Economic Collapse Research Articles

Ownership in the League of Ireland: why Irish professional football clubs are transitioning to the co-operative model

ABSTRACT The League of Ireland (LOI) is the Republic of Ireland’s top tier of professional football. In the 2022/2023 season, six of the nineteen clubs in the LOI were owned and governed as co-operative organizations. This paper identifies the key motivating factors behind the emergence and development of co-operative clubs in the LOI. To achieve this, semi-structured interviews were conducted with board members of five co-operative clubs in the LOI and with two key stakeholder organizations. The research found that the co-operative model was adopted by supporters and communities as a last resort option following decades of financial distress and poor corporate governance under the investor-owned model. This paper argues that the co-operative model has succeeded in saving numerous clubs from the brink of financial collapse and the model could be considered by other clubs in the LOI as a viable alternative model of ownership.

The trashing of treasure: global biodiversity needs intensive care

Continuing population declines and extinctions across the earth’s biodiversity spectrum further undermine global ecological functioning and the security of human society. A comprehensive summary of the soon to be released Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Nexus Assessment report was published in December 2024. It stated that the current environmental, social and economic crises, reflected in mounting biodiversity loss, global climate change, growing water and food insecurity and risks to human health, are inseparable. It also warned that biodiversity levels have fallen between 2% and 6% per decade for the last 30 to 50 years. The level of harm being inflicted on nature is chilling for human society given that the report also stated that ~$58 trillion of global economic activity in 2023 was in sectors moderately to highly nature dependent. Setting aside the strong moral arguments for biodiversity conservation, this situation points to a mounting economic disaster. On a positive note, the report summary did list a suite of proposals for slowing this alarming level of biodiversity loss. However, separate from the IPBES Nexus report, factors that need to be addressed include the expectation of continuous economic growth, extreme concentration of global wealth and power; economic materialism; corporate tax avoidance; public and private sector corruption; the non-incorporation of environmental costs in generating Gross Domestic Product; and the flooding of the internet with misinformation, including climate change denial.

Social determinants of student mental health before and after the Beirut port explosion: two cross-sectional studies

BackgroundStudents in Lebanon are facing the devastating impact of multiple national crises, including an unprecedented economic collapse and the Beirut port explosion that killed hundreds, injured thousands, and displaced hundreds of thousands of people. The aim of this study was to identify key social determinants of common mental health symptoms before and after the Beirut port explosion for students at the American University of Beirut, a university based around 4 km from the port.MethodsTwo cross-sectional studies were conducted using a representative sample of undergraduate and graduate students at the American University of Beirut. The study was conducted just before (Study 1) and repeated after the Beirut port explosion (Study 2).ResultsA total of 217 students participated (n = 143 in Study 1 and n = 74 in Study 2). In Study 1 before the explosion, poorer family functioning and social support were correlated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, but not with anxiety or trauma symptoms. Financial stress was correlated with depressive and trauma symptoms. In the partially adjusted regression model (adjusting for demographics), only financial stress was significantly associated with depressive symptoms. In the fully adjusted model (adjusting for adversity), financial stress was associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms. In Study 2 after the explosion, poorer family functioning and poorer social support were correlated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, while only poorer social support was correlated with higher levels of anxiety symptoms—trauma symptoms were not correlated with either. Financial stress was correlated with all symptoms. In the partially adjusted regression model, only financial stress was significantly associated with all symptom clusters. In the fully adjusted model, no variables were significant.ConclusionFindings indicate a detrimental impact of financial stress on the mental health of students in Lebanon, beyond the otherwise protective effects of family and social support, in the context of an unprecedented economic crisis and extremely high levels of distress after the explosion. Findings indicate that mental health interventions for college students in Lebanon should include addressing financial stress, and that further research is needed to identify protective factors during acute emergencies.

