Economic Dependence Research Articles

Family Planning Policy in China and the Gender Equality in Family and Labor Market

This article examines the effects of China’s Family Planning Policy (FPP) on the gender wealth gap and the division of housework within Chinese families. Initially, the study applies dependency theory to analyze the influence of the FPP on Chinese families. Firstly, we find that there was no significant gender wealth gap during the One-Child Policy (OCP) period, which indicates that the OCP indirectly reduced the economic dependence of Chinese women on their husbands by narrowing the gender wealth gap. Secondly, despite an increase in male participation in housework during the OCP, the dependency of males on females for housework and childcare remained unchanged. These factors exerted pressure on Chinese women and influenced their overall life satisfaction.

Reasons of equity of privilege parents as beneficiaries in the survivor's pension in circumstances of economic dependence and manifest weakness due to the affectation of the minimum vital in Colombia

En Colombia el actual orden excluyente de los beneficiarios de la pensión de sobrevivientes se sustenta en el parentesco (consanguinidad, afinidad y civil) con independencia de criterios subjetivos como vejez, invalidez y pobreza. En contraste con la realidad social del país esta disposición normativa lesionaría gravemente el derecho constitucional del mínimo vital de los padres que dependían económicamente de su hijo causante, ya que a partir de su fallecimiento cesan los aportes de este, por lo que se produce una situación de debilidad manifiesta respecto a su subsistencia y la imposibilidad de concurrir con los hijos, cónyuges y/o compañero(a)s permanentes del causante, últimos categorizados legalmente como beneficiarios preferentes en la titularidad de la pensión de sobrevivientes respecto de los padres. Este artículo formula una iniciativa regulatoria que otorgue preferencia o concurrencia legal a los padres respecto de la cónyuge, la compañera permanente o los hijos del causante frente a la pensión de sobrevivencia, en aplicación del principio de equidad, el derecho a la dignidad humana y el mínimo vital, posibilidad concebida dentro de las normas especiales de la seguridad social de las fuerzas militares, en nuestro régimen interno.

An index of the economic dependence on Tourism

This study proposes a methodology to construct a Tourism Economic Dependence Index for a sample of 144 countries spanning the period 1995–2019. This index aims to serve as a summary measure of countries’ dependence on tourism while controlling for differences in economic development levels across countries. Findings suggest that an index value of 20% may be considered a threshold for identifying highly tourism-dependent countries. Furthermore, the results of the index indicate that economies have experienced a slight trend toward higher levels of dependence on tourism since the global financial crisis. However, estimates from a panel convergence model suggest that the hypothesis of convergence toward a common long-run equilibrium in index levels across countries can be rejected. Instead, different groups of countries converging toward the same long-run equilibrium level of the index have been identified.

Economic and Political Factors in Defense Strategy Formulation: a BRICS Country Perspective

This narrative provides a comprehensive analysis of the economic, political, and diplomatic factors influencing defense strategy formulation within the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) context. Drawing on a wide range of sources, the narrative explores the historical evolution and recent shifts in BRICS defense strategies, highlighting the diverse approaches of member nations. The research adopts a qualitative descriptive approach, systematically gathering secondary data from academic journals, governmental reports, and reputable websites. The analysis focuses on the interplay between economic conditions, political dynamics, and defense strategy formulation in BRICS nations, providing nuanced insights into how these factors shape defense policies. It examines the influence of economic dependency on defense policies, emphasizing the role of economic stability in sustaining robust defense capabilities. Additionally, the narrative delves into the impact of political systems and leadership dynamics on defense strategy formulation, as well as the significance of diplomatic relations and security considerations. The findings underscore the complex interplay between economic, political, and defense factors within the BRICS framework, with implications for regional stability and resilience. The study finds that economic dependency is a pivotal factor in shaping BRICS defense strategies, with economic stability underpinning the capacity for robust defense capabilities. Political systems and leadership dynamics also play a crucial role, with centralized systems facilitating assertiveness and democratic frameworks emphasizing consensus-building. Diplomatic relations and security cooperation are integral to these strategies, highlighting the importance of strategic collaboration in addressing shared security challenges. The expansion of BRICS introduces new dynamics, particularly in energy investment and trade, requiring adaptive strategies to maintain stability and resilience. Finally, the narrative suggests future research directions to further explore these dynamics and enrich our understanding of BRICS defense strategies in the evolving global security landscape.

