Economic Character Research Articles

The Metropolitan Regions of the United States

UR approach to this study in urban geography is threefold: selection of those cities of United States that are metropolitan; delimitation of regions served by them in various functional capacities; delimitation of composite regions and interpretation of functions of cities in relation to economic character of regions they serve. First, however, concept metropolitan must be defined, for term is unfortunately often used as vaguely expressing quality of a large city. The 1930 census of United States defines a district as an urban unit having an aggregate population of 00oo,ooo or more, and containing one or more central cities of 50,000 or more inhabitants, and recognizes 96 such districts.1 Only a few of these, however, are according to our definition as already applied to cities of England and Wales.2 Accepting definition of economy as the organization of producers and consumers mutually dependent for goods and services, wherein their wants are supplied by a system of exchange concentrated in a large city which is focus of local trade and center through which normal economic relations with outside are established and maintained,3 a city becomes most kinds of products of district concentrate in it for trade as well as transit; when these products are paid for by wares that radiate from it; and when necessary financial transactions involved in this exchange are provided by it.4 Such a city will have a population considerably larger than that of surrounding towns; it will be an independent center of trade, with a large variety of regional industries and a large wholesale business; it will be a financial center and finally a cultural and administrative center. It does not follow that integration is always in one center, however, for frequently two or more cities, serving same region, subdivide sum of functions.

Social and Economic Character of Unemployment in Philadelphia, April, 1930. J. Frederick Dewhurst , Robert R. Nathan

Social and Economic Character of Unemployment in Philadelphia, April, 1930. J. Frederick Dewhurst , Robert R. Nathan

In re Silvia G.

Non-Discrimination in Regard to Taxes — Article 211 (c) of the Treaty of Trianon — Equality of Taxation — Restriction to Matters of an Economic Character.

Social and Economic Character of Unemployment in Philadelphia, April, 1929. J. Frederick Dewhurst , Ernest A. Tupper

Previous articleNext article No AccessPublic DocumentsSocial and Economic Character of Unemployment in Philadelphia, April, 1929. J. Frederick Dewhurst , Ernest A. Tupper M. R. C.M. R. C. Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Social Service Review Volume 4, Number 4Dec., 1930 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/630825 Views: 1Total views on this site Copyright 1930 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

A PRELIMINARY SKETCH OF THE PLANT REGIONS OF OREGON I. WESTERN OREGON.

The collections upon which the ensuing discussion is largely based are mainly in the herbarium of Willamette University. Much use has also been made of material in the herbarium of the University of Oregon, and in that of the Oregon Agricultural College. The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Professor A. R. Sweetser of the former institution, and to Doctor Helen Gilky of the latter for the privilege of studying these collections. In order to realize how imperfect is our knowledge of the Oregon flora, one has but to glance through the botanical literature pertaining especially to the state. This consists of a few brief papers of a taxonomic nature, several local lists of species, some with short ecological discussions, and perhaps as many more of an economic character. There have also appeared four or five.floras covering all or a part of Oregon in connection with other states. No attempt whatever has as yet been made to give even the briefest accouint of the plant distribution and the main factors of soil, climate, etc., concerned in it. The present paper is an undertaking of this sort, but, as the title indicates, it is a preliminary sketch only. With so little to depend upon save his own observations, the writer realizes that the results must be very unsatisfactory, but the attempt may perhaps serve to stimulate further research. It is our purpose to give a very brief account of what appear to us to be the primary distributional areas of the state, with a general description of the vegetation of each area and the physical features that apparently determine it; and, finally, to add for each a list of those species that give it its characteristic floral aspect. The word regions, as here used to designate the several sections into which our territory is divided, has been employed in so many different senses in works on distributional subjects that its use in this particular connection is scarcely desirable, yet no better term suggested itself. The names applied to these sections are still less satisfactory for the most part, and it is to be understood that all but one of them, namely, the Rogue-Umpqua, are but temporary makeshifts. Since the political boundaries of the state do not coincide with any physical barriers except on the west, the names of those regions that extend into adjoining states should of course be applicable to the entire territory

A Method of Graphical Analysis

IN connection with many teleph one problems of an economic character, it is necessary to develop methods for making estimates and forecasts of the effects of changes in conditions. When the changes in conditions are such that direct experimentation is impracticable the development of logirnl methods and bases for estimates involves analyses of past experience in specific situations and, in so far as is feasible, the generalization of such experience. It is the purpose of this paper to describe briefly a graphical method by which complex economic data may be generalized for use in forecasting probable future conditions.

Economic Geology in the United States

A MASS of official publications received from the United States Geological Survey bears striking testimony to the extensive and admirable work which is being carried on by that body for the direct advancement of mining interests throughout the country. During the year ending June 30, 1907, the sum of 308,404l. was appropriated for the survey, and a large proportion of that amount was devoted to investigations of an economic character. The Bulletins published are admirably edited and copiously illustrated with plates and geological maps. The most valuable of the series is Bulletin No. 316, dealing with contributions to economic geology bearing upon coal, lignite, and peat. Special investigations were made to determine the extent of the coal lands remaining in the possession of the Government, and the quality and value of the coal deposits on these public lands. The survey has been giving more and more attention to the subject of coal, both as regards its geological relations and its technology. The brief reports contained in the Bulletin, the object of which is to secure prompt publication of the economic results of the investigations of the survey, have been edited by Mr. M. R. Campbell, and deal with work in the coalfields of Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Virginia, Alabama, Illinois, Arkansas, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and California.

Dr. Appleton

WE were only able last week to note briefly the loss which learning and science have sustained in the death of Dr. Appleton at the early age of thirty-eight years. Dr. Appleton was born at Reading, where, and at St. John's, Oxford, he received his education. His special bent lay more in a literary and philosophical than in a scientific direction; but, as we indicated, his services to the advancement of science in this country have been very great. He may, indeed, be regarded as the originator of the movement for the endowment of scientific research; and it is greatly owing to his unceasing activity and influence that anything has been done in this direction by Government. To quote the words of the memoir in the Academy, of which he was the founder, and which, for the sake of sound criticism and accurate knowledge, we trust will be a lasting monument to his energy, and the breadth of his culture:—“With an enthusiasm which nothing could chill, and a belief no opposition could shake, he endeavoured to inspire his countrymen with the same zeal for learning and science that he felt himself, and to rekindle among them the well-nigh extinguished love of disinterested study and research. Where others talked, he acted; where others wavered, he continued firm. Through good report and evil report he struggled on towards the goal he saw clearly before him, and the confidence he felt himself was communicated to those who worked with him. Gifted with the power of organisation, with boundless energy, and with the art of influencing others, he was marked out as the leader of a forlorn hope. Defeat was impossible for him, and disappointment only increased his courage and activity. It was in Dr. Appleton's hands that the movement in favour of the endowment of research took solid shape and organisation. His exertions brought about the meeting at the Freemasons' Tavern in 1872, which first drew public attention to the fact that the universities exist for something higher than the examination of young men. From that time forward Dr. Appleton took an active share in the agitation that resulted in the passing of the Universities Act of 1877, and none of the opportunities which his editorial position gave him were allowed to be lost. Besides letters in the Times, the Pall Mall Gazette, and elsewhere, he wrote two elaborate articles on ‘The Economic Character of Subsidies to Education’ and ‘The Endowment of Research as a Form of Productive Expenditure,’ both republished in the volume of ‘Essays on the Endowment of Research,’ of which Dr. Appleton was editor.”