ENGLISH FOR FINANCE STUDENTS - PART 2

In a world where financial landscapes are constantly evolving, understanding the intricacies of finance becomes not just an asset but a necessity. This book, encompassing a wide range of financial topics, is crafted to demystify the complex world of finance for learners, enthusiasts, and professionals alike. Each lesson in this book is designed as a standalone module, allowing readers to dive into topics at their own pace and according to their interests. Starting with the "Fundamentals of Financial Planning," we lay the groundwork for sound financial understanding. As we progress, topics like "Digital Banking and Online Finance" and "The Role of Technology in Modern Finance" explore the digital revolution reshaping the financial sector. We delve into specific markets with lessons on "Stock Market Indices," "Real Estate Investment Basics," and "Commodities Trading," offering insights into different investment avenues. The book also addresses critical issues such as "Financial Consumer Protection" and "Cybersecurity in Financial Transactions," emphasizing the importance of security in the digital age. Global financial mechanisms are unraveled in lessons like "Understanding the International Monetary Fund (IMF)" and "Global Trade Financing," providing a macroeconomic perspective essential for grasping international finance. The chapters on "The Rise of Cryptocurrencies" and "History of Ethereum" bring readers to the forefront of modern financial innovation, while "Understanding the OneCoin Scam and Scandal" and "Understanding Pyramid Schemes in Finance" serve as cautionary tales highlighting the importance of vigilance in investments. For entrepreneurs, "Financial Literacy for Entrepreneurs" and "Starting and Growing Your Business: Financial Strategies for Entrepreneurs" offer practical guidance on managing and growing a business effectively. We also explore economic systems and government policies in chapters like "Understanding the Communist Economic System" and "Understanding the Cuban Government and Economic System." As we approach the culmination of this journey, "Jobs That May Disappear Due to AI in the Future" and "Understanding the Possibility of a Global Financial Collapse" prompt readers to think about the future of finance and its challenges. This book is more than just a collection of financial lessons; it's a guide to navigating the ever-changing currents of the financial world. Whether you're a student, a professional, or simply curious about finance, these pages are designed to enlighten and empower you in your financial journey.

MULTIPLICATION CHALLENGES ON THE DEMOCRACY OF SRI LANKA

Sri Lanka’s democracy faces significant challenges, particularly in the wake of the 2022 economic crisis and political unrest. Since gaining independence in 1948, the country has struggled with issues such as executive overreach, corruption, and economic mismanagement. These problems have weakened democratic institutions and deepened public distrust. The research examines the impact of the concentration of power in the executive branch, especially following constitutional changes like the 20th Amendment, which limited checks and balances. The 2022 economic collapse intensified public dissatisfaction, leading to widespread protests against the ruling class. The study uses both primary and secondary data. Primary data includes interviews with civil society experts, political analysts, and legal professionals, providing insights into socio-political dynamics. Secondary data comprises constitutional amendments, government reports, and legislative documents to trace governance changes. Findings reveal that weak political institutions and corruption undermine democracy, even as external pressure for reform grows. Key issues include a lack of judicial independence, exclusion of marginalized ethnic groups, and poor governance. The study underscores the need for political and civil society collaboration to rebuild public trust and strengthen democratic values. Reforms focusing on reducing corruption, ensuring an independent judiciary, and promoting inclusivity are essential for long-term democratic stability. Without decisive action, the vision of a united, democratic Sri Lanka remains at risk.

The Role of Gold ETFs in Market Stability, Price Discovery, and Economic Dynamics during Crises

Gold has been considered one of the most reliable safe-haven assets and a tool for value storage, possessing qualities such as rarity, hardness, and resistance to adverse impacts from economic processes. Under conditions of economic stability, when demand for gold is insignificant, interest rates can be used to bring the price of gold under control; therefore, investors would rather take positions in interest-bearing securities. Most global disruptions, especially the financial crisis in 2008, the 2011 US Debt, and the COVID-19 pandemic, further heightened uncertainty and volatility in gold prices. The increased volatility stoked concerns over the stability and reputation of gold as an investment. In fact, it was in the year 2003 that gold exchange-traded funds started to turn gold as a physical commodity into a more available, liquid, and diversified financial instrument. Gold ETFs track physical gold, mining operations, or leverage-based products, which provide access to investors for "paper gold" without problems related to custody, insurance, or safety. In times of higher inflation or currency devaluation, gold ETFs hedge both a loss of purchasing power and overall market risk. Indeed, the empirical data show that the surge of investors into gold ETFs during the two systemic crises of the 2008 financial collapse and the COVID-19 pandemic led to increased demand, and hence prices for this commodity. While, at any given time, market-fragmenting gold ETFs foster stabilization through immediate liquidity provided to support price discovery, over increasing demand on that part is depressing economic activities: with high gold prices soaring to reflect hikes in the cost of borrowings, interest rates kill off investments, consumption, and growth. What results is a complex equilibrium since while gold ETFs protect an investor from turbulence in general, the reverse is a case that contributes to instability during widespread economic adversity. Policymakers and regulators should attach great importance to the interconnections among the performance of the gold ETFs, trends in the stability of a market, and economic outlook. If there is transparent regulation, decent trading systems might help in promoting confidence in using these instruments. Gold ETFs have become key methods of risk and portfolio diversification management besides facilitating investors over times of potential financial crisis. Their impact necessitates continued vigilance and additional oversight. Leveraging off the 2008 financial collapse, the COVID-19 pandemic, and a set of historical case studies, this paper uses empirical evidence related to changes in the price of gold and investor behavior in order to study the emergence and multidimensional role that gold ETFs have played so far within modern financial markets. The present study will be important as it explores their impact on price stability, the diversification of risk, and the greater implications for economic growth and suppression. This paper, therefore, contributes to the nuances surrounding gold's status as a safe-haven asset and potential trade-offs between using gold ETFs as tools for hedging and portfolio management.

