Economic Census Research Articles

Regional economic specialization and diversification in the State of Hidalgo

The level of specialization and economic diversification of the 84 municipalities of the state of Hidalgo is presented. Results obtained by the level of Participation of the Sector in the State, the Participation of the Municipality in the sector and the Relative Specialization Coefficient (QR) using for this the Total Employed Population by municipalities (POT) obtained from the 2019 Economic Census. It stands out that the state specializes in three activities: retail trade with 29.6%, manufacturing 26.3%, and temporary accommodation and food and beverage preparation services with 10.6%. It should be noted that the municipality of Cardonal has the highest specialization coefficient of 0.78 derived from its significant participation of 82% (the highest) in terms of its participation in terms of economic activity municipalities.

The dynamic evolution of an industrial innovation ecosystem: a case study of Around-Tongji Knowledge Economy Circle (Shanghai)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the development and evolution of industrial innovation ecosystems of Around-Tongji Knowledge Economy Circle from the three levels mentioned above, focusing on knowledge-producing populations, core populations and service-supporting populations, and to further develop this research framework by combining with the latest developments. Design/methodology/approach Based on the five-helix theory and economic census statistical data, this paper adopts geographic information system technology and examines the characteristics of the industrial innovation ecosystem and the synergistic evolution process in Around-Tongji knowledge economy circle. Findings The knowledge product populations lead the development of industries in Around-Tongji Knowledge Economy Circle. It contributes political capital output for the government. It innovates community cooperation and governance mode, and it improves the natural ecological environment. In the face of the changes and challenges in the development environment, the future development must be recognised from the height of the iterative development of the interaction mode between university knowledge production and economic and social development. Originality/value Based on the five-helix theory and economic census statistical data, this paper examines the characteristics of the industrial innovation ecosystem and the synergistic evolution process in Around-Tongji Knowledge Economy Circle. It further expands the research framework used to develop a synergistic evolution model, which reveals the interactive and synergistic relationship among the populations and the evolution characteristics of the entire industrial innovation ecosystem. This paper also provides useful perspectives for the study of the industrial innovation ecosystem.

Internet, transportation infrastructure and the spatial structure of urban employment in China

ABSTRACT This study revealed the non-linear impact of the internet on the spatial structure of intracity employment and how transportation infrastructure moderates this non-linear impact. Using data from 22.47 million enterprises from the China Economic Census of 2004, 2008 and 2013, we found that (1) on average, the internet promotes urban employment agglomeration, but this agglomeration effect diminishes marginally as internet penetration increases; (2) the internet promotes the secondary sector to agglomerate first and then disperse, while it only has an agglomeration effect on the tertiary sector; and (3) improvements in the transportation infrastructure diminish the internet’s agglomeration effect.

The effect of the spatial distribution of state‐owned enterprises on the location of private‐owned enterprise births

AbstractThe impact of the incumbent state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) on the births of new private‐owned enterprises (POEs) in China is a central concern for the government and society. In this paper, we apply agglomeration theories to distinguish the linkages between SOEs and POEs. Using China's 2008 economic census, the 2007 Input‐Output Table, and the 2005 population census, we measure the formation of new POEs at the city‐industry level, and the agglomeration forces of distance proximity to inputs, outputs, labor, and technology. More explicitly, we measure the extent to which local SOEs provide relevant inputs, consume outputs, employ similar workers, and use similar technology. Our findings indicate that overall, incumbent SOEs hinder the formation of new POEs. For manufacturing, the entry of new POEs is significantly lower in places where more upstream SOEs are concentrated. For services, the entry of new POEs is significantly lower in places where more upstream and downstream SOEs are concentrated. However, the agglomeration effects from the incumbent POEs are either insignificant or significantly positive.

Enterprise Informality in India: The Blind Spots in Public Policy

AbstractAn essential characteristic of firm size distribution patterns in developing countries including India, is a bimodal distribution with a “missing middle”, which is widely accepted in development economics. We analyse data from the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI), National Sample Survey (NSS) and Economic Census to assess the firm size structure of the whole non-farm sector. The contribution of the paper is that for the first time a comprehensive database is constructed to enable analysis of the size structure of India’s non-farm enterprises. The second contribution is that we find a deep distortion in India, with even a “small”-scale sector being very small, relatively. We examine briefly the policy-related causes that make India an outlier even among Asian economies in respect of size structure of enterprises. Finally, we argue that the historically policy-induced informality of enterprises is being entrenched by the current hiatus in state policy in even recognising the true nature of the problem of micro, small & medium enterprises (MSMEs), which holds back both their growth and employment.

LOCATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL CONCENTRATION PATTERNS OF INDIAN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM THE RURAL AND URBAN AREAS

This paper explores the spatial distribution and dependence of employment of workers and geographical concentration of 71 manufacturing industries by capturing the neighborhood effects across 637 districts in India, covering 10.54 million establishments using Economic Census ( 2013 ) data. Empirical results validate the spatial dependence of employment in rural and urban areas. However, results indicate substantial evidence of rural–urban employment disparity, especially in the northern states of India. Further, empirical results show that the effect of geographical concentration on highly localized industries seems to diverge in rural and urban areas. Besides, results exhibit that the higher employment industry has a low employment-to-establishment ratio (EER) at the establishment level in rural and urban areas. Nevertheless, using cartograms, we find that the spatial concentration of highly employable industries and the EER is highly skewed and asymmetrically concentrated in a few districts of only four to five states in India. Therefore, the results suggest that policymakers could focus mainly on industries with massive potential for employment opportunities at the regional level.

Analysis of the activities of small and medium-sized businesses in agriculture according to economic census data

The article provides a comparative analysis of the regions of Russia in terms of the level of development of small and medium-sized businesses in agriculture, studied the impact of capital-labor ratio on the level of labor productivity according to the economic census of small and medium-sized businesses. The subject of the study is a system of statistical indicators characterizing the activities of small and medium-sized businesses, the object is a set of Russian regions. The information base was the data of the results of continuous federal statistical monitoring of the activities of small and medium-sized businesses in 2010, 2015, 2020.

Measurement and Analysis of the Scientific and Technological Innovation Efficiency of Industrial Enterprises above a Designated Scale in China

To explore the technological innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises above designated size and its influencing factors under the China’s economic census industry classification, using the stochastic frontier approach to estimates the innovation efficiency of the 34 industry from 2008 to 2018. Taking the sales revenue of new products as the dependent variable, R&D capital stock and R&D personnel equivalent are taken as the independent variable, control variables are reasonably selected. The characteristics and influencing factors of innovation efficiency between industries are analyzed. The results show that the innovation efficiency of all industries in China is steadily improving, and the difference between industries is gradually narrowing. Industries with high innovation efficiency are related to future competition and national economy and people’s livelihood, while industries with low innovation efficiency are concentrated in mining and supply industry. The low input and low output industries are in the majority. The influence of innovation capital input on output is greater than that of personnel input. The proportion of state-owned property rights and capital constraints have a negative effect on innovation output, while the sales income has a positive effect on innovation output. Therefore, China should further improve the innovation efficiency of industrial industries, adopt classified policies, and increase the number of industries with low input and high output. The conclusion of the paper is of reference value to the development of China’s 14th five-year industry and the medium and long term planning.

Changes in retail tobacco product sales and market share among retail payroll establishments in the U.S. Economic Census between 1997 and 2017

The tobacco industry spends the vast majority of their marketing and promotional budget at retail outlets. However, few studies have used publicly available data to examine trends in the number and types of retail establishments where tobacco products are sold. Using the U.S. Economic Census for 1997, 2002, 2007, 2012 and 2017 (the latest year), we examined the number, type, and sales of payroll establishments selling tobacco products. Nine store types accounted for 94% – 99% of tobacco product sales between 1997 and 2017. Gas/convenience stores had the greatest market share (33% – 49% of tobacco sales). The number of warehouse clubs selling tobacco quadrupled; however, market share only increased from 9.6% to 10.3%. Supermarkets experienced the largest decrease in percent of stores selling tobacco. Pharmacy tobacco sales increased in 2012 then decreased in 2017; per store sales volume more than doubled between 1997 and 2012. Online shopping accounted for less than 1% of the market share between 1997 and 2012, but rose to 6.3% in 2017. Between 1997 and 2017, consumers shifted where they purchased tobacco products. Declining tobacco sales in supermarkets is a promising trend for consumers seeking healthy food without exposure to tobacco product marketing; however, the consistently large number of tobacco retailers, and thus widespread tobacco availability, is concerning. Consumer tobacco purchase changes over time support the case for point-of-sale policies that affect different retail types, including pharmacy bans, to reduce tobacco retailer density. Additionally, the rapid shift to online tobacco purchasing in 2017 identifies a new target for enhanced regulation and enforcement.

Poverty Indicators in the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System Child File: Challenges and Opportunities

Purpose: The National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) Child File, the only national dataset cataloging child maltreatment reports. It includes variables representing economic distress frequently used in published research. At the national level, these variables are demonstrably implausible, substantially underestimating economic distress. Method: This paper reviews recent work using these variables, analyzes the NCANDS data directly, demonstrates why the economic variables in NCANDS are unusable at a national level, and provides recommendations for incorporating economic measures using NCANDS. Results: We find 19 articles that have used these variables within the past 10 years. Most states provide implausible estimates. Economic measures can be incorporated into NCANDS data by either subsetting to s states with plausible estimates of these variables in given years, or appending county-level economic Census data. Discussion: Without addressing these variables’ issues in plausibility, use of them will yield biased estimates.

