics of Sustainable Development——Harmonisation of Resources and the Environment

First Peoples economic landscape: analysis of the ecosystem

PurposeThis paper focuses on First Peoples Founders of for-profit entities in Australia and the role of the Indigenous Economic Development Agencies (IEDAs). We explore the challenges facing First Peoples enterprises, influenced by historical exclusion from white settler society, and the practices of the IEDAs from the perspectives of Founders and agencies.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative study utilising Indigenous Standpoint Theory and Indigenous research methods, elevating Founder perspectives, in the Yaruwu language - the Nilangany Ngarrungunil, owners of knowledge, to that of research collaborators.FindingsThe First Peoples economic landscape is continually evolving with IEDAs contributing to that evolution despite contentious identity ownership definitions. Founders secure in their own identity, are focused on self-determination and opportunities provided by IEDAs, government and corporate sector policies. However, opportunities are undermined by ongoing racism, discrimination and prevailing stereotypes leading to homogeneity, invisibility and exclusion. Founders question organisational commitments to overcoming systemic exclusion in particular their commitment to building respectful relationships and understanding First Peoples ways of working. Instead, Founders focus on building a sustainable First Peoples economic ecosystem through relationship-based practices rather than transactional reconciliation which ignores the reality of the lived experience of everyday racism.Originality/valueThis study extends the scholarly discourse on First Peoples for-profit enterprise success written with an Indigenous voice. We demonstrate how this Founder generation are strengthened by culture with identity infused in organisational practices underpinning their aspirations of economic self-determination.

Optimizing Fertilizer Distribution Performance, In Supporting Food Security Programs

The research aims to obtain empirical evidence and clarify the phenomenon and conclusions regarding optimizing the performance of fertilizer distribution in supporting food security. It is hoped that this research can contribute to the development of economics in particular; as a scientific library in the field of marketing management science related to distribution, as reference material in scientific writing on marketing management, as information material, both for the government, producers and distributors and fertilizer users to make decisions and determine the direction of fertilizer policy. The research was conducted using descriptive and verification methods: collecting, presenting, analyzing, measuring models and testing hypotheses, and making conclusions and suggestions. The results of research and data analysis show that fertilizer distribution optimization has not been optimal. The performance indicators for fertilizer marketing distribution essentially contribute to food security, so optimal distribution performance needs to be optimized. Fertilizer distribution models that support food security need to be carefully considered.

Economic Responses to Nazi Aggression in Europe: Albert Hirschman and Paul Rosenstein-Rodan on the Economic Sovereignty of Central and Eastern Europe

Abstract Germany's expansion in Central and Eastern Europe was not just one among many aggressive moves by the Third Reich but the central strategy of the Nazi imperial project on the continent. Prominent economists, politicians, and think tanks agreed that crucial to this project was Germany's economic domination of the area, and they committed to developing a new vision for a postwar international order that avoided the instability and turmoil of the interwar years. This article discusses the analyses of the crisis of Central and Eastern Europe and solutions to it that Albert Hirschman and Paul Rosenstein-Rodan, then both virtually unknown and working independently one from the other, produced during World War II—Hirschman with a focus on the international dimension and Rosenstein-Rodan with a focus on the domestic one. This article offers a synthetic discussion of how the war deeply affected their economic thinking and how, in turn, their analyses became foundational elements of new and important disciplinary fields in the postwar decades, such as international political economy and development economics.

World War II and Industrialization Policies in Latin America: The Cases of Argentina and Brazil

Abstract Raúl Prebisch and Celso Furtado were two important contributors to development economics and to the theories and policies defended by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLAC). In this article, we argue that understanding their ideas, and how industrialization became a key concern, requires paying closer attention to the geopolitical changes brought by World War II. We discuss how Argentina and Brazil, their home countries, navigated the troubled waters brought by the war and the international trade disruptions and turned state-led industrialization into a key development strategy. After the war, the United States became the new hegemonic power and adopted a universalist foreign policy, based on the newly created international agencies. At home, the internationalist businessmen promoted the partnership capitalism that became central to the foreign policy during the Truman administration and onwards, making industrialization a key interest. Internationalism was also the way that Latin American countries used to counteract the US hegemony even before the war, which culminated in the creation of ECLAC after the war. The intellectual paths of Prebisch and Furtado toward industrialization policies were shaped by the changing international order and by local developments in their countries including the building of a more scientific statistical system that would better help the state to design development policies.

Behavioral Efficiency and Residential Electricity Consumption: A Microdata Study

Sustainability requires that policy makers be able to use market signals to implement energy and environmental policy and that energy consumers respond rationally to these signals. Therefore, it is essential to understand how consumers’ responses to market signals are formed. We propose a new model to measure behavioral efficiency in residential electricity consumption derived from the individual householder indirect utility function. This leads to a pair of simultaneous stochastic demand frontiers for electricity consumption (kWh) and power demand (kVA). Each is a function of power demand (standing) charges and energy demand (running) charges together with the net income after demand charges, the stock of appliances and household characteristics. We estimate the model using two samples of household responses, each of which represents around one percent of the total national population available, and we also pool these samples using pseudo-panel data procedures. We demonstrate how the resulting elasticity and efficiency estimates are related to the theory of behavioral agents from recent developments in behavioral economics. These developments also use the individual indirect utility function to derive propositions based on internality and hyperbolic discounting. The econometric estimates permit the calibration of the individual welfare effects of policy initiatives using carbon tax and price incentives with behavioral agents.

