Economic Council Research Articles

Labor-inclusive corporatism after democratic transitions: Institutionalization in South Africa and Brazil

Abstract Under what conditions has corporatist policymaking become institutionalized in newly transitioned democracies? I argue that transitions have provided temporary opportunities for unions to push for laws they can later use to protect their place in economic councils. The relevant sets of legal rules, which I call compulsory deliberation, enable non-‘State official’ members to resist governmental disruption of such councils despite them composing the Executive’s structure. I compare South Africa and Brazil, two ‘most similar’ cases that featured sequences of chronically unstable labor-excluding councils under authoritarian regimes. I argue that the former broke out of this trajectory while the latter did not because South African unions developed aspirations for durable policy influence before the transition, whereas Brazilian ones only did so afterward and thus mobilized too late. Although Brazilian governments have enacted dozens of regulations covering as many councils, these have only served as short-term instruments for marketing policies.

Coca in history and the future

Purpose This study aims to question the psychiatric framework currently adopted by governments toward the traditional plants of great cultures, stigmatized by the paradigm of the unfounded psychiatric doctrine and to propose the need for a change of outlook. Design/methodology/approach Documentary research of the “black history” of coca. Documentary research on academic contributions to the revaluation of coca. Findings This brief chronicle of the coca leaf in history, duly documented, proves that its medicinal and energetic prestige was proven and praised by the naturalistic and experimental medicine of the 19th century, a precedent buried by the psychiatric pathologizing version that invented “drug addictions” without any experimental support. Research limitations/implications Psychiatry can be revealed as the authoritarian and unpunished inquisition of the 20th century, in its arbitrary pathologizing version of coca leaf consumption and in most of its professional work. A scientific revolution is taking place (Kuhn, 1962), given that the psychopathological paradigm does not respond to the facts surrounding coca leaf consumption and virtues. The medical perspective must replace the negative psychiatric perspective that the law maintains Practical implications The author concludes that the way out would be to denounce before the Social and Economic Council of the United Nations, with evidence in hand, the fraud in the 1950 UN Commission on Coca Report, due to concealment on information. Social implications Taking advantage of the hygienic and medicinal virtues of plants stigmatized by psychiatry, such as the coca leaf, would put an end to an omnipresent war and give way to peace in the producing areas. Originality/value The questioning of the psychiatric frame of reference adopted by governments to deal with coca leaf consumption has led to the “war on drugs.”

THE ALL-UNION TEXTILE SYNDICATE: A PROJECT TO OPTIMISE COTTON PRODUCTION BY REFORMING THE TRUST MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE (1928-1929)

This article is devoted to the process of reforming the textile industry of the RSFSR within the framework of one of the projects of the all-union textile syndicate. The emphasis is placed on the study of the issues of zoning of the cotton industry of the republic and the syndicate’s search for the most stable form of organisation of textile trusts against the background of the elimination of the so-called “New Economic Policy” in industry. The main structural associations and management bodies of the textile industry of the RSFSR and the USSR in those years are considered: from the union and republican textile trusts to the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR, and their role in the process of the first stage of industry reform is traced. To reveal the topic of the article, both materials of scientific publications and archival documents were used, a significant part of which is being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

Pulp and Paper Industry at the Start of the First Five-Year Plan: Plans and Practices

In Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union, formed in 1922, the pulp and paper industry was poorly developed. Following the First World War, the Civil War and the Soviet-Polish War, the loss of the western regions, where more than a third of paper products were produced, was also a negative factor. Despite the presence of large forest areas, there were not enough resources for their development, and there was no machine-building base. As a result, the Soviet state imported significant volumes of semi-finished products, paper and cardboard. The article analyzes the plans of the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR for the development of the pulp and paper industry in the second half of the 1920s, the design and progress of construction of enterprises. It was revealed that the main economic body sought to gradually reduce the import of wood pulp, pulp, paper and other necessary materials through the expansion and construction of production facilities. Trusts and regional economic bodies played a major role in the location of enterprises. For them, new construction provided an opportunity to attract capital investment and create industrial centers. It is concluded that large-scale plans for the development of the pulp and paper industry in the Soviet Union in the second half of the 1920s. were poorly developed from a financial and personnel point of view, were based on the weak level of development of the industry and reflected the optimistic ideas of economists and business executives about the potential of the new economic policy. On the contrary, the competition for projects of pulp and paper enterprises in 1928 reflected the transition from decentralized to centralized design of facilities and demonstrated the priorities of the Soviet government regarding the location of new production facilities.

