Economic Census Research Articles

Enhancing Statistical Infrastructure to Improve Economic Census Efficiency

With the continuous development of the economy and societal progress, the economic census, as an important aspect of national statistical work, is directly influenced by the quality of grassroots infrastructure. This paper thoroughly discusses the importance of strengthening the statistical foundation to improve the efficiency of economic census work, analyzes the existing issues in current infrastructure and census processes, and proposes corresponding solutions. By enhancing the professional training of grassroots statisticians, updating data collection technologies, and optimizing workflows, the aim is to significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of the economic census, providing strong support for the healthy development of the national economy and informed decision-making.

Innovations and Challenges in Economic Census Methodology: A Study by the Bureau of Statistics

The Bureau of Statistics has demonstrated a forward-looking strategic approach in its economic census. By leveraging dual innovations in technology and management, and incorporating modern technologies such as big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things, it has deepened the reform of the census methodology. Additionally, the Bureau has built a multi-dimensional collaborative network that enhances international cooperation, departmental coordination, and public participation. This approach not only addresses the limitations of traditional statistical methods in a complex economic environment but also improves data quality and census efficiency, providing an accurate and reliable foundation for national economic decision-making.

Current Framework of Italian Agriculture and Changes between the 2010 and 2020 Censuses

This study aims to describe the current framework of the Italian agricultural sector and the changes that occurred in the decade between the two general censuses of agriculture of 2010 and 2020, and the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) programming period 2014–2020. The General Census of Agriculture is an economic census carried out to fulfill international and EU legislation requirements, but also to meet national information needs. It consists in counting farms and identifying their characteristics. For this study, the official data of the 7th Italian General Census of Agriculture (GCA) of 2020 were collected, analyzed, and compared to those of the previous 6th GCA of 2010. Farms’ type of activities, structure, digitalization/computerization, innovation, and workforces’ characteristics were analyzed. Correlations between farms with investments in innovation and other variables like the age and the educational qualification of entrepreneurs and the farm’s size (agricultural used area) were calculated. Groups of similar Italian regions for types of farm and types of farming (segmenting the sector into subsets of regions that share common characteristics), and groups of similar farming characteristics in the entire agricultural sector, were highlighted. The results showed a notable positive correlation between farms’ investment in innovation and farms’ size, and a medium but positive correlation also with other two variables, the entrepreneur’s range of age and educational qualification. Results found groups of regions that are similar in terms of types of farm and farming types, highlighting that the agricultural sector in Italy is not homogeneous among all the regions of north, center, and south. Moreover, the discovered different groups of farming characteristics highlighted the Italian “farm profiles”, i.e., descriptions of key information about different specific types of farm. The overall analysis of all the results of this study provided the current situation of the Italian agricultural sector and discussion about its characteristics and changes during the last ten years. Based on our knowledge, this study is the first one with such a level of comprehensiveness. Findings are of high interest to academics in agriculture economics and policy maker, because they contribute to identifying the farms’ and territories’ strategic elements that require strengthening to foster economic and social development. Moreover these findings may provide food for thought on the effectiveness of the development strategy of the EU CAP 2023–2027 (through greening and digitization) at the regional and European levels, starting from the baseline situation of this country, which is certainly one, but which is among the most relevant ones in the European agri-food system and also globally.

Current Situation and Development Measurements on Health Industry in Panzhihua City — A Research on data of the Fourth National Economic Census

Health care industry is an important part of the modern service industry, and it is a new point for enhancing economic growth. Moreover, it is of great significance for Panzhihua city in successfully transforming from the traditional resource-based city. However, the statistical investigation methods and index system in the industry are not perfect, which seriously restricts the investigation and research of the health care industry. This paper uses the data of the fourth economic census combined with the standard system established for the health industry released by the Panzhihua Bureau of Statistics to analyze the current situation and problems of the health industry in the city, and discusses the development measurements on the industry, so as to help and promote the development of the health industry in the city.

Development of Smart Villages through Electronic Population Census in Kalimati Village, Jatibarang District

Kalimati Village is one of the villages in Jatibarang District, Indramayu Regency, West Java Province. Most of the residents work as farm laborer’s, who need attention in Information Technology assistance so that residents understand the formation of a smart village. To form a smart village, there are problems that occur, namely economic, educational, and social. The research was carried out using the Action Research method and the prototype system development model. By looking at the problems above, we get a population of 80% farm laborers and 30% random sample as respondents. The results of this study are in the form of data analysis that will be used for the development of a system with a multi-access-based prototype model that focuses on the economic census of the population towards a zero poverty society.