The Impact of Coordinated Development Policy on the Spatiotemporal Changes of Industrial Structure of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Urban Agglomeration

The coordinated development of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) is a major regional strategy in China that aims to alleviate Beijing’s non-capital functions and address the “big city disease”. Understanding the spatial distribution and changing trends of industrial development in BTH is critical for achieving BTH’s coordinated development goals. In particular, it is important to assess the effectiveness of Beijing’s non-capital functions at the industrial level. This study utilized the 2013 and 2018 economic census data and statistical methods such as spatial Gini coefficient, trend analysis, specialization index, and industry similarity. We first characterized the industrial development pattern by analyzing the spatiotemporal changes of the operating income and the number of legal entities in BTH urban agglomeration. Then, we identified the changes in the leading industries and industrial structure of different cities in BTH urban agglomeration from 2013 to 2018. The results indicate that the coordinated development policy has influenced the industrial structure of the BTH urban agglomeration, with an 85.53% increase in the number of legal entities and a 14.61% increase in operating income. Beijing’s non-capital functions have achieved initial results, mainly involving technology-intensive and knowledge-intensive tertiary industries such as information technology, finance, and scientific research. The division of industry and the development positioning of the three regions are gradually becoming clear. Our results show how the economic census data and spatial analysis can support significant advances in evaluating industrial and economic development patterns, and they can be used worldwide in the future.

An interprovincial input–output database distinguishing firm ownership in China from 1997 to 2017

Input-Output (IO) data describing supply-demand relationships between buyers and sellers for goods and services within an economy have been used not only in economics but also in scientific, environmental, and interdisciplinary research. However, most conventional IO data are highly aggregated, resulting in challenges for researchers and practitioners who face complex issues in large countries such as China, where firms within the same IO sector may have significant differences in technologies across subnational regions and different ownerships. This paper is the first attempt to compile China’s interprovincial IO (IPIO) tables with separate information for mainland China-, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan-, and foreign-owned firms inside each province/industry pair. To do this, we collect relevant Chinese economic census data, firm surveys, product level Custom trade statistics, and firm value-added tax invoices and consistently integrate them into a 42-sector, 31-province IO account covering 5 benchmark years between 1997–2017. This work provides a solid foundation for a diverse range of innovative IO-based research in which firm heterogeneity information about location and ownership matters.

Labor market concentration and labor share dynamics for US regional industries

This paper establishes labor market concentration as an important determinant of the total output share received by workers. The existing monopsony literature has established a link between employer power in the labor market and worker compensation. From this starting point, I identify and test a causal link between monopsony and labor shares at the industry level, utilizing regional data from the U.S. Economic Census and Bureau of Economic Analysis from 2002–2016. I find an increase in labor market monopsony is associated with labor share decline in several industries. Those industries with strongest negative concentration effects include those that have been identified in the literature as most responsible for driving aggregate labor share decline. The results suggest non-competitive labor markets are important for explaining inequality.

Factors That Affect The Permanence Of Smes In The Municipality Of Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico

Many studies of Small and medium enterprises, have been generated focused on permanence in the market, which is currently very dynamic and with a lot of uncertainty; companies that do not prepare or adapt to changes will be vulnerable.
 The present study aims to show the factors that affect the permanence of the Small and medium enterprises in the municipality of Tampico, for which an instrument of 25 items was applied. The result shows that factors such as strategic planning, competitiveness, innovation affect the permanence of the Small and medium enterprises in the municipality of Tampico. 
 Small and medium enterprises they represent, within the international context, more than 90% of the economic units (2019 INEGI economic censuses), also providing 70% of employment in Mexico, increase the rate of economically active population through the generation of jobs and manage to satisfy product or service needs. . Due to the above, it is necessary to support so that companies continue to open, remain, and grow those that already exist.

Formal Registration and Informal Firms in Cambodia

Encouraging informal firms to register with the government is a key policy issue for developing economies. However, the impact of formal registration on firm performance remains inconclusive. This paper constructs a nationally representative panel data set on registered and unregistered establishments in Cambodia by using the Economic Census in 2011 and the Inter-censal Economic Survey in 2014; the Economic Census surveyed all nonfarm establishments and enterprises without any establishment-size threshold, which served as a credible sample frame for the Inter-censal Economic Survey. To mitigate selection bias, I employ a difference-in-differences method combined with propensity-score matching and a propensity-score-weighted regression method. My results show that formalization has a significantly positive impact on sales, value added, and regularly employed workers, but yields little effect on labor productivity. While formal registration alone may not boost productivity, it can encourage the business growth of formalized firms by hiring more formal workers.

