Economic Contribution Of Tourism Research Articles

WORLD TOURISM INDICES AND TOURISM COMPETITION BETWEEN COUNTRIES

This article aims to evaluate tourism competition between countries by examining world tourism indices. Tourism indices are widely used tools to measure and compare the performance of the tourism industry. This study will discuss the Global Tourism Competitiveness Index, Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index and other important indices, explain the calculation methods of the indices and analyze the results. Sustainability, the economic contribution of tourism and future trends are also among the focuses of this article. This study will help us understand how tourism indices affect tourism competition between countries and predict future tourism trends. Major tourist destinations such as Turkey and the USA are making various efforts to promote sustainable tourism practices. This is an important step aimed at growing tourism sectors sustainably in the future. Countries such as Georgia, Azerbaijan and Iran have the potential to offer different experiences for tourists with their cultural diversity and unique traditions. These countries have growth opportunities in the field of cultural tourism. Sustainable tourism practices are important for future growth and success for major tourist destinations. A major tourist destination like the USA aims to make its tourism industry more environmentally friendly by increasing its efforts on sustainability. Iran may not have been able to fully utilize its tourism potential due to regional and international political factors. Security concerns and political instability may limit tourist interest in Iran. As a result, these five countries have different tourism potentials and each offers unique attractions. Turkey, the USA and others aim to grow their tourism sectors in the future by promoting sustainable tourism practices. The competition between the countries examined reflects the development of tourism indices and the diversity of tourist destinations.

ЮНВТО Всемирная туристская Барометр, и статистическое приложение Обновленная информация, январь 2021 года

International tourism up 4% in 2021 but still 72% below pre-pandemic levels Global tourism experienced a mild 4% upturn in 2021, with 15 million more international tourist arrivals (overnight visitors) than in 2020 but remained 72% below the levels of pre-pandemic year 2019 according to preliminary estimates. This follows a 73% plunge in international travel in 2020, the worst year on record for tourism due to the COVID-19 pandemic. International tourism rebounded moderately in the second half of 2021, with international arrivals down 62% in both the third and fourth quarters, compared to the same periods in 2019. Rising vaccination rates combined with softer travel restrictions due to increased cross-border coordination and protocols, have all helped release pent up demand in 2021. Europe and the Americas recorded the strongest results by region relative to 2020 with arrivals up 19% and 17% respectively, though they remained 62% and 63% below 2019 levels. Africa saw a 12% increase in 2021 compared to 2020, though remained 74% below 2019 levels. In the Middle East arrivals declined 24% compared to 2020 and 79% over 2019. In Asia and the Pacific, arrivals dropped 65% from 2020 levels and 94% when compared to pre-pandemic values. By subregion, the Caribbean saw the best performance in 2021, with international arrivals up 63% over 2020, though 37% below 2019, with some destinations coming close to, or exceeding pre-pandemic levels. The economic contribution of tourism (tourism direct gross domestic product) is estimated at US$1.9 trillion in 2021, above the US$1.6 trillion in 2020, but still well below the pre-pandemic value of US$ 3.5 trillion. The latest UNWTO Panel of Experts survey indicates that 61% of tourism professionals expect better performance in 2022 than in 2021. However, most experts (64%) also believe international tourism will not return to 2019 levels until 2024 or later. The recent surge in COVID-19 cases and the emergence of the Omicron variant could disrupt the recovery of tourism in early 2022. UNWTO scenarios point to 30% to 78% growth in international tourist arrivals in 2022 depending on various factors. This would be 50% to 63% below pre-pandemic levels. While international tourism bounces back, domestic tourism will continue to drive the recovery of the sector in an increasing number of destinations. Domestic travel is fueled by demand for destinations which are closer to home and have low population density, as tourists look for open-air activities, nature-based products and rural tourism.