Growth, poverty trap and escape

The well-known Solow growth model is the workhorse model of the theory of economic growth, which studies capital accumulation in a model economy as a function of time with capital stock, labour and technology-based production as the basic ingredients. The capital is assumed to be in the form of manufacturing equipment and materials. Two important parameters of the model are: the saving fraction s of the output of a production function and the technology efficiency parameter A , appearing in the production function. The saved fraction of the output is fully invested in the generation of new capital and the rest is consumed. The capital stock also depreciates as a function of time due to the wearing out of old capital and the increase in the size of the labour population. We propose a stochastic Solow growth model assuming the saving fraction to be a sigmoidal function of the per capita capital kp . We derive analytically the steady state probability distribution P(kp) and demonstrate the existence of a poverty trap, of central concern in development economics. In a parameter regime, P(kp) is bimodal with the twin peaks corresponding to states of poverty and well-being, respectively. The associated potential landscape has two valleys with fluctuation-driven transitions between them. The mean exit times from the valleys are computed and one finds that the escape from a poverty trap is more favourable at higher values of A. We identify a critical value of Ac below (above) which the state of poverty (well-being) dominates and propose two early signatures of the regime shift occurring at Ac . The economic model, with conceptual foundations in nonlinear dynamics and statistical mechanics, shares universal features with dynamical models from diverse disciplines like ecology and cell biology.

A study of land-economy-society-ecology coordination in the Yangtze River Delta based on coupled coordination degree model

The Yangtze River Delta, one of China's economically developed and densely populated regions, depends significantly on how effectively its land use aligns with its socioeconomic structure for sustainable development. This study integrates the entropy method with a coupled coordination model, applying it in dynamic environments, and expanding its scope within big data to assess the interplay of “Land-Economy-Society-Ecology” across 27 cities in the Yangtze River Delta. The findings reveal that most cities exhibit slight imbalances or are on the brink of imbalance in their “Land-Economy-Society-Ecology” relationships. Moreover, the degree of interdependence varies across cities, with those demonstrating higher integration predominantly clustered around Shanghai. These regional disparities are the primary driver variations of the interrelations in “Land-Economy-Society-Ecology” within the Delta. Additionally, spatial absolute β convergence was not observed across the Yangtze River Delta, except for Anhui, with Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang showed no such convergence. These results underscore the imperative for the Yangtze River Delta to strategically allocate land resources, foster regional resource sharing, and prioritize high-quality economic development to achieve sustainable growth.

THRIVING IN THE SWEET SPOT: EXPLORING THE DOUGHNUT ECONOMY MODEL OF MALAYSIA, THE PHILIPPINES, AND VIET NAM THROUGH THE SUWI ANALYSIS (2010-2019)

Objective: The objective of this research is to evaluate whether Malaysia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam are within the doughnut economy from 2010 to 2019 using the sustainability window approach and to compare their levels of development. Theoretical Framework: This study is based on the Doughnut Economics Framework by Kate Raworth. This study explores literature that shows the relationship between economic well-being, social well-being, and environmental well-being. Method: The methodology used in evaluating these countries’ adherence to environmental and social well-being criteria is the Sustainable Window Analysis by quantifying the maximum and minimum economic development required for social and environmental sustainability by integrating socio-economic and environmental indicators to assess compliance with Doughnut Economics' social foundations and planetary boundaries. Results and Discussion: Results indicate that Malaysia achieved the sustainable window for all indicators except for healthy life and greenhouse gases. Viet Nam failed regarding healthy life, biodiversity, and clean energy. The Philippines failed in all environmental well-being indicators except for land use. Research Implications: These findings apply to policy-making by targeting areas that could not meet the sustainable window. It also reveals the applicability of the Doughnut Model to developing countries in ASEAN. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by filling literature gaps by providing significant results to future researchers planning to conduct future research in line with sustainable development and Doughnut Economics of a particular country of their choice.

A long-term perspective on collecting Indian agricultural statistics: reviewing the purposes, methods, and implications for Indian development policy

This article adopts a long-term perspective to examine Indian agricultural data: from crop yields for estimating food output, the examination of food prices and wages for calculating income and living standards, to the status of food consumption to ascertain hunger and malnutrition. The focus will be on the evaluation of how the new statistical data collection methods that emerged in the early decades of twentieth century have impacted the field of development economics in India. It makes the case that the emergence of survey methods data that were initially created by officials and later on by professionals employed in institutions in India were novel and began to gain attention in the international sphere. It proceeds to underline the importance of these statistical databases for identifying the minimum standard of living to escape poverty as an important measure for ascertaining how national development strategy could reduce poverty and hunger and also shows that these databases proved to be a core resource for unpicking recent puzzles regarding food and nutrition levels among the poorer sections of society. Additionally, the article engages with more recent estimation methods where survey-based agricultural statistical databases have been incorporated in multi-scalar indices alongside meteorological and ecological data to create more informative agricultural databases to advance the objective of sustainable agricultural development in India.