Locked-down learning amid COVID-19: young refugees in Greece and their supporters co-navigating a new crisis

ABSTRACT Greece, and the hundreds of thousands of refugees currently trapped in the country, are no strangers to ‘crisis’. Financial collapse and migration mismanagement were already severely impacting newcomers’ ability to participate in education before COVID-19 lockdowns made the situation even more dire. Based on interviews from a study on young refugees’ (aged 15–25) engagement with education in Greece, this paper explores how exactly lockdowns impacted learning and compounded pre-existing issues. It details how crisis was felt at the micro level as lost and disrupted learning opportunities, and as uncertainty and immobility – demonstrating the social, material and affective impacts of crises in the everyday. The paper also shows how youth expressed their relational agency by navigating constraints with the support of peers, educators and non-governmental organisations, even as technological and family-related issues came into play and supporters (or ‘co-navigators’) faced their own bureaucratic and practical hurdles. It concludes by arguing for sustained financial and political support for refugee-serving organisations, alongside greater flexibility and accessibility in the public education system.

Problems of transformability of unfinished construction objects in time. ways to solve

The speed of global changes in the field of economics and politics, in the social and spiritual spheres is the main factor that requires consideration and a special approach not only in judging and stating, but also for anticipating and predicting events. Globalization and possible risks of environmental and economic disasters require prompt solutions. The dynamics of interaction between the developer, the owner and the designer is increasing. The sustainability of an object's development is determined not by its static nature, but by its ability to change parameters, dimensions, functions, etc. In conditions of change, the construction site must also change. Strategic economic development programs aimed at the transition to a closed-loop economy indicate that only 8.6% of the produced product is returned to reuse. This leads to an increase in the workload not only in the field of extraction and processing of resources, but also to an increase in labor costs. The globality of the environmental and economic catastrophe formed in the future requires prompt solutions. Thus, further transformation and adaptation of buildings becomes a mandatory requirement during their design and operation. The lack of the possibility of rapid changes in the life cycle of an object leads to the appearance of abandoned buildings and territories and to an increase in the proportion of unfinished construction. The growing number of such facilities dictates the need, firstly, to create conditions for an operational change of functional purpose, and secondly, to eliminate the imbalance between the growing demand for new areas and the availability of unused ones. One of the ways to solve this problem is the temporary return of unfinished spaces to operation, before the implementation of the main measures for the development of abandoned territories. As a result of the conducted research, three main problems of the appearance of unfinished construction have been identified, firstly, a significant difference between the life cycles of the functions of objects and the needs for these functions, secondly, the mutual influence of the environment on objects and objects on the environment, thirdly, the lack of long-term forecasting. Solutions for each of the identified problems are proposed.

The Impact of Economic Disasters on Multidimensional Sustainability: Evidence From Cross‐Country Data

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates how economic disasters affect sustainable development worldwide. These disasters, defined as particularly severe economic crises that cause a significant drop in GDP (10% or more), are the main focus of the study. In addition to being massive, economic disasters refer to both economic (financial, debt, and sovereign crises) and noneconomic events such as natural disasters, wars, and epidemics. This allows us to account for various events that potentially affect sustainability and differentiates us from other studies in the field, which typically focus on a much narrower concept—economic crises. In addition, this study looks at various sustainable development indicators and their components, thus enabling a more thorough and all‐encompassing analysis compared to other papers that primarily focus on the environment only. Finally, this paper investigates both the short‐ and long‐term effects across countries at different levels of development, thus providing additional insights into this topic. The findings show that economic disasters harm key sustainability indicators like adjusted net savings and the human development index, with low‐ and lower‐middle‐income countries being hit the hardest. Economic disasters also impact environmental indicators such as CO2 emissions, deforestation rates, air pollution, energy efficiency, and resource consumption. In addition, the study highlights how these disasters affect progress on specific sustainable development goals, emphasizing the need for policies that focus on long‐term sustainability rather than short‐term economic recovery.

