Economic Defense Research Articles

Peering through the haze:

Objective: the aim of this article was to detect economic signs of cartel in the resale of LPG in the Brazilian cities of Campina Grande-PB, Caruaru-PE, Jaboatão dos Guararapes-PE, and Recife-PE; the first market condemned by the Administrative Council for Economic Defense (Cade). Method: we used a filter suggested in Bolotova, Connor and Miller (2008) that consists of estimating an ARCH model and its generalization, a Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH), to test the hypothesis that, during the cartel period, the average price is higher and its variance lower. Conclusions: we showed that the average LPG price increased and the variance decreased during the cartel period in all cities we analyzed. We also corroborate the efficiency of the method, as the hypothesis of economic signs of cartel was not rejected for Campina Grande-PB.

Game Theory Applied To The Brazilian Antitrust Leniency Program

Game Theory Applied To The Brazilian Antitrust Leniency Program

Descriptive Analysis of The Obligation To Support and Assist Palestine in The Defense Economy for Muslim

This research explores the importance of the task of supporting and assisting Palestine in the field of economic defense for Muslims. This research aims to highlight the importance of helping our brothers and sisters in Palestine and fulfilling our obligations to Allah. Through descriptive analysis depicting obligations and responsibilities towards Palestine, this research seeks to provide insight into the moral and ethical dimensions of supporting a just cause. By examining the principles of cooperation in goodness and benevolence as outlined in Islamic teachings, this research underlines the importance of solidarity with those in need. The findings of this research underscore the important role that individuals and society play in upholding justice and compassion in the face of adversity. Ultimately, this study serves as a call to action for all believers to actively engage in efforts to support and assist Palestine in their economic defense.

A new agenda for antitrust: human rights violations as anti-competitive conduct

Abstract This study aims to establish a connection between human rights violations and unlawful conduct as defined by antitrust laws. To this end, it proposes a systematic teleological interpretation of the Brazilian legal system regarding human rights and competition laws to demonstrate that the Administrative Council for Economic Defence (CADE) has the authority to address human rights violations when enforcing antitrust provisions.

Dampak Bantuan Usaha Islamic Relief Bagi UMKM Masyarakat Huntap Duyu

The purpose of this research is to find out the impact of the Islamic Relief business assistance program for MSMEs in the Duyu community. Islamic Relief business assistance program for MSMEs specifically for the Duyu Huntap Community affected by the disaster. The research approach is qualitative research through the CIPP model evaluation method (context, input, process, product). Data was collected by conducting observations and based on program data search results starting from the beginning of the Islamic Relief Thematic KKN on September 11, 2023 to January 5, 2024. Data analysis techniques consist of data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The results of this study indicate that each aspect of CIPP has been implemented according to the procedure. The business assistance program for MSMEs in Duyu shelter is a form of post-disaster economic defense. This means that the development of the Islamic Relief business assistance program for MSMEs in the Duyu Huntap Community has been successful and has an impact on business actors in maintaining and starting a business. The context aspect shows that all forms of preparation in providing this program are carried out carefully so that they can have an impact on the success of the business assistance program for MSMEs in Duyu. The input aspect is designed according to the correct official legal umbrella. The process aspect is carried out starting from socialization activities to the distribution of business assistance for MSMEs to the Duyu Huntap community procedurally to have an impact on success targeting business actors who need business capital assistance. In the product aspect, it is known that the business assistance program for MSMEs has a good impact on the economic recovery of business actors in Huntap Duyu.

The Development of West Java MSMEs as A Form of Economic Defense: An Analysis with Forecasting Methods

The growth of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) plays an increasingly vital role in driving local economies and supporting economic resilience in a region. This research aims to analyze and forecast the growth rate of MSMEs in the Bogor District, Sukabumi District, Garut District, Bandung District, and Cianjur District over the next 5 years using a forecasting method. Forecasting is an analytical approach that utilizes historical data to predict trends and patterns that may occur in the future. In the context of this study, historical data encompass various factors influencing MSME growth, such as the number of MSMEs, investments, government support, regulatory changes, as well as other external factors. This analysis employs various forecasting techniques, including statistical and machine learning methods, to generate accurate predictions. The outcomes of this research are expected to provide a deeper understanding of the key factors influencing MSME growth in these five districts and offer valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders. Additionally, this research aims to make a significant contribution to the strategic planning of sustainable MSME development in the Bogor District, Sukabumi District, Garut District, Bandung District, and Cianjur District. With a better understanding of the dynamics of MSME growth, more effective steps can be identified to support local economic development.