The general state of legal regulation of economic dependence relations

The general state of legal regulation of economic dependence relations

Socio-agronomic characterization of agricultural farmers that survive in the community of San Diego, Texcoco

Objective: to characterize farmers who still grow food in the San Diego community through knowledge of their agricultural production systems. Design/ Methodology/ Approach: field visits and tours were carried out to the farmers' plots to obtain information that would allow the design of a questionnaire for the agronomic and social classification of farmers in San Diego. The questionnaire was applied to 26 of them; who narrated some historical facts about their survival in food production. Results: most of the farmers interviewed are on average 55 years old, have a level of education equal to or higher than middle school, have three economic dependents, use the yoke for tilling their soils and hybrid seed. Likewise, they apply organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers to their plots for the growth of crops, for the control of pests and diseases they use agrochemicals; and the control of weeds is done manually, supplying water for the crops through gravity irrigation. Study limitations/ Implications: this research was conducted during the CovID-19 pandemic. For this reason, only 26 farmers could be located. Most of them were at home. Findings/ Conclusions: in the community of San Diego, two types of farmers can be identified, those who carry out practices related to conventional agriculture, and others who maintain traditional practices, but combine them with conventional agriculture.

Malnutrition risk and associated factors in hospitalized older adult patients with neurological diseases: a retrospective cohort study

ABSTRACT Introduction Malnutrition risk (MR) in older adults with neurological disorders is high, but there is little evidence for validated screening tools in this group, as well as for the clinical and socioeconomic factors associated with a high MR. Objectives To determine the association of MR using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) with mortality and length of stay (LOS) in older adults with neurological diseases. Secondarily, the association of clinical, and socioeconomic factors with MR and clinical outcomes was sought. Methods A retrospective cohort study was carried out at a third-level neurological disease referral center in Mexico. All patients older than 60 years admitted from January 2017 to December 2018 were considered. MUST, clinical and socioeconomic factors were assessed at hospital admission. Outcomes were followed up to hospital discharge or a maximum of 6 months. Results A total of 765 patients were included, of whom 24.7% (n = 189) were at high risk. A high MR was independently associated with mortality (OR 3.09; 95% CI 1.60-5.98, p = .001) and LOS >14 days (OR 4.38; 95% CI 2.79-6.89, p = <.001). The only factors independently associated with high MR was economic dependence and unemployment. Patients with high MR and economic dependence (OR 4.0; 95% CI 1.34-11.99, p = .013) or unemployment (OR 3.43; 95% CI 1.17-10.06, p = .025) had the highest mortality. Conclusions In hospitalized older adults with neurological diseases, high MR is independently associated with increased mortality and LOS. Economic dependence or unemployment are associated with worse clinical outcomes in patients with high MR.

Prevalence and correlates of cognitive impairment among an urban geriatric population of Haryana

ABSTRACT Background: Severe Cognitive Impairment (CI) is a major cause of disability and dependency among the elderly worldwide, and it has a significant impact not only on individuals but also on families, communities, and societies. Early identification and management of CI are critical in geriatric medicine. Prevalence data is often scarce, and this hinders the ground-level implementation of preventive health programs. Objectives: The objective was to find the prevalence of CI and its covariates among the urban geriatric population of Haryana. Materials and Methods: This was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted among 300 geriatric participants residing in an urban area of Rohtak district, Haryana. Hindi Mental State Examination (HMSE) tool was used to assess CI. Data were analyzed using IBM Corp, released 2020, IBM SPSS statistics for windows Ver 20, Armonk, NY. Results: The prevalence of geriatric CI was found to be 27.3% and was found to be significantly associated with age, female gender, scheduled and backward caste (BC), widowhood, and low educational status and is not engaged in any occupation, low socioeconomic status, teetotalism, economic dependency, physical dependency on others, and chronic morbidity. Conclusion: Age, female gender, scheduled and backward caste, widowhood, low educational status, nil employment status, low socioeconomic status, teetotalism, economic dependency, physical dependency on others, and chronic morbidity were found to be important correlates of CI. Further analytical studies can focus on these aspects for an early targeted preventive approach.