WILL THE HEART “GO LAST” IN THE FUTURE? ALIENATING SPACES IN MARGARET ATWOOD’S DYSTOPIAN FICTION

The aim of this paper is to analyse how the disturbing social forces affect individuals in Margaret Atwood’s dystopian novel The Heart Goes Last, by relying on Michel Foucault’s system of ideas on imprisonment in Discipline and Punish and Erich Fromm’s views on disintegration of love and faith in Western society in The Art of Loving. At the beginning of the book, it seems that the Positron Project, a futuristic prison, will offer an escape from post-apocalyptic misery to Stan and Charmaine, a young couple, hit by an economic collapse. However, the suburban paradise, at first glance, has gradually been exposed as a bleak and threatening place where people are kept in cramped conditions under constant monitoring and registration of data. As our analysis will reveal, the town of Consilience is the morbid urban realm where control is enforced through various mechanisms used to create “productive” and “subjected” bodies. In such a system, where the management has enticed the participants to take part in the project by offering material comforts, love has no (economic) value. The circumstances in the alienating location in the mentioned novel might be interpreted as a cautionary tale about relations of power in the current society and the world in the near future. In a metaphorical way, the author of The Heart Goes Last alerts to the problems by which mankind as a whole might be afflicted - the potential for abuses of power, treating people as commodities and the disintegration of real values.

Public Perceptions of Bankruptcies and Indebtedness in Slovenia during the Period of Austria-Hungary and the First Yugoslavia

Bankruptcy is a legal procedure for terminating the business of an overindebted individual or company, which has historically been considered to be an extremely negative phenomenon due to its undesirable consequences. There is often a stigma attached to debtors, who have not seldom also been accused of fraud by hiding their assets. These views were widespread in Europe until the twentieth century, and Slovenia was no exception. The article presents the image of bankruptcies and debtors, as can be understood based on sources from the period of Austria-Hungary and the interwar Yugoslav monarchy. The most common approach to financial collapses was moral outrage, and the press often wrote about bankruptcies through the prism of political or national affiliation, defending members of the same political group and attacking opponents. The views of the bankrupt debtors and creditors themselves are also explored.

Exploring access to health and social supports for intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors during stressful life events (SLEs)-A scoping review.

Survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) often face increased incidents of violence during stressful life events (SLEs) such as economic recessions, environmental disasters, and pandemics. These events can diminish the effectiveness of both formal (e.g., health, social, justice, labor, community) and informal (e.g., friends, family, neighbors) support systems. Additionally, SLEs exacerbate existing health and social inequities, making it necessary to understand the accessibility of support services during these times. This scoping review investigates access to services by individuals experiencing IPV during SLEs in high-income countries. A comprehensive search was conducted across several electronic databases including MEDLINE (OVID), Embase (OVID), PsychInfo (OVID), CINAHL (EBSCO), Global Health (EBSCO), Gender Watch (ProQuest), Web of Science, and Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ProQuest), along with the search engine Google Scholar. This search, which imposed no date restrictions, was extended through May 22nd, 2024. Key search terms were developed from prior literature and in consultation with an expert librarian, focusing on 'stressful life events,' 'intimate partner violence,' and 'access to services.'. Each study was screened and extracted by two reviewers and conflicts were resolved through discussion or a third reviewer. The search across eight databases and citation searching resulted in a total of 7396 potentially relevant articles. After removing 1968 duplicates and screening 5428 based on titles and abstracts, 200 articles underwent full abstract review. Ultimately, 74 articles satisfied the inclusion criteria and were selected for further analysis. The analysis focused on barriers and facilitators to access, identifying challenges within Survivors' support systems, redirected resources during crises, and complex control dynamics and marginalization. Over 90% of the literature included covered the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Addressing these challenges requires innovative strategies, sustained funding, and targeted interventions for high-risk subgroups. This scoping review systematically outlined the challenges and enabling factors influencing the availability of support services for Survivors of IPV during SLEs. It underscores the need for robust, culturally sensitive health and social support mechanisms, and policies. Such measures are essential to better protect and assist IPV Survivors and their service providers during these critical times. Furthermore, it is imperative to integrate the insights and expertise of the violence against women (VAW) sector into emergency planning and policy-making to ensure comprehensive and effective responses that address the unique needs of Survivors in crises.