Inheritance and inequality among nomads of South Siberia.

At the headwaters of the Yenisei River in Tuva and northern Mongolia, nomadic pastoralists move between camps in a seasonal rotation that facilitates their animals' access to high-quality grasses and shelter. The use and informal ownership of these camps depending on season helps illustrate evolutionary and ecological principles underlying variation in property relations. Given relatively stable patterns of precipitation and returns to capital improvement, families generally benefit from reusing the same camps year after year. We show that locations with higher economic defensibility and capital investment-winter camps and camps located in mountain/river valleys-are claimed and inherited more frequently than summer camps and camps located in open steppe. Camps are inherited patrilineally and matrilineally at a ratio of 2 : 1. Despite its practical importance, camp inheritance is not associated with livestock wealth today, which is better predicted by education and wealth outside the pastoral economy. The relationship between the livestock wealth of parents and their adult children is significantly positive, but relatively low compared to other pastoralists. The degree of inequality in livestock wealth, however, is very close to that of other pastoralists. This is understandable considering the durability and defensibility of animal wealth and economies of scale common across pastoralists. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolutionary ecology of inequality'.

Is iFood Starving the Market? Antitrust Enforcement in the Market for Online Food Delivery in Brazil

This article examines the decisions taken by the Brazilian Competition Authority, the Administrative Council for Economic Defence (CADE) in two antitrust cases related the dominant food delivery platform iFood, one merger review and one investigation into exclusive dealing agreements. Through an in-depth examination of the case documents, this article uncovers the evolution in CADE’s comprehension of the competition dynamics in multi-sided digital markets, while also revealing gaps and inadequacies in the authority’s substantive and procedural antitrust enforcement. Based on the findings, the article draws lessons that can help strengthen the authority’s approach to digital platform cases in the future. Firstly, CADE must adapt its steps of analysis and develop new theories of harms that are better tailored to the characteristics of multi-sided platforms. Secondly, CADE should conduct more rigorous merger reviews that take into account the wider impact of dominant platforms’ business strategies on the ecosystem of players orbiting them. Thirdly, the article highlights the importance of the authority building its capacities and expertise to detect competition problems from an early stage, design effective remedies, and ensure these remedies are enforced effectively. These recommendations underscore the significance of continuously updating the enforcement framework and enhancing the capabilities of the competition authority to keep pace with the rapidly evolving digital economy. digital markets, competition law, antitrust, exclusivity dealing, merger review, theories of harm, online food delivery, Brazil

Revisitando o ato de concentração Itaú/XP sob a perspectiva do bank as a platform (BAAP)

The article seeks to confront the analyzes carried out by the Central Bank of Brazil (BCB) and by the Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) on the Itaú/XP merger, within the scope of their respective competition powers. The corporate operation that was maintained under the “double” approval system had very peculiar characteristics and involved the influence of XP’s innovative performance as an open investment platform. Based on this case, which serves as a paradigm in relation to the competitive analyzes carried out by the BCB and CADE on open platforms, it is proposed to investigate what are the legal challenges that the transformation of market structures in the financial system around digital platforms may bring about the exercise of antitrust and regulatory powers, mainly due to the new Bank as a Platform (BaaP) business models facilitated by the implementation of open finance and the operation of digital platforms that can be licensed as a Payment Initiation Service Provider.

Home Industry As A Family Economic Defense Strategy During The Covid-19 Pandemic

Every family or head of household needs to have a strategy that can help maintain their economy, especially during a pandemic like today. The author sees home industry activities as one of the strategies carried out by the community in the village of Samangraya, Cilegon city to maintain the family economy during the pandemic and also the application of restrictions on community activities or PPKM. Even though they have the same object with previous studies, the location and conditions in this study are different because this research was written in conditions of the Covid19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to find out how the home industry can maintain the family economy and what strategies are used to maintain its home industry in the midst of intense market competition. The author uses a descriptive qualitative method using purposive sampling by observing and interviewing 9 home industry entrepreneurs. From this research, it can be concluded that the home industry is a strategy that can be used to maintain the family economy during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Development of Intangible Economic Defense in Indonesia