The Influence of Economic Growth, Dependency Ratio, Education Level, and Minimum Wage on Poverty Levels in Kebumen Regency

The Influence of Economic Growth, Dependency Ratio, Education Level, and Minimum Wage on Poverty Levels in Kebumen Regency

India’s Foreign Policy toward China (2019 to 2024)

Abstract: This research project delves into the evolving nature of India’s foreign policy towards China from 2019 to 2024. The period began with attempts at rapprochement, exemplified by the informal Wuhan summit between Prime Minister Modi and President Xi Jinping. However, this fragile progress was shattered by deadly border clashes at the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in 2020. This watershed event marked a significant shift in India’s China policy.The project explores this shift in detail, examining how India adopted a more assertive stance. This included bolstering its military presence and infrastructure at the LAC, a strategic move to deter further Chinese incursions. Furthermore, India tightened scrutiny of Chinese investments and business practices, aiming to reduce its economic dependence on China. To counter China’s growing influence in the IndoPacific, India actively pursued partnerships with other powers, most notably the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) alongside the US, Japan, and Australia.

Between Tradition and Pragmatism: Challenges for Latin America amid the Russia–Ukraine War

This article explores Latin America's response to the Russia–Ukraine War by navigating the delicate balance between tradition and pragmatism. Historically championing self‐determination and non‐intervention, the region faces challenges in coordinating responses due to ideological divisions. Analysing reactions from Brazil, Mexico, Nicaragua and Venezuela, the study reveals various responses, ranging from diplomatic neutrality to outright support. Economic dependencies, power dynamics and domestic priorities influence approaches. As Latin America struggles with internal challenges and external pressures, the study advocates a nuanced understanding of the role of the region in the evolving international order, emphasising the need for cohesive diplomatic strategies.

The search for economic and military aid in the shadow of crises: Turkish-American relations during İnönü governments (1961–1965)

The leader of Republican People’s Party (RPP), İsmet İnönü, formed three governments between 1961 and 1965. Turkey faced several political, economic, social and military challenges in this period. Turkish foreign policy also witnessed problems such as the crises that erupted in Cuba and Cyprus in 1962 and 1963, respectively. Both the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Cyprus Crisis had serious effects on Turkish–American political relations, so a great deal of literature exists discussing these developments. At the same time, Turkey negotiated with the United States of America (USA) to obtain more economic and military aid, which has drawn less scholarly attention. This article aims to shed light on the negotiations between Turkey and the USA to show how Turkish decision-makers worked hard to obtain more economic and military aid from the USA in the shadow of these crises. This article argues that these crises did not negatively influence economic and military relations between the countries due to Turkey’s economic and military dependence on and strategic importance for the USA against the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from the beginning of the Cold War.

Examining the Period-Based Changes in the Effect of Socioeconomic Status in Maternal Healthcare Utilization Across Regional and Residential Contexts in Postcolonial Tanzania (1991–2016)

ABSTRACT Applying dependency theory, this manuscript uses data from the six cross-sectional Tanzania Demographic Health Surveys from 1991 to 2016 (n = 30,028) to explore temporal variations in the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on maternal healthcare (MHC) utilization across different residences and regions. Research in this area is nonexistent in Tanzania. The results suggest a notable gap in using Tanzanian MHC based on SES and location (i.e. residence, regions). Results suggest that women from underserved groups, such as those living in rural areas or all-other (i.e. unprivileged) regions with lower SES, may have less access to MHC in the underdeveloped world. There were statistically significant socioeconomic variations in MHC use observed between residencies and regions, with stronger differences seen between residencies than regions. These findings further highlight the idea that lower use of MHC in the Global South is inseparable from economic dependency on metropolitan and Global North countries. This research calls for policymakers to recognize the roles of interactions between location and socioeconomic inequalities as factors exacerbated by higher dependency when crafting policies to modify healthcare utilization among women in underdeveloped countries.