Las Mipymes y el comercio electrónico en México

The objective of this article was to analyze the factors that influence micro, small and medium-sized Mexican companies in the adoption of e-commerce. Data from the 2019 Economic Census, conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography, were used. The sample included 135 775 companies that reported online revenues in 2019. For the analysis of the information, Tornatzky and Fleischer's technology, organization and environment framework was taken as a basis, and a multiple linear regression model by firm size was created. The results reveal that firm size, cash sales, having a website and intranet access have a negative relationship for e-commerce adoption, while access to and use of e-mail, computers and the Internet have a positive relationship. This is because technological integration becomes less important as the company grows, going from being a facilitator to an inhibitor of the acceptance of online sales. This paper demonstrates that technological, organizational and environmental characteristics have significant effects on the adoption of e-commerce by MSMEs in Mexico; the findings may be of help to owners and managers, as well as to policy makers in Mexico responsible for expanding the number of firms adopting e-commerce.

Formality of household businesses in Ho Chi Minh City: Approached from the logit model

Household businesses constitute an important part of the private economic sector, contributing to economic development and job creation, especially in big cities like Ho Chi Minh City. Resulting from the existing policies, however, there are emerging issues that need discussing to find out appropriate solutions, particularly those related to the formality of household businesses. Based on the regression models using mainly data of the 2017 Economic Census, the article is aimed to detect and measure the factors affecting the formality of household businesses. This can be considered as the first study that has used the dataset of the 2017 Economic Census to run a logit model for this topic. Some new and important findings can be mentioned as follows: Household size (labour, turnover) is still a significant factor affecting the formality of household businesses, although it is not the only one. Another factor is the transparency (reflected by the difference between the turnover reported by the household and the figure estimated by interviewers), since the more a household business can conceal in the turnover declaration, the less it wants to formalise business activities

Longitudinal association between density of retail food stores and body mass index in Mexican school children and adolescents

BackgroundObesity is rapidly increasing in Mexican children and adolescents, while food environments are rapidly changing. We evaluated the association between changes in retail food stores and change in body mass index (BMI) in Mexican children and adolescents.MethodsData on 7507 participants aged 5–19 years old came from the Mexican Family Life Survey 2002–2012. Density of food stores at the municipal-level (number of food stores/area in km2) came from the Economic Censuses of 1999, 2004 and 2009. We categorized food stores as small food retail (small neighborhood stores, tiendas de abarrotes in Mexico), specialty foods, fruit/vegetables, convenience foods, and supermarkets. Associations between change in food stores and change in BMI were estimated using five longitudinal linear fixed-effects regression models (one per type of food store) adjusted for age, parental education, municipal-level socioeconomic deprivation and population density. Density of each food store type was operationalized as quartiles. Analyses were stratified by urbanization.ResultsThere was an inverse dose-response association between increases in fruit/vegetable store density and BMI (β = −0.455 kg/m2, β = −0.733 kg/m2, and β = −0.838 kg/m2 in the second, third, and fourth quartile). In non-urban areas, children living in municipalities with the highest density of small food retail stores experienced a reduction in BMI (β = −0.840 kg/m2). In urban areas, there was an inverse association between specialty food stores with BMI (β = −0.789 kg/m2 in third quartile, and β = −1.204 kg/m2 in fourth quartile). We observed dynamic associations with age; results suggested stronger associations in adolescents.ConclusionsThe availability of fruit/vegetable stores may influence a reduction in children and adolescents BMI. These results indicate that policy approaches could be tailored by type of food store – with some consideration for level of urbanization and children’s age.

The Economic Impact of Women is Greater than that of Men: Analysis of the Secondary Sector with the Input-Output Tables

The present study hopes to clarify the participation of women's work in secondary sector activities, which include those in manufacturing, mining and quarrying, energy subsector and construction; transcending in turn to the measurement of the economic impact or effect in the rest of the sectors in Panama. The methodology involves the use of data from the VI National Economic Census in its volume III called "Miscellaneous economic activities"; as well as the information of the Supply and Use Tables, both presented by the National Institute of Statistics and Census; and the application of impact analysis as part of the methodology of the Input-Output Tables. The results confirm the gender gap considering participation in the labor market; However, women's work is more productive than men's when measuring the impact, considering purchases and investment in each subsector or economic activity in the secondary sector, for the years analyzed in 2007, 2010 and 2015.

A note on industry concentration measurement

Industry concentration—the share of sales or output accounted for by the largest firms within an industry—has received widespread attention recently, in part because concentration has generally risen in recent decades (figure 1). Measurement challenges are at the core of concentration-based inquiry: industry sales concentration is one of the lowest-frequency business statistics produced by the U.S. statistical agencies, with concentration data being released only twice per decade as part of the Economic Censuses.