The Menace of Globalism: Merwin K. Hart and Nationalist Conservatism, 1930–1960

In the wake of the October 1929 stock market crash, conservatives formed an array of organizations and publications that aimed to resist the nation’s steady embrace of New Deal liberalism. Crucial to their opposition was a group of “nationalist conservatives” whose most prominent member was the operative and propagandist Merwin K. Hart. Hart’s worldview, which embraced nativism, antisemitism, anti-interventionism, and economic libertarianism, was shared by a range of figures on the right whose contributions to the emergence of the postwar conservative movement have not been studied. Hart’s organization, the New York State Economic Council (later renamed the National Economic Council), played a critical function in propagating conservative ideas throughout the years of liberal political hegemony. Scholarship on conservatism has generally cast the early opponents of the New Deal as principled libertarians, unsullied by bigotry and nativism; this article challenges that picture, arguing that the nationalist conservatives were critical in shaping the ideology of the postwar right.

Кризис полиграфического производства Саратова накануне индустриализации (1926–1928 гг.)

The printing industry of the RSFSR on the eve of industrialization overcame the consequences of the Civil War and demonstrated a steady increase in the main indicators. However, this situation was not observed in all regions. The article examines the personnel, organizational, financial, and economic condition of Saratov’s printing houses under the conditions of the «economy regime». The author analyzes the causes and consequences of optimization of enterprises that were part of the Sarpolygraphprom trust, subordinate to the provincial economic council. The source base, including publications in the local press and documents of the State Archive of the Saratov Region, shows the competition that took place between the printing houses of the province (included in the trust and operating outside its system) for orders that came from publishers and publishing organizations in Saratov and Moscow.

STRATEGI PEMERINTAH INDONESIA MENGATASI MASALAH EKONOMI PADA MASA REFORMASI (1999 – 2004)

The 1997 economic crisis was a miserable history for the Indonesian. The New Order government, which was unable to handle the storm of crises, made people's lives even more miserable. The economic reforms carried out by the post-New Order government were expected to overcome the crisis. This study aims to explore the various strategies adopted by the government at the beginning of the reform to deal with the crisis. The government in question is from 1999 to 2004. The research method uses the historical method with 4 steps, namely heuristics, verification, interpretation, and historiography. The years 2001 and 2002 recorded the highest inflation rates, the weakening of the rupiah exchange rate against the US dollar, and the highest annual interest rates. The strategy undertaken to deal with the economic crisis included carrying out Monetary Policy (controlling the money supply and raising SBI interest rates), bank liquidation, forming the National Economic Council, financial restructuring, and increasing investment. These various strategies have had a positive impact on reducing the rate of inflation and increasing the rate of economic growth.

Activities of the National economic councils (1957–1964): organizational impasse or the possibility of a breakthrough

The presented research touches upon the issues of the emergence, functioning and liquidation of economic councils. The article shows the main reasons that signaled the beginning of the structural decentralization of the management system, as well as the factors that caused the reverse process.The methodological basis of the presented research is an approach based on the use of the historicism principle. It allows us to analyze historical stages in accordance with the specific historical situation in their dialectical interconnection and conditionality. The application of the historicism principle requires the study of any component of the historical process in its development. Guided by this principle, the author sought to show the transformation of the industrial management system of the USSR in 1957–1964. The principle under consideration was used in conjunction with the methods of scientific knowledge. In his research, the author used such general scientific research methods as analysis, synthesis, deduction and abstraction.The relative effectiveness of the obtained reforms has been shown. At the same time, structural changes in the management system could not give an explosive character to the growth of the industrial sector. The reasons for the curtailment of economic councils lay not only in voluntarism or organizational problems, but in the absence of a single system of decentralized management. Under the slogans of territorial administration, in real practice, sectoral centralized administration was preserved. In addition, the system itself, being inert throughout the reforms, followed the path of strengthening departmental-sectoral management.