Agro-tourism in Nepal: Assessment of economic, cultural, and environmental impact

Agro-tourism is a growing trend that combines agriculture and tourism to offer people a unique and sustainable experience. This review article explored the global trends, economic contributions, cultural preservation, and environmental sustainability of agro-tourism in Nepal. By synthesizing existing literature and aligning it with the Nepalese context, the study provides valuable insights for strategic planning and policy formulation, fostering responsible and sustainable growth in this emerging industry. In the context of Nepal, where agriculture is a cornerstone of livelihoods, the economic contributions of agro-tourism, ranging from supplemental income generation to sustainable development, have been analyzed. The exploration extends to the cultural preservation and authenticity fostered by agro-tourism, as well as its impact on environmental sustainability. Despite the promising prospects, the study also presents the challenges faced in integrating agro-tourism in Nepal, proposing solutions to address economic dependency on agriculture, limited tourism contribution to GDP, cultural commodification concerns, environmental conservation challenges, tourism seasonal variability, and the need for government policy support.

Essence and features of economic security of the industry sector

Ensuring the economic security of the industry sector and its element, energy security, is critical for the economies of countries, especially in the current environment of escalating military conflicts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the most likely risks to the security of the industrial sector, taking the example of the oil industry. The study employed the formal legal method, the method of qualitative textual analysis, the descriptive method, the method of statistical analysis, and the survey method. The study determined the place of energy security, specifically the security of the oil industry, in the system of economic security and emphasised its exceptional significance, especially in times of war. The principal global risks to the security of the oil industry were identified, including increased economic dependence for import-dependent countries and for countries dependent on oil exports; escalation of conflicts due to disagreements over resource control; and terrorist and cyberattacks. It was found that the main threats to Ukraine are generated by Russia’s invasion of its territory, which entails such critical risks as the physical destruction of oil industry facilities and cybersecurity breaches. The study confirmed that the war in Ukraine could have a substantial impact on the energy security of the European Union. This impact may result in the postponement of the association’s environmental goals due to the need to urgently ensure its own energy security. The study identified ways to improve security in the Ukrainian oil industry in times of war, including ensuring physical security and cybersecurity, developing crisis response plans, and improving the energy efficiency of the national industry. The findings of this study may be useful in developing measures to optimise energy policy

What determines local attitudes towards Jordan’s renewable energy transition? Evidence from household surveys

ABSTRACT The potential for renewable energy to encourage sustainable development raises high hopes for the future among countries in the Global South. However, there has been less research on how energy transitions are perceived outside of the Global North and democratic contexts. This paper explores attitudes towards the energy transition in Jordan, where expert interviews reveal that a strong renewable energy industry has emerged from top-down government efforts to reduce energy dependency and costs. We perform an in-person household survey with 320 respondents in areas with different transition risks and benefits, and then test a series of hypotheses using regression analysis. In the four communities surveyed, income stress and climate concern influence attitudes, as well as perceptions of community benefits. National-level concerns also matter, including energy dependency and energy costs for all Jordanians. Our results highlight the importance of context: findings from the North are not universal and understanding transitions in the Global South requires studying them in their own right. Policy insights Jordanian policymakers should reverse their policy of blocking renewables to avoid public backlash. Jordanian policymakers and funders should promote projects in communities with high economic dependence on the fossil fuel industry to ensure local support in areas facing transition risks. Policymakers should highlight collective, not just individual benefits of transitions, as perceptions of community and country benefits increase support. Policymakers in highly energy-dependent countries like Jordan should frame renewables as an answer to local and national challenges such as high energy prices. Actors wishing to promote clean energy support in different contexts should investigate local dynamics to build communication strategies that frame transitions appropriately.

Armenian Media System Overview According to the Hallin and Mancini Model

An overview of the Armenian media system is presented from the perspective of media professionals. Interference with the media system by the political system is analysed and the health of the Armenian media system is explored in the context of its transition from a Soviet republic towards a liberal model. The international situation contextualises analysis (resurgence of Russia–West enmity and globalisation) as does Armenia’s troubled relationship with its neighbours: with Turkey due to the 1915 genocide and with Azerbaijan because of the dispute over Nagorno-Karabakh. Relevant domestic affairs, such as the successful citizens’ mobilisation and the 2018 Velvet Revolution are also considered. The methodology used is based on in-depth interviews carried out in Yerevan (09/23) with 13 key informants; their answers are explored with content analysis using Hallin and Mancini’s dimensions. The study will serve to discuss how the media are used as tools of power and how the media system reproduces the political system (polarisation and individual ownership). We find that media is owned and/or controlled by political parties, and that the government controls public media but also part of the private sector through broadcasting licences and economic pressure. News media are not self-sustainable, thus, media economic dependence compromises its editorial independence, and very few media are independent. There is plurality, but highly polarised; there is no systematic censorship, but defamation fines reinforce journalists’ self-censorship; internet freedom is high but generates misinformation. Even so, there is professionalism, therefore there may yet be hope for the media if peace and the economy stabilise.