Improving children’s learning in developing countries: what works and what doesn’t

Policymakers in low- and middle-income countries have been successful in getting children to school. However, spending more time in school has not led to the development of age-appropriate math and language skills. In contrast to earlier full-length systematic reviews, we will briefly summarize key findings and challenges from the education literature in development economics targeting this article towards non-specialists. Two findings emerge from our review: one, given the complementarities in educational inputs, we need policy interventions that target multiple inputs in a child production function to have the greatest impact on learning outcomes. Two, interventions that target teacher effort and student effort together appear to have the greatest promise in being able to facilitate learning among children.

Hospitality workers and gentrification processes: Elective belonging and reflexive complicity.

This paper contributes new understandings of the dynamics and processes of gentrification that contribute to wider transformations of class relations. We argue that the hospitality sector, specifically the tastes, dispositions and practices of young hospitality workers, are central in how gentrification processes currently function. We extend concepts of elective and selective belonging, and reflexive complicity, to analyse how young hospitality workers understand their own labouring practices as contributing to gentrification in their local areas. We show how their aesthetic and ethical orientations to place, especially their workplaces, make their experience of hospitality work more palatable. At the same time, their tastes are 'put to work' in venues that contribute to the vibes and aesthetics aimed at middle class consumption practices, while creating symbolic boundaries for long-term residents who are being ostracised in the process. In this way, the high cultural capital bar workers possess thus become spatial bouncers for high economic capital property developers, where reflexive complicity is instrumentalised as a process of symbolic violence. We propose that hospitality labour, and the everyday relationalities and working practices of young workers, are crucial for understanding the contemporary processes of gentrification and class formation.

National programme for the reliability of ionizing radiation measurements based on inter-laboratory comparisons (ILCs): ILC n°2 ‘radiopharmaceutical activities’

A national Inter-Laboratory Comparisons (ILCs) programme was organized in Italy in 2022 by the Italian National Institute of Ionizing Radiation Metrology (INMRI), belonging to ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), under the auspices of the Ministry of Enterprises and Made in Italy (Mimit ex MiSe). Within this ILCs programme, six inter-laboratory comparisons were organized, including the ILC-2 which focused on activity measurements carried out with radionuclide calibrators commonly used in the nuclear medicine departments of the participants.The focus was on three short-lived radionuclides - 99mTc, 18F, 177Lu - commonly employed in nuclear medicine for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. All presented results were compared with the reference values provided by ENEA-INMRI to ensure the traceability of measurements to the national primary activity standards. The observed deviation from the reference values of the measured activity were mainly within ± 10% (100% for 18F, 91.7% for 99mTc, 100% for 177Lu). The En statistical estimator was used to assess the participants’ ability to estimate uncertainty in the provided activity values. The obtained values revealed that, in certain instances, the involved laboratories did not achieve the correct results for En (with failure rates of 22.7%, 16.7%, 12.5% for 18F, 99mTc, 177Lu, respectively), despite deviations from the reference values falling within the ± 10%. The aim of ILC-2 was to harmonize the activity measurements in the country within the field of nuclear medicine for the specific radionuclides studied and enhance the measurement capabilities of the participants.

Analysis of Sharia Economic Development in the Era of Globalization in Indonesia: Opportunities & Challenges

Sharia economics has become a topic that has attracted attention in the development of the global economy, especially in the current era of globalization. This article highlights basic principles such as monotheism, balance, benefit, taawun, and justice in the context of sharia economics, taking into account the prohibitions on usury, maysir, and gharar. The research was carried out through a qualitative descriptive approach using library research methods. This article also discusses the history and development of sharia economics in Indonesia, including the challenges faced and the government's efforts to develop it. This article emphasizes the importance of developing sharia economics as a relevant alternative in achieving sustainable and equitable development.

Publishing experiences of researchers in the developing world: An analysis of submissions to the Review of Development Economics, January 2015 to April 2022

AbstractResearchers based in poorer countries typically face major challenges in publishing their work in international journals, compared to those faced by researchers in the wealthier countries of Europe and North America. This paper studies this issue based on the experience of papers submitted to the Review of Development Economics, an important international development economics journal. It presents an analysis of submissions and success in publication, based on the fortunes of all papers submitted to the journal between 2015 and April 2022, disaggregated by the country in which the corresponding author is based. Authors based in low and middle income countries accounted for 33% of publications in this period, though they accounted for 61% of the submissions received. A main factor was that these papers were significantly less likely to be sent for review by the journal; if reviewed, they were also less likely to be accepted than papers from authors in high income countries, though that differential is much less stark. This analysis is presented in the interests of transparency and to encourage discussion, but also to raise issues the journal needs to address. The paper finishes by reviewing, based on co‐editor experience over this period, issues and potential responses.