Institutionalizing Populist Power Coalitions in Latin America: Argentina’s Economic and Social Council and Brazil’s Council for Economic and Social Development

The Argentine Consejo Económico y Social (Economic and Social Council) and the Brazilian Conselho de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Council for Economic and Social Development) are institutions promoted by populist governments to shape a neodevelopmentalist agenda in countries classified as having hierarchical market economies. Both councils only partially conform to the hierarachical market economy model and have suffered from heavy governmental dependence, but Argentine unionism may constitute a potential success factor for the institution in the future. This influence represents an exception to the theory of these economies. El Consejo Económico y Social de Argentina y el Conselho de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social de Brasil son instituciones promovidas por gobiernos populistas para dar pie a una agenda neodesarrollista en países clasificados como de economías de mercado jerárquicas. Ambos consejos se ajustan sólo parcialmente al modelo jerárquico de la economía de mercado y han sufrido una fuerte dependencia gubernamental. Sin embargo, el sindicalismo argentino podría constituir un potencial factor de éxito para la institución en el futuro. Dicha influencia constituye una excepción a la teoría de estas economías.

The challenges to the mega infrastructure of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor in Pakistan

This article provides an argument for amending the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) in the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan. That will ensure accountability, reduce criticism of corruption, and secure Chinese investment in Pakistan. The study’s main question is why CPEC does not have constitutional protection in Pakistan, which is more investment than Pakistan’s annual budget. CPEC should reduce the sense of deprivation and inequality within Pakistan and ensure its transparency in various aspects. The CPEC Amendment can establish parliamentary oversight and reduce the deprivations of the provinces by electing members on a National Economic Council (NEC) formula and a regional basis. Furthermore, it can provide some basic constitutional framework for upcoming governments regarding heavy investment in infrastructure. The constitutional provisions of the flagship project can serve as an example for BRI member countries.

Manuals and Reference Books for Typographers of the Late XIX – Early XX Centuries

A brief description of publications for employees of printing houses is presented: reference books, calendars, which made it possible for typographers to learn the basic rules of typing, historical information on the printing business, as well as the addresses of printing houses in St. Petersburg. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of publications devoted to the printing business, from which information can be gleaned about ancient book-making technologies. In almost every publication, you can get bibliographic information about both printing manuals and small brochures intended for students. The authors shared their long experience of work in printing houses, thus helping the successors to avoid mistakes and perform works efficiently. Publications became necessary as reference and information materials, especially for owners of printing establishments, because from them it was possible to learn about factory legislation, insurance laws and customs tariff. After 1918, the governing bodies changed, so the directories contained information about the main state management bodies for the press and publishing houses of the Supreme Economic Council (Supreme Council of the National Economy) and for Petrograd, the structure of the Union of Workers of Printing Production, etc. There are no modern studies on the information support of the process of printing books in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The purpose of this article is to generalize information about reference literature aimed at typography workers of that period.

Е. А. Стулов в Монголии и для Монголии

Introduction. Evgeny A. Stulov (1902–1940) is a remarkable yet still little-known figure who invested extensive and fruitful efforts in Mongolia and for Mongolia. He came from a large peasant family but grew to receive sound training for that time which included real school courses followed by studies at Moscow University (External Affairs Department, Faculty of Social Science). On graduation, he was added to the reserve list of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade (Administrative and Economic Department) to be further employed as economist (since August 1925) at the Chief Department of Tariffs (same Commissariat) — and soon promoted to Secretary of the Committee for Customs and Tariffs (CDT). Stulov’s expertise and competence were manifested in most diverse ways: he was writing scholarly articles, delivering lectures; as Advisor to the MPR Economic Council had to deal with the troubled situation in Arkhangai Aimag; and was in charge of Mongolia’s zoning. Goals. The study describes E. Stulov’s efforts dealing with Mongolia’s zoning, provides data on his articles and lectures. Materials. The paper investigates documents housed at Russian State Archive of the Economy, examines some published sources and scholarly writings. Results. Despite E. Stulov lived a short life (38 years only), his knowledge, competences, and accomplishments made it possible for him to gain a deep and practical understanding of the country and its citizens. As Advisor to the MPR Economic Council, he promptly delved into the circumstances behind the uprising in Arkhangai Aimag — and along with other researchers was further involved in zoning endeavors. Key outcomes of his work were approved and accepted by the Mongolian government. The scope of his activity also included writing of articles and lecturing. Our analysis attests to that he was well familiar with works authored both by predecessors and contemporaries , i.e. then and there we would face a man of individuality and talent who had accumulated good knowledge of Mongolia and actually done a lot for its future.