Barómetro OMT del Turismo Mundial y anexo estadístico, enero 2022

International tourism up 4% in 2021 but still 72% below pre-pandemic levels Global tourism experienced a mild 4% upturn in 2021, with 15 million more international tourist arrivals (overnight visitors) than in 2020 but remained 72% below the levels of pre-pandemic year 2019 according to preliminary estimates. This follows a 73% plunge in international travel in 2020, the worst year on record for tourism due to the COVID-19 pandemic. International tourism rebounded moderately in the second half of 2021, with international arrivals down 62% in both the third and fourth quarters, compared to the same periods in 2019. Rising vaccination rates combined with softer travel restrictions due to increased cross-border coordination and protocols, have all helped release pent up demand in 2021. Europe and the Americas recorded the strongest results by region relative to 2020 with arrivals up 19% and 17% respectively, though they remained 62% and 63% below 2019 levels. Africa saw a 12% increase in 2021 compared to 2020, though remained 74% below 2019 levels. In the Middle East arrivals declined 24% compared to 2020 and 79% over 2019. In Asia and the Pacific, arrivals dropped 65% from 2020 levels and 94% when compared to pre-pandemic values. By subregion, the Caribbean saw the best performance in 2021, with international arrivals up 63% over 2020, though 37% below 2019, with some destinations coming close to, or exceeding pre-pandemic levels. The economic contribution of tourism (tourism direct gross domestic product) is estimated at US$1.9 trillion in 2021, above the US$1.6 trillion in 2020, but still well below the pre-pandemic value of US$ 3.5 trillion. The latest UNWTO Panel of Experts survey indicates that 61% of tourism professionals expect better performance in 2022 than in 2021. However, most experts (64%) also believe international tourism will not return to 2019 levels until 2024 or later. The recent surge in COVID-19 cases and the emergence of the Omicron variant could disrupt the recovery of tourism in early 2022. UNWTO scenarios point to 30% to 78% growth in international tourist arrivals in 2022 depending on various factors. This would be 50% to 63% below pre-pandemic levels. While international tourism bounces back, domestic tourism will continue to drive the recovery of the sector in an increasing number of destinations. Domestic travel is fueled by demand for destinations which are closer to home and have low population density, as tourists look for open-air activities, nature-based products and rural tourism.

Baromètre OMT du tourisme mondial et annexe statistique, janvier 2022

International tourism up 4% in 2021 but still 72% below pre-pandemic levels Global tourism experienced a mild 4% upturn in 2021, with 15 million more international tourist arrivals (overnight visitors) than in 2020 but remained 72% below the levels of pre-pandemic year 2019 according to preliminary estimates. This follows a 73% plunge in international travel in 2020, the worst year on record for tourism due to the COVID-19 pandemic. International tourism rebounded moderately in the second half of 2021, with international arrivals down 62% in both the third and fourth quarters, compared to the same periods in 2019. Rising vaccination rates combined with softer travel restrictions due to increased cross-border coordination and protocols, have all helped release pent up demand in 2021. Europe and the Americas recorded the strongest results by region relative to 2020 with arrivals up 19% and 17% respectively, though they remained 62% and 63% below 2019 levels. Africa saw a 12% increase in 2021 compared to 2020, though remained 74% below 2019 levels. In the Middle East arrivals declined 24% compared to 2020 and 79% over 2019. In Asia and the Pacific, arrivals dropped 65% from 2020 levels and 94% when compared to pre-pandemic values. By subregion, the Caribbean saw the best performance in 2021, with international arrivals up 63% over 2020, though 37% below 2019, with some destinations coming close to, or exceeding pre-pandemic levels. The economic contribution of tourism (tourism direct gross domestic product) is estimated at US$1.9 trillion in 2021, above the US$1.6 trillion in 2020, but still well below the pre-pandemic value of US$ 3.5 trillion. The latest UNWTO Panel of Experts survey indicates that 61% of tourism professionals expect better performance in 2022 than in 2021. However, most experts (64%) also believe international tourism will not return to 2019 levels until 2024 or later. The recent surge in COVID-19 cases and the emergence of the Omicron variant could disrupt the recovery of tourism in early 2022. UNWTO scenarios point to 30% to 78% growth in international tourist arrivals in 2022 depending on various factors. This would be 50% to 63% below pre-pandemic levels. While international tourism bounces back, domestic tourism will continue to drive the recovery of the sector in an increasing number of destinations. Domestic travel is fueled by demand for destinations which are closer to home and have low population density, as tourists look for open-air activities, nature-based products and rural tourism.