On the generation of submarine landslide models for Material Point Method simulations through bathymetric data

Submarine landslides are natural phenomena that can cause economic problems and environmental disasters, as the force of the sliding mass can break pipes, interrupting production and destroying whole ecosystems. By simulating these landslides using bathymetric data, one can optimize the design and construction of subsea equipment to minimize its risks. This work aims to create a wizard that, using bathymetric data, guides the engineer through the process of creation of the simulation input for the submarine landslide study. The simulator used was developed in-house and uses the material point method to solve continuum mechanics momentum conservation equations for a vast library of constitutive models. The wizard objective is to streamline numerical parameters by automating and optimizing model choices inherent to the computational method, allowing the engineer to focus on the physical problem rather than the numerical details. Furthermore, it will be possible to configure a vast range of physical parameters, such as the definition of the sliding mass, the constitutive model and its parameters.

The Impact of the Beirut Explosion on the Mental Health of Lebanese Healthcare Providers: A Scoping Review.

Lebanon has faced a series of crises, starting with the economic collapse in 2019, followed by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Beirut blast on August 4, 2020. These events have left the population vulnerable to psychological distress. Our study aims to assess the psychological impact of the Beirut explosion on Lebanese healthcare providers. We conducted an electronic database search, resulting in the inclusion of 21 relevant manuscripts. Various psychological issues were reported among healthcare workers (HCWs), with burnout prevalence rates of 37.2% for disengagement and 51.5% for exhaustion. Additionally, feelings of heaviness, fear, exhaustion, and anxiety were common. Approximately 60% of HCWs experienced moderate to severe stress, and half reported moderate to severe anxiety and depression. Furthermore, 44% were at high risk of developing post-traumatic stress symptoms. Lebanese HCWs have faced significant psychological trauma in recent years, underscoring the need for mental health awareness campaigns and targeted training for HCWs.

Restoring multilateralism: the challenge from the Global South and the rising minilaterals

ABSTRACT The challenge of multilateralism emanates from various interconnected global crises like war, terrorism, climate change, pandemics, and economic disasters that are eroding its effectiveness and legitimacy. The failure of multilateralism over the past three decades to deliver effectively has caused a geopolitical fragmentation that has fostered an environment conducive for the parallel rise of minilaterals, a more vocal and protesting Global South, and rising global powers like China and India, which threaten the conventional multilateral architecture. This article focuses on how the increased trend of minilateralism and the tenor of the Global South have threatened the credibility and legitimacy of multilateral institutions like the UN, World Bank, EU, and IMF. It concludes that, to restore the rules-based multilateral architecture there is need for a reformed, and effective UN and its agencies, globally inclusive and committed minilaterals, a more effective Non-Aligned Movement, and a more active role for Civil Society Organisations.

The Evolution of Development Agendas: A Content Analysis of World Bank Projects in Türkiye

The loans provided by the World Bank on a project basis play a significant role in shaping both international and national policy practices. This study conducts a content analysis of the 308 projects funded by World Bank loans in Türkiye. Covering all projects from the first one accepted in 1951 to those still in the pipeline as of 2025, the analysis is based on the projects’ objectives and content. MAXQDA software was used for the analysis and visualization of results. The findings reveal that the development goals of the projects between Türkiye and the World Bank have been predominantly shaped by the international policy agenda. There is a noticeable shift in project objectives from infrastructure and industry-focused initiatives toward themes like economic liberalization, social development, and environmental sustainability. Türkiye’s priorities and unique conditions, however, are mainly reflected in projects addressing economic crises, natural disasters, and refugee support. Future projects are likely to focus on areas emphasized by the global policy agenda, such as climate resilience, energy transitions, and digital innovation, with continued emphasis on sustainable and inclusive development.