Е. А. Стулов в Монголии и для Монголии

Introduction. Evgeny A. Stulov (1902–1940) is a remarkable yet still little-known figure who invested extensive and fruitful efforts in Mongolia and for Mongolia. He came from a large peasant family but grew to receive sound training for that time which included real school courses followed by studies at Moscow University (External Affairs Department, Faculty of Social Science). On graduation, he was added to the reserve list of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade (Administrative and Economic Department) to be further employed as economist (since August 1925) at the Chief Department of Tariffs (same Commissariat) — and soon promoted to Secretary of the Committee for Customs and Tariffs (CDT). Stulov’s expertise and competence were manifested in most diverse ways: he was writing scholarly articles, delivering lectures; as Advisor to the MPR Economic Council had to deal with the troubled situation in Arkhangai Aimag; and was in charge of Mongolia’s zoning. Goals. The study describes E. Stulov’s efforts dealing with Mongolia’s zoning, provides data on his articles and lectures. Materials. The paper investigates documents housed at Russian State Archive of the Economy, examines some published sources and scholarly writings. Results. Despite E. Stulov lived a short life (38 years only), his knowledge, competences, and accomplishments made it possible for him to gain a deep and practical understanding of the country and its citizens. As Advisor to the MPR Economic Council, he promptly delved into the circumstances behind the uprising in Arkhangai Aimag — and along with other researchers was further involved in zoning endeavors. Key outcomes of his work were approved and accepted by the Mongolian government. The scope of his activity also included writing of articles and lecturing. Our analysis attests to that he was well familiar with works authored both by predecessors and contemporaries , i.e. then and there we would face a man of individuality and talent who had accumulated good knowledge of Mongolia and actually done a lot for its future.

Features of Soviet Industrial Development in 1957–1964 (On the Example of the Mari, Mordovian and Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics)

Introduction and Methods. The relevance of the work is due to the demand for the experience of the economic council reform, including its regional aspect, at the present stage of Russian modernization. The basis of the methodology of the work is the modernization historical paradigm, aimed at the study of various kinds of progressive transformations of society, noted in the process of its development. The main methods used are comparative-historical, historical-cultural, problem-chronological. Results and Discussion. The economic councils of the Mari, Mordovian and Chuvash economic administrative regions already in the first years of their existence showed very worthy economic results. The decentralization of the economic sphere, the removal of bureaucratic “obstacles” stimulated the rapid development of new high-tech industries in all three republics: electrical, machine-building, metalworking, instrument-making, etc. However, having given the industrial development of the Mari, Mordovian and Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics a maximum exhausted itself quickly. Founded in the early 1960s the crisis phenomena were expressed in the growth of isolation of the economic regions headed by economic councils as economic cells striving for self-sufficiency (autarky), which gave rise to a number of problems, in particular in matters of supplies between different economic regions, in drawing up plans and their implementation. The regional material of the studied republics eloquently testifies to the typical (universal) nature of such negative manifestations. Conclusion. For the Mari, Mordovian and Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics, the main result of the economic reform was, in fact, their synchronous transformation from agrarian-industrial to industrial-agrarian regions. The rather rapid pace of this process (1957–1964) can be explained by the decentralization of the economy that occurred as a result of the economic reform, which brought management closer to production and unloaded the industrial management system from excessive bureaucracy. However, the effect of decentralization turned out to be extremely short-lived, since the shortcomings of the territorial administration system soon showed themselves, leading to the rapid exhaustion of its capabilities.