Implementation Of Decision Tree Algorithm For Classification Of Eligibility In Social Assistance Fund Distribution

This study examined the use of decision tree algorithms, specifically C4.5, in classifying the eligibility for social assistance fund distribution in Kelurahan Bangka Belitung Laut, Kecamatan Pontianak Tenggara. Inaccuracies in distribution were caused by recipient selection based on village officials' recommendations, which only considered the type of occupation. To address this issue, this study developed a system based on the C4.5 algorithm to process economic census data. This research used a quantitative method with a descriptive analytical approach, collecting data through literature studies and economic census, and processing data using the Rapid Miner application. The classification model generated was evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation to ensure high accuracy. The results showed that the C4.5 algorithm achieved 100% accuracy, precision, and recall. The decision tree model indicated that the main attributes determining eligibility were occupation and income. Some rules derived from this model, such as those who are unemployed with an income below Rp29,500 being eligible for assistance, provided clear guidelines for policymakers. The implementation of this algorithm is expected to improve fairness and effectiveness in the distribution of social assistance funds in Kelurahan Bangka Belitung Laut, reduce public dissatisfaction, and prevent potential social conflicts. This study recommended adopting the model in other areas with adjustments to local data to enhance broader fairness in aid distribution.

Nowcasting economic activity with mobility data

We develop high-frequency indices to measure sales in service industries and production in the manufacturing sector using GPS mobility data from mobile applications. First, by utilizing the point of interest data, we develop indicators to capture sales in amusement parks, shopping centers, and food services. Second, we construct indicators for nowcasting production based on the foot traffic in factory areas that are identified by using the Economic Census and mobility patterns. We find that the mobility data allow us to nowcast sales in the service sectors and have the potential to be used to nowcast the production in labor-intensive industries.

The influence of robot applications on rural labor transfer

Employment is a pivotal driver for ensuring and enhancing people’s livelihoods, with stable employment forming the bedrock for achieving high-quality economic development. In this study, CMDS data from 2014–2018, IFR data, and micro-data from China’s Second National Economic Census were utilized to analyze the impact of robot applications on rural labor migration in China, exploring both theoretical and empirical dimensions, particularly the crowding-out effect. The research findings suggest that robot applications influence labor demand through expansion and substitution effects. The results show robot applications significantly increased the probability of rural labor considering re-migration, with a 1% increase in urban robot density resulting in a 0.249% increase in the likelihood of rural labor re-migration. In addition, robot applications were found to reduce the migration rate of urban labor and increase the probability of rural laborers returning to the agricultural sector. Based on mechanism analyses, robot applications were found to have pronounced passive effects in accelerating rural labor migration, particularly among groups with lower skill levels, individuals aged over 44, those in low-skilled occupations, those possessing strong mobility, and those residing in economically developed areas. The conclusions of this study provide new insights for stabilizing employment and optimizing rural labor migration in the context of artificial intelligence development.

Enterprises Among Scheduled Castes in India: An Emerging Scenario

This article examines the characteristics of entrepreneurship among Scheduled Castes (SCs) in India using the 5th (2005) and 6th (2013) Economic Census data of the Central Statistical Office. The study employs the method of shift-share analysis to compare the growth of the enterprises at all India levels with that of SC-owned enterprises. The analysis reveals that the number of SC-owned enterprises has been increasing, with a significantly higher rate of change compared to the previous period. However, the prevalence of under-representation of SCs in the business field continues. The wholesale and retail trade, manufacturing and livestock are the three major activities in which SCs were concentrated. The emergence of new SC entrepreneurs has been influenced by several motivational factors, while there are also several factors that have a negative impact on the existence of SC entrepreneurs.

Research on the impact of industrial innovation determinants in China

ABSTRACT China's industries have been positioned at lower and mid-range of the global industrial chain. On the basis of the latest China Economic Census, the effects of external technology acquisition and internal research and development (R&D) efforts on the innovation performance of Chinese industrial enterprises are examined. The results demonstrate that the levels of R&D intensity, patent output and innovation capability of Chinese industrial enterprises are still very low. Independent R&D has become the most vital source of technological innovation. External technology acquisition significantly inhibits the impact of internal R&D on patent production. In addition, the critical role of independent R&D in the innovation performance of Chinese industrial enterprises is confirmed. This study is of theoretical value and practical significance for promoting the industrial innovation advantages, accelerating the implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy and upgrading industrial structure.

Subcontracting Retreat: Early Estimates Using Administrative Data

Labor flexibility policies have increased temporary and subcontracted jobs. These types of employment are associated with lower quality jobs. In this paper, five-year economic census data and social security administrative data were collected to estimate, in non-census years, out-of-sample the percentage of subcontracted jobs. This evidence is relevant for assessing the impact of a legislation that banned subcontracting. Predictor variables such as time fixed effects, industry, and the rate of temporary workers were used. The results show a significant decrease in subcontracting, particularly in the secondary sector. These findings raise the need for future research on improvements in post-reform well-being in the labor market.