The State Of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPS) In Nigeria And Implications To National Security: Northwest And North Central In Focus

The ongoing insurgency and banditry in northern Nigeria and the government's harsh attempts to put it down have resulted in a wave of refugees and internally displaced people. Increase in population density and the migration of displaced people into places that are thought to be relatively quiet are prominently causing significant security concerns. With particular reference to the city of Ilorin, this study investigates the role of internally displaced people and community concerns in connection to national security and their repercussions. The study showed that the state's failure to provide security and deal with residents' socioeconomic problems contributed to the instability that drove large population displacement. Losses of life, insecurity, population relocation, intolerance toward other ethnic and religious groups, the operation of the militant groups and most importantly economic disasters are the consequences of these unfavorable tendencies, as this article has discovered. The findings of this study shows that the government's response to the situation of internally displaced people in the nation has been patchy, with no long-term fix in sight. Additionally, the dilemma of internally displaced people severely impedes the region's growth. This paper consequently promotes the establishment of offices for these displaced people's representatives by including the affairs of internally displaced people at the local government level. As an option to dealing with the problem of internally displaced people in the nation, increasing funding for national security among residents would improve security in Ilorin metropolis.

Financial insecurity and mental well-being: experiences of parents amid the lebanese economic crisis

BackgroundThis study investigates the impact of financial insecurity on the mental well-being and stress levels of parents in Lebanon amid the country’s severe economic crisis. The context of Lebanon’s economic collapse, coupled with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Beirut port explosion, has exacerbated financial and psychological distress among the population. This research aims to understand the correlation between financial instability and parental stress, identifying key factors contributing to mental health challenges in this demographic.MethodsEmploying a quantitative research approach, data was collected through an online survey from 785 parents from different backgrounds in Lebanon. The survey incorporated sociodemographic questions, the InCharge Financial Distress/Financial Well-Being Scale (IFDFW), and the Arabic version of the Parental Stress Scale (PSS). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25.ResultsFindings showed significant correlations between high levels of parental stress and factors such as age (r = 0.071, p = 0.047) and lower education levels. Notably, refugees residing in Lebanon exhibited higher stress levels compared to Lebanese parents (mean stress score: 51.73 vs. 45.71, p < 0.001). Similarly, employed participants exhibited higher stress levels compared to the nonworking (mean stress score: 46.75 vs. 44.60, p = 0.003). A significant inverse association was found between financial well-being and parental stress (r=-0.216, p < 0.001), emphasizing the profound impact of economic instability on mental health.ConclusionsThis study highlights the adverse effects of financial insecurity on parents’ mental health, primarily during a period of economic instability, emphasizing the urgent need for targeted support interventions. These findings contribute to the literature on economic crises and mental health, providing a basis for future research and policy development in similar contexts.

Systemic risk in banking, fire sales, and macroeconomic disasters

We develop a dynamic computational network model of the banking system where fire sales provide the amplification mechanism of financial shocks. Each period a finite number of banks offers a large, but finite, number of loans to households. Banks with excess liquidity also offer loans to other banks with insufficient liquidity. Thus, each period an interbank loan market is endogenously formed. Bank assets are hit by idiosyncratic shocks drawn from a thin tailed distribution. The uneven distribution of shocks across banks implies that each period there are banks that become insolvent. If insolvent banks happen also to be heavily indebted to other banks, their liquidation can trigger other bank failures. We find that the distribution across time of the growth rate of banking assets has a ‘fat left tail’ that corresponds to rare economic disasters. We also find that the distribution of initial shocks is not a perfect predictor of economic activity; that is some of the uncertainty is endogenous and related to the structure of the interbank network.

The Impact of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict on Food and Economy in Gaza

The continuous Israeli-Palestinian conflict has had a destructive impact on Gaza, resulting in a serious food crisis and economic collapse. The military operations and the following blockade resulted in more than 30000 Gazans being killed and over 1.1 million Gazans faced catastrophic hunger, which had a huge impact on the economy. As the fundamental sector of Gaza’s economy, the agricultural department was attacked by Israel’s military operations and impacted by the destruction of agricultural infrastructures including greenhouses, and irrigation facilities. The current situation led to a striking decrease in local food production and supply and also resulted in a complete social and economic collapse. This paper discusses the consequences of the Israel-Palestinian conflict. The paper emphasizes that in order to solve the serious humanitarian crisis requires international aid and diplomatic efforts, ensuring the agricultural department can operate normally and reopening the supply routes at the same time to alleviate the humanitarian crisis in Gaza.