Private enterprise in logging in 1919-1921: the idea of the center and the opposition of the regions

The article considers the policy of the Main Forestry Committee of the Supreme Economic Council on attracting private capital for firewood harvesting to combat the fuel crisis in 1919-1921, which has not been studied in the scientific literature. The research is based mainly on archival materials introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, and media publications of this period. The author used the materials of two central (GARF and RGAE) and four regional (Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions) state archives. The struggle of regional leaders against the ill-conceived policy of the center for the introduction of private capital for logging is shown. The conclusion is made about the fallacy of the widespread use of private entrepreneurs without taking into account local conditions for logging in the provinces of European Russia in an extreme situation of the economic crisis.

CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATIC UNION/THE CHRISTIAN SOCIAL UNION AND THE FRANKFURT ECONOMIC COUNCIL OF BIZONIA IN 1947-1949

The fate of Germany after the collapse of the Nazi regime was in the hands of the victors, who took upon themselves the responsibility to ensure its unity. However, the actions of the military authorities in the west and in the east of the country led to the opposite result. The creation of Bizonia by the Anglo-American administrations and the establishment of the Economic Council, as discussed in the article, was a departure from the decisions of the Potsdam Conference. This was facilitated by the German CDU and CSU parties, which prepared the economic, political and legislative foundations of the future West German state. However, it must be admitted that the activities of the Economic Council contributed to the normalization of the life of the German population in the Western occupation zones, the revival of the market economy, which, with the participation of Ludwig Erhard, became known as the ‟socio-market economy”. In fact, as highlighted in this article, German politicians, deputies of the Economic Council took responsibility for overcoming the devastating consequences of the war.

Географическая идентичность понятия «Большой Алтай» и перспективные направления трансграничного сотрудничества в регионе

Introduction. The Altai Mountains are a mountain system that is part of the sub latitudinal Altai-Sayan mountainous country. The mountains are the watershed between the basins of the Arctic Ocean and the drainleess region of Central Asia. This is the territory where the sources of the Irtysh and the Ob are located. Materials and research мethods. The article uses a regional approach to the study of a mountainous region. From the standpoint of the historical-geographical approach, the historical aspects of the formation of the transboundary essence of the Great Altai concept are revealed. Research results. The analysis of the origin of the understanding of the transboundary essence of Altai as a territory of cooperation is carried out. Expeditionary groups have been identified that have made a significant contribution to the understanding of the Great Altai. This made it possible to present the modern features of the economic, geographical and geopolitical position of the region. Discussion. A concept for the development of the region within the framework of the main areas of cooperation is proposed. The interests of Russia are indicated to promote the uniqueness of the territory and use its opportunities for tourism. Conclusion. The geographical position and natural resources make the Altai Mountains an important object in the development of cross-border cooperation. Since the 18th century scientists are actively exploring the territory for its effective use. The Great Altai has the prospect of becoming a trade and economic corridor between Russia, Mongolia and China. Resume. Since the beginning of the 2000s, forms of cross-border cooperation between the countries of the Greater Altai have appeared. The developed concept of the economic council within the framework of the ISS «Altai» will help to implement cooperation in various areas.

Е. А. Стулов и его поездка в Архангайский аймак в 1932 г.: по материалам сборника документов «Монголия в документах из архивов ФСБ России (1922–1936 гг.)»

Introduction. The edition titled ‘Federal Security Service Archives: Mongolia Documented, 1922–1936’ contains a Note by Advisor to the MPR Economic Council E. Stulov on [His] Journey to Arkhangai Aimag. The document is of certain interest primarily from a perspective of the current economic and political situation in the country. Advisor E. Stulov was staying in Tsetserleg, the capital of Arkhangai Aimag, from 1 to 10 June 1932, and compiled the Note on 25 June of the same year to be marked top secret. The author mentions the main objective of the journey was to ‘investigate essentials and causes of the uprising’ in the aimag. Personal files of Evgeny A. Stulov are housed at the Russian State Archive of the Economy (Collection of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade as of the Year 1925). The Note can be viewed as an extended report on events to have taken place not only in Arkhangai but also in other provinces, and be structured as follows: 1) causes and essentials of the 1932 uprising, 2) economic reasons of the uprising, 3) work of the party organization in the aimag and wider — that of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party nationwide. Goals. The article attempts an analysis of Stulov’s journey to Arkhangai Aimag and examines reasons — political and economic ones — of the uprising and related riots both in Arkhangai and across the bulk of the country. Materials. The paper examines archival documents, published sources, and academic literature. Results and conclusions. E. Stulov’s Note reveals reasons of social unrests across various Mongolian estates. The journey is sure to have been crucial to that the Soviet Government undertook prompt measures to tackle the dramatic events. The unrests had begun in April 1932, and already in May the Mongolian question was being discussed at a meeting of the Politburo (VKP(b) Central Committee), which dispatched a letter to Ulaanbaatar containing proposals aimed at eliminating errors and miscounts afforded. This is why in June the Advisor to the MPR Economic Council was missioned to the country for detailed insights, and the officer’s journey note did reveal actual reasons of what had happened.