UNWTO World Tourism Barometer and Statistical Annex, January 2022

International tourism up 4% in 2021 but still 72% below pre-pandemic levels Global tourism experienced a mild 4% upturn in 2021, with 15 million more international tourist arrivals (overnight visitors) than in 2020 but remained 72% below the levels of pre-pandemic year 2019 according to preliminary estimates. This follows a 73% plunge in international travel in 2020, the worst year on record for tourism due to the COVID-19 pandemic. International tourism rebounded moderately in the second half of 2021, with international arrivals down 62% in both the third and fourth quarters, compared to the same periods in 2019. Rising vaccination rates combined with softer travel restrictions due to increased cross-border coordination and protocols, have all helped release pent up demand in 2021. Europe and the Americas recorded the strongest results by region relative to 2020 with arrivals up 19% and 17% respectively, though they remained 62% and 63% below 2019 levels. Africa saw a 12% increase in 2021 compared to 2020, though remained 74% below 2019 levels. In the Middle East arrivals declined 24% compared to 2020 and 79% over 2019. In Asia and the Pacific, arrivals dropped 65% from 2020 levels and 94% when compared to pre-pandemic values. By subregion, the Caribbean saw the best performance in 2021, with international arrivals up 63% over 2020, though 37% below 2019, with some destinations coming close to, or exceeding pre-pandemic levels. The economic contribution of tourism (tourism direct gross domestic product) is estimated at US$1.9 trillion in 2021, above the US$1.6 trillion in 2020, but still well below the pre-pandemic value of US$ 3.5 trillion. The latest UNWTO Panel of Experts survey indicates that 61% of tourism professionals expect better performance in 2022 than in 2021. However, most experts (64%) also believe international tourism will not return to 2019 levels until 2024 or later. The recent surge in COVID-19 cases and the emergence of the Omicron variant could disrupt the recovery of tourism in early 2022. UNWTO scenarios point to 30% to 78% growth in international tourist arrivals in 2022 depending on various factors. This would be 50% to 63% below pre-pandemic levels. While international tourism bounces back, domestic tourism will continue to drive the recovery of the sector in an increasing number of destinations. Domestic travel is fueled by demand for destinations which are closer to home and have low population density, as tourists look for open-air activities, nature-based products and rural tourism.

Economic Contribution of Tourism in Mediterranean Countries and Turkey’s Position

Parasal ve toplumsal bir olay haline gelen turizm, yarattığı ekonomik, sosyal, kültürel ve politik etkilerle ülke ekonomilerinde, uluslararası ekonomik ve politik ilişkilerde önemli sonuçlar doğurmaktadır. Turizm sektörü ile turizm harcamaları, genel olarak tüm ülkeler açısından önem taşımakta, özellikle cari açığı fazla olan birçok ülkenin ekonomisine büyük katkı sağlayabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada ele alınan turizmle ilgili değişkenlere göre Akdeniz Ülkeleri’nin benzerlikleri veya farklılıkları belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla benzerlikleri temel alınarak ülkeler, iki veya daha fazla gruba bölünerek, çok boyutlu ölçekleme analizi yapılmıştır. Böylece, birinci boyutta İspanya, Fransa, İtalya ve Türkiye öteki ülkelerden açık bir farkla ayrışmıştır. İkinci boyutta diğer Akdeniz Ülkeleri yer almıştır. Farklılık matrisinde Karadağ ile Cezayir, Karadağ ile Bosna Hersek, Hırvatistan ile Malta sıfıra yakın değerlerle birbirine benzerlik göstermişlerdir. Birbirine en az benzeyen ülkeler Fransa ile Cezayir’dir. Türkiye’nin, en çok benzerlik gösterdiği ülke İspanya’dır. Türkiye’nin turizm açısından, kullanılan değişkenlere ve içinde bulunduğu boyuta göre oldukça iyi bir pozisyona sahip olduğu görülmektedir.

Economic Contribution of Tourism in Tulum National Park

Economic Contribution of Tourism in Tulum National Park

Community-based Tourism Development: A Possible Educational Gap

ABSTRACTThe demand for well-trained staff in tourism has increased in the last three decades. This is due to the economic contribution of tourism to national economies and its popularity in generat...

Understanding the Economic Contribution of Tourism in Malta: A Literature Review

The paper presents a critical assessment of the key studies which present empirical estimates for the contribution of the tourism sector to the Maltese economy. The observed discrepancies in the estimates derived from these studies has in part led to a situation in which there is an effective widespread divergence relating to the specific economic contribution of tourism in Malta. The paper evaluates the estimates derived by these key studies in the context of both the strengths and weaknesses of their respective modelling frameworks, which range from the construction of tourism satellite accounts, to input-output models and computable general equilibrium modelling, as well as an evaluation of the overall quality of the data utilized. The paper therefore attempts to identify and clarify the main causes behind the observed variations in the resulting estimates and through a systematic comparative assessment also aid in the providing a further understanding of the potential economic contribution of tourism to the Maltese economy. On the basis of this assessment it is suggested that the contribution of tourism to the Maltese economy should account for approximately 5.7% of total gross value added when taking account solely direct effects, 12% once indirect effects are included and roughly 17% accounting also for the induced effects. Furthermore, on the basis of this assessment the paper highlights the need for further research in this area given the significance of the tourism sector to the small island economy of Malta. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n6p49

Assessing a Tourism Satellite Account: A Programme for Ascertaining Conformance with United Nations Standards

The Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) is the method for measuring the economic contribution of tourism to a nation's economy approved by the United Nations and other authoritative international organizations. While a considerable number of countries have developed TSAs, no programme has been proposed for determining how closely a given TSA conforms to the United Nations standards. The purpose of this paper is to present a programme for ascertaining the consistency of a given TSA with the United Nations standards and to apply this programme to a long-standing TSA, the United States Travel and Tourism Satellite Account (USTTSA). The results of this application are summarized and differences between the USTTSA and the United Nations standards are highlighted. The authors find that the programme is comprehensive, feasible in application and can improve the development, interpretation and comparisons of TSAs across countries.