Development of Intangible Economic Defense in Indonesia

Synthetic Resilience Exploration and Economic Defense Strategy for Microgrid-Level AC/DC Hybrid Energy System

For the ac/dc hybrid energy system, a resilience-oriented defense strategy is developed for survivability enhancement when subject to severe energy disruptions. On account of heterogeneous components, an integration index of synthetic resilience (SR) is formulated to assess the resilience capability of hybrid energy systems in the event of sudden energy changes. The derived SR is systematically illustrated in this work, which not only reveals its convexity feature but also visualizes the inherent self-healing resources during the ac/dc energy interaction. Based on the proposed resilience index and interlinking bridge of bidirectional converter, an economic defense strategy concerning uncertainties from renewable energies and loads is developed and system resilience is consequently reinforced by dispatching distributed energies according to individual marginal cost. Without the global coordination and mode transition, the system resilience is significantly strengthened and assessed by the proposed index and defense strategy, which formulates an operational paradigm for the microgrid-level energy hybridization considering load variation and renewable energy penetration. To completely demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed index and defense strategy for the hybrid energy system, the controller-hardware-in-the-loop experiment results have been provided from six aspects of steady-state operation, dc demand variation, ac demand variation, renewable energy fluctuations, dc energy source failure, and ac energy source failure.

ACORDOS VS. CONDENAÇÕES EM CONDUTAS UNILATERAIS: UMA ANÁLISE DO PONTO DE VISTA DA EFICIÊNCIA

Context: The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) evaluated in 2019 that investigations of unilateral conducts by the Administrative Council for Economic Defense (Cade) are few, last long and are mostly settled through administrative agreements (termos de compromisso de cessação or TCCs). Objective: The objective of the study is to analyze Cade's efficiency in the examination of unilateral conducts, based on the duration of the processes and on the different types of conclusions, that is, if they are resolved through TCCs or administrative decisions that, in general, are judicialized. Method: The research surveyed the cases of abuse of dominant position at Cade between 2012 and 2019 and their outcomes, calculated the average duration of the processes and compared data that emerge from processes that ended in TCCs with those with decisions of Cade, including the ones taken to court. Results: The comparison shows that the average duration of the 76 cases concluded in TCCs in the studied period expended less than half the average duration of the 17 processes with conviction of economic agents by Cade which are usually taken to court. Conclusions: Potentially, administrative agreements, as they require less time, can limit damage to the economic order due to abuse of dominant position, which can be an indicator of efficiency. On the other hand, the analysis points out that the large number of TCCs interrupts the investigations and efforts already undertaken by Cade, further hindering the formation of jurisprudence in these cases that would serve as a constraint for companies, which can be an indicator of inefficiency.

A ARBITRAGEM NO CONTROLE DE ESTRUTURAS COMO MECANISMO DE REFORÇO AO MONITORAMENTO DO CADE: CABIMENTO E VINCULAÇÃO DA AUTARQUIA

Context: Since 2014, the Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) has used a procedure called arbitration as a mechanism to reinforce the monitoring of compliance with the conditions assumed by the compromisers in concentration control agreements for the approval of the operation. Objective: The paper aims to analyze the characteristics of the arbitration procedures established in the concentration control agreements within the scope of the merger control carried out by Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE), mainly regarding the provision of non-binding of the federal independent agency to the decisions rendered by the arbitrator. Method: The study starts from the analysis of the agreements in which arbitration was inserted as a method of reinforce monitoring and questions the feasibility of opting for the insertion of the Federal Law n. 9.307/96 arbitration procedure, comparing the content of these agreements with the doctrinal understanding of the matter. Conclusions: The results indicate that the decision on compliance with the conditions assumed in the agreements must be taken in the exercise of administrative activity by CADE, based on the non-delegable law enforcement. The existence of incompatibilities between the exercise of administrative activity and the jurisdictional nature of arbitration also contributes to the inadequacy of the arbitration provision as a mechanism to reinforce the monitoring exercised by Cade.

Competition Law Enforcement in Digital Markets: The Brazilian Perspective on Unilateral Conducts

Following an international trend, Brazil’s National Competition Authority (NCA), the Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE), has been devoting more attention to potential anticompetitive conducts in the digital economy. This article discusses a set of cases involving unilateral conducts in the digital economy, assessing CADE’s decision-making practice, enforcement challenges, and tools used. Building from CADE’s case law, we single out some relevant aspects of the Brazilian experience, including (1) the cautious approach taken by CADE when evaluating effects of unilateral conducts in final decisions, (2) the use of interim measures to intervene in early stages of investigations, and (3) the use of settlements to reach quick solutions with negotiated remedies. A brief conclusion discusses possible future trends given the experience discussed in the article.