Communal Effect Attitudes on Punjab Senior Citizens

Among the most vulnerable groups in society is the elderly, who face issues such as a deteriorating feeling of self-worth brought on by physical weakness, a dwindling social position, and limited financial resources. Feelings of insignificance have been exacerbated by the fact that families are finding it more difficult to care for the elderly due to socioeconomic and demographic changes. As a result, psychological difficulties frequently outweigh outward indications of aging as people age. With a specific focus on 260 senior individuals in Punjab between the ages of 60 and 90, this study sought to investigate the effects of family and social attitudes toward the old. The majority of respondents claimed financial independence, but only 11% reported having stable finances due to rental income and savings account interest. But 8% struggled to pay for everyday needs, and some experienced severe financial difficulties related to fundamental needs and family responsibilities. Remarkably, only 11.7% of older people consistently created strong social relationships, compared to 76.6% who did so on occasion. Furthermore, 16.7% of respondents admitted to their situation, suggesting a greater dedication to maintaining family togetherness. The behavioral changes aligned with the perceptions of 83% of senior respondents who observed a shift in the way older persons view their basic obligations. Family dynamics, economic dependence, physical abuse cases, feelings of isolation, inadequate social support, family members' disdain, and food-related issues were among the main concerns. The study emphasized the complex relationships that exist between aging, health problems, decreased physical activity, and elder abuse. It also clarified the critical roles that qualities, social interactions, financial dependence, and behaviors have in influencing these relationships.

Understanding farmers’ adoption of diversified crop rotations in South Dakota, USA: an examination of the roles of sense of place and social responsibility

ABSTRACT Diversified crop rotations can be a win-win solution for farmers and society given increased agronomic yield and improved ecosystem services. However, the adoption of sustainable production practices must be widespread and accelerated to create resilient agroecosystems that can remain productive as the climate changes. In this paper, we use modified measures of sense of place (SOP) and social responsibility (SR) to investigate the factors that influence the adoption of diversified crop rotations (DCR) among producers in South Dakota (SD). Data was collected from 34 SD counties east of the Missouri River. Through the application of exploratory factor analysis (EFA), we identified 3 constructs of SOP on working landscapes 1) place attachment and identity, 2) social networks, and 3) physical place dependence. Using a binary logistic regression, a positive association between the adoption of DCR and place attachment and identity was found. This suggests that farmers have an emotional bond to their land that plays a role in their usage of DCR. Our results suggest that measuring some dimensions of SOP in a working landscape context is important, but needs more refinement, specifically economic dependence, given that the items measuring it did not emerge as a factor in the EFA.

The Interplay of Tobacco Farming and Tobacco Control: Exploring Socioeconomic and Health Dynamics in Malawi

ABSTRACTTobacco farming and tobacco control are closely inter‐related issues, particularly in developing countries that are heavily reliant on tobacco farming like Malawi. This commentary explores the relationship among tobacco farming, economic sustainability, and public health, focusing on the context of Malawi as one of the major tobacco producers in Africa. Malawi's economy is significantly dependent on tobacco farming, yet the country also struggles with smoking‐related health risks, creating a dilemma between socioeconomic and public health considerations. The commentary highlights the lack of empirical evidence regarding the socioeconomic implications of tobacco control measures on tobacco farming in the country. Moreover, despite the country's economic dependence on tobacco farming, a majority of cigarettes consumed domestically are imported, demonstrating the complexity of Malawi's tobacco industry. On public health implications, the article highlights the disease and death burden that is a result of tobacco smoking, underscoring the need for tobacco control measures. The article further draws insights from tobacco end‐game strategies in other countries and proposes a comprehensive approach to tobacco control. However, the article notes Malawi's limited financial resources and healthcare infrastructure to implement traditional tobacco control measures and highlights an emphasis on tobacco harm reduction, a third pillar of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The article also advocates for an emphasis on alternative livelihood opportunities for smallholder tobacco farmers in Malawi.