Evaluating Tourism Expenditure between the Northern and the Southern Italy (1998-2008)

The paper analyzes the economic contribution of tourism to Italian region economies, both in absolute and GDP share terms, for the years 1998-2008, through an analysis of the evolution of tourism expenditure patterns. To this end, an estimate of the Italian domestic expenditure disaggregated by geographical area of origin and destination, not yet available among the Italian official statistics, is carried out. The findings show the tourism domestic expenditure is about € 46.5 billion in 2008, with a correspondent daily per capita expenditure of some € 80. Considering the incoming tourism expenditure, tourism impact on the economy is 4.9 percent of GDP both for the Centre-North and South. Finally, NSI regional household final consumption is measured with reference to the territory where it is actually consumed and not to the residence of households of that area. In order to estimate households residence consumption, the consumption based on territorial principle is diminished by the value of the overall tourism balance of payment of the area. The correction in 2008 accounts for 0.9 percent of territorial consumption for Centre-North and 1.4 percent for the South.

The economic contribution of tourism in Mozambique: Insights from a Social Accounting Matrix

How much tourism contributes to the economies of developing countries is controversial and often not measured rigorously. Focusing on Mozambique, this study presents a simple accounting tool – a tourist-focused Social Accounting Matrix – which makes it possible to estimate the economic contribution of various tourism sub-types. Multiplier analysis is applied to evaluate the strength of backward linkages from tourism to the domestic economy. The results show the sector is moderate in size but has the potential to contribute significantly to aggregate economic development. However, potential weaknesses are already evident and careful attention must be paid to the full tourism value chain.

Economic Contribution of Tourism in Kenya

As in many other developing countries, tourism is one of the key drivers of Kenya's socioeconomic development. At independence in 1963, Kenya depended mainly on its exports of agricultural products such as coffee and tea for foreign exchange. However, with the decline in world market prices of these primary products, the country has turned to tourism as an alternative. In spite of the growing importance of tourism as a key industry, little information is available on the holistic economic impacts and the pathways through which these impacts are affected in the Kenyan economy. Without information on how tourism as a complex industry is linked to the other sectors of the economy, policy makers will be at a loss on how to effectively stimulate its growth, develop capacity, and enhance its positive impacts. This research proposes to use data from the Kenya Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) 2001 to examine the impact of tourism on production, value added, and employment. From the complete SAM model, whose exogenous components include government, international trade, and saving-investment accounts, you need 9.63% of total production, 6.70% of employment, and 10.57% of value added to satisfy the export for other private services. These results indicate that the private services sector in general and tourism in particular is an important economic activity with potential to play an even bigger role in spurring output, incomes, and creating employment. The enhancement of the tourism sector's backward linkages with the extractive sectors, equipping manpower with skills required for better employment positions, increasing the share of local ownership in the service sector, and the diversification of tourism attractions would be helpful policies to leverage tourism's potential.

Tourism and development challenges in the least developed countries: the case of The Gambia

Although tourism has long been promoted on the basis of its potential contribution to development, attention has been focused more recently on the developmental role of tourism in least developed countries (LDCs). Not only are a number of LDCs currently achieving the world's highest growth rates in tourist arrivals, but it is claimed that tourism should be regarded as an integral element of their development policy. However, despite the apparently successful growth of tourism in many LDCs, wider economic growth and development has, in many cases, not occurred. Drawing on research in The Gambia, this paper explores the challenges to tourism-induced development in LDCs. It reveals that tourism is not immune to the factors that determine a county's LDC status but that, although claims of tourism's developmental role should be treated with caution, the economic contribution of tourism may be enhanced in a number of ways.

The Economic Contribution of Tourism in Mauritius

The Economic Contribution of Tourism in Mauritius

Economic Contribution of Tourism to Andhra Pradesh, India

The state of Andhra Pradesh has, for the past decade and a half, been performing relatively poorly on several major economic indicators. Recently re-elected, its government is committed to the development of the tourism sector to generate economic growth and employment in the state. This paper first provides estimates of the economic contribution of tourism to Andhra Pradesh. It then articulates a vision for the state to the year 2020, identifying the role expected to be played by tourism in economic development. Finally, it discusses several strategies for enhancing the economic benefits of tourism to Andhra Pradesh into the new millenium.