When utilitarianism dominates justice as fairness: an economic defence of utilitarianism from the original position

AbstractThe original position together with the veil of ignorance have served as one of the main methodological devices to justify principles of distributive justice. Most approaches to this topic have primarily focused on the single person decision-theoretic aspect of the original position. This paper, in contrast, will directly model the basic structure and the economic agents therein to project the economic consequences and social outcomes generated either by utilitarianism or Rawls’s two principles of justice. It will be shown that when the differences in people’s productive abilities are sufficiently great, utilitarianism dominates Rawls’s two principles of justice by providing a higher level of overall well-being to every member of society. Whenever this is the case, the parties can rely on the Principle of Dominance (which is a direct implication of instrumental rationality) to choose utilitarianism over Rawls’s two principles of justice. Furthermore, when this is so, utilitarianism is free from one of its most fundamental criticisms that it ‘does not take seriously the distinction between persons’ (Rawls 1971 [1999]: 24).

ICT Governance and Management Macroprocesses of a Brazilian Federal Government Agency

The process of identifying and managing Information and Communication Technology (ICT) risks has become a concern and a challenge for public and private organizations. In this context, risk management methodologies within the Brazilian Federal Public Administration organizations have become indispensable to help the managers of these organizations in decision making, especially in the distribution of public funds, elaboration of public policies focused on transparency, social actions contemplating indemnities, and social benefits, among others. In addition, the various ICT projects controlled by the public administration need a methodology to perform their management of ICT resources. In this article, we present the Governance and Risk Management methodology used to model the Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) macro processes. The proposed methodology used the risk management process aligned to the ISO 31000 standards. This alignment was necessary for mapping CADE’s risk events, regardless of their complexity. The modeled ICT risk processes will support the organization’s managers in decision making and may be used or customized by any other organization of the Brazilian Federal Public Administration.

Implementation of Defense Industry Policy in Supporting National Economic Growth

This study aims to identify and analyze the implementation of defense industry policies in supporting national economic growth. The research method used is literature review research with a descriptive approach. The results of the study show that the defense industry has contributed to national economic growth during the COVID-19 pandemic. This refers to the active role of the defense industry, which does not only focus on the defense of the national border area, but also becomes the support and solution for national economic defense. In addition, the policies implemented to encourage national economic development have multiple effects on the surrounding community, where this will contribute to morale and mobilization contributions from the defense industry to encourage the growth of broad economic awareness.

Impact of the TNI Manunggal Village Building Program (TMMD) on the Socio-Economic Community Towards Empowerment of Regional Defense

This study aims to identify and analyze the impact felt by the community from the implementation of the TNI Manunggal Community Building (TMMD) program in terms of economic, social, and territorial defense aspects. The research method used is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The results showed that the TMMD Program organized by the TNI to support national development in rural areas had a very significant impact on the economic, social, and regional defense aspects. The output to be achieved in the TMMD program has been successfully achieved. With the TNI Manunggal Building Village program, the living standards of rural communities can be increased so that they can support as a source of strength in implementing the Universal People's Defense System (Sishanta).

From the history of mutual cooperation of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the states of Central Asia (1991-2000)

This research article deals with the accepted and implemented agreements of the Central Asian states after after the fall of the Soviet Union: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan in the field of political and economic cooperation, defense, cultural, social and humanitarian spheres. The relations of the Central Asian states are the object of this research and are considered as a political and historical aspect. These Central Asian states have their own history of development, which was formed in the post-Soviet period. Therefore, scientific literature and archival documents were brought to scientific analysis in order to study their initiatives and agreements on cooperation with each other at the international level from a scientific point of view in the field of historical science and consider them in the historical and political aspect. From the theory methodological point studying the political, economic, socio-cultural development of the states of Central Asia in the historical and political aspect, as well as in the system of international relations is one of the most important problems. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize and analyze scientific literature, archival data and information contained in the collection of documents related to this topic from a scientific point of view. As a result, mutual agreements, friendship and cooperation between the states of Central Asia, strategic partnership in the areas of development were also studied, and an analysis of their past and future was carried out