The role of the Economic Council in combating administrative and financial corruption

الفساد هو الموضوع القديم الجديد الذي يعرفه الناس جميعاً وسمعوا عنه الكثير، ولهذه الظاهرة صورة مختلفة إما إدارية أو مالية أو سياسية أو أخلاقية أو اجتماعية أو طبيعية، والذي يهمنا هنا هو الفساد الإداري والمالي الذي تقتصر عليه دراستنا. ويتمثل الفساد الإداري والمالي في إساءة استخدام السلطات العامة لتحقيق مكاسب خاصة غير مشروعة أو توظيف السلطة لممارسة سلوك غير شرعي وغير أخلاقي أو استغلال المنصب العام لغايات شخصية. وظاهرة الفساد الإداري والمالي ما هي إلا نتيجة الإفرازات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية الناجمة عن التطور العلمي ونمط حياة الإنسان ومعاملاته التي امتدت عبر مساحات اقتصادية وسياسية وجغرافية غير محددة، لذا فقد غدت فكرة مكافحة الفساد الإداري والمالي من المسلمات التي لا يجرؤ أي طرف على التقليل من شأنها.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ МЕХАНІЗМУ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ МОТИВАЦІЇ ОПЛАТИ ПРАЦІ ПРАЦІВНИКІВ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

The article analyzes the peculiarities of remuneration of employed persons in the business sector. Compliance of "pay indicators" with the legislative basis of Ukraine - in particular, the Code of Labor Laws of Ukraine No. 322-08 dated 07.23.1996 (ed. dated 08.19.2022) and the Law of Ukraine "On Remuneration" No. 108/95 was determined - VR from 03/24/1995 (edited from 08/19/2022). The social, humanitarian, political and legal orientations of "labor remuneration" in the domestic doctrine of labor are outlined. The genesis of the right to work in Ukraine is analyzed in accordance with the provisions of Art. 43 of the Basic Law of the Constitution of Ukraine. The philosophical and terminological context of the "employer-employee" relationship is considered. The positive and negative aspects of the payment of an employment contract (TD) and a civil law agreement (CPU) are determined in accordance with the labor legislation of Ukraine and the provisions of the Civil Code of Ukraine No. 435-IV dated 16.01.2003 (edited from 01.08.2022). An analysis of the mechanisms for increasing the wages of workers in the developed countries of the world – the EU, the USA, Great Britain, etc. – was carried out. In particular, the precedents of the formation of "salary policy" by the ETUC (European Trade Union Confederation) among the 27 EU member states, the mechanisms for increasing wages and establishing the minimum (marginal) permissible limits of labor remuneration in accordance with the policy of the US Department of Labor (U.S. Department) are outlined. of Labor), features of the formation of the wage and salary policy of Great Britain, which is directed and coordinated by the National Economic Council (National Economic Council). Features of employee stimulation by increasing wages are described. The phenomenon of "work-life balance" (the balance of work and personal life) and the payment policy of enterprises as the root cause of its generation have been studied. The mechanisms of trade union protection of an employed person against systematic violations of labor legislation are outlined –– in Ukraine, the EU, the USA and Great Britain, respectively. The relationship between remuneration and the level of personal motivation of the employee has been proven. The definition of the "job satisfaction scale" (job satisfaction scale) as a psychological constant characteristic of the research-management doctrine of the USA is singled out.