Efficiency and productivity growth in US food manufacturing industries: Exporters, ownership changes, and firm characteristics

AbstractThis study employs a stochastic production frontier framework to measure productivity growth among exporters, non‐exporters, and firms experiencing ownership changes through mergers and acquisitions in US food manufacturing. Analyzing a panel data set that integrates Economic Censuses and transaction‐level exports, the results reveal the coexistence of more productive exporters, driven by technical efficiency, alongside less productive non‐exporters. Exporters in arm's length transactions show productivity growth driven by technical efficiency change, while those in related party transactions benefit mainly from technological change. Firms undergoing ownership changes exhibit positive productivity growth with a greater contribution from technical efficiency compared to those without such changes.

Human capital in the financial sector and corporate innovation: Evidence from China

This paper investigates how human capital in the financial sector affects corporate innovation. Based on China's National Economic Census in 2008, we construct a measure of the financial sector's human capital across prefecture-level cities and then match the data with nonfinancial listed firms over 2009–2017. We find that human capital in the financial sector plays a significant and positive role in firms' patent quantity and quality; this effect is more pronounced for firms with higher R&D intensity, more serious financial constraints, lower industry competition and those located in regions with lower bank density and lower marketization levels. Furthermore, the mechanism tests show that debt issuance and R&D investment increase as more highly educated workers flow into the financial sector, while the cost of debt and the cash flow sensitivity of fixed assets investment decrease, consistent with the credit constraints channel. Our findings argue that increasing human capital in the financial sector does not impede corporate innovation but strengthens corporate innovation by reducing the information asymmetry between the financial and productive sectors.

What are the drivers of enterprise diversification in Chinese cities: Coming from path-dependence or path-creation forces?

Most studies in evolutionary economic geography considered path-dependence forces that drove regional diversification in the macro level. This view generated debates recently and path-creation forces began to attract large concern. This study focuses on revealing the driving forces of Chinese enterprise diversification in the micro level. It first proposes invention patents as an indicator to measure internal path-creation force on double “spatial-industrial” dimensions based on China Economic Census data and patent datasets in China National Intellectual Property Administration. The study has empirically examined the driving mechanism of enterprise diversification and found that the driving impacts did not have significant differences in path-dependence force, while the effects of internal and external path-creation forces have heterogeneity among industries and regions. It is proposed local governments should formulate targeted strategies to promote enterprise diversification especially in undeveloped western cities.

Strategi Koperasi dalam Pemberdayaan UMKM Koperasi Bona Mandiri Jaya

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises or abbreviated UMKM are businesses carried out by the community and refer to productive economic businesses owned by individuals or business entities in accordance with the criteria stipulated by Law no. 20 of 2008. Referring to North Sumatra BPS data, the economic census in 2016 revealed that the percentage of non-agricultural MSEs according to business status, 98.84 percent of micro-small businesses and 1.16 percent (Percentage of Non-agricultural MSEs by Business Status, 2016) are medium-sized businesses. big. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach based on descriptive analysis. Based on the analysis of the results of the discussion that in carrying out the empowerment carried out by the Office of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises with Stephen P. Robbins' Strategy Theory indicators, the process is still quite good.

Bringing Search to the Economic Census – The NAPCS Classification Tool

The North American Product Classification System (NAPCS) was first introduced in the 2017 Economic Census and provides greater detail on the range of products and services offered by businesses than what was previously available with just an industry code. In the 2022 Economic Census, NAPCS consisted of 7,234 codes and respondents often found that they were unable to identify correct NAPCS codes for their business, leaving instead written descriptions of their products and services. Over one million of these needed to be reviewed by Census analysts in the 2017 Economic Census. The Smart Instrument NAPCS Classification Tool (SINCT) offers respondents a low latency search engine to find appropriate NAPCS codes based on a written description of their products and services. SINCT uses a neural network document embedding model (doc2vec) to embed respondent searches in a numerical space and then identifies NAPCS codes that are close to the search text. This paper shows one way in which machine learning can improve the survey respondent experience and reduce the amount of expensive manual processing that is necessary after data collection. We also show how relatively simple tools can achieve an estimated 72% top-ten accuracy with thousands of possible classes, limited training data, and strict latency requirements.

Measurement of the scale and development trend of digital economy core industries in China’s provinces

In order to measure the scale and development trend of China’s inter-provincial digital economy, this paper calculates the scale of digital economy core industries and the added value of four different categories of core industries of 30 provinces in China from 2007 to 2017 based on the division standard of digital economy industries of the National Bureau of Statistics. In order to measure the results more accurately and reflect the characteristics of each province’s industrial structure, this paper uses the input-output tables of more than 100 departments of each province in 2007, 2012 and 2017 and the data of the Economic Census Yearbook to split the digital and non-digital parts of the industry. The results show that the scale of digital economy industry in the eastern region of China is the largest and the development speed is fast. The scale of digital economy in the central region is relatively small, but the development speed is the fastest. The western and northeastern regions have the smallest digital economies and the slowest growth rates. In addition, among the four major industries, the digital economy application industry and digital product manufacturing industry account for the largest proportion, and the digital product service industry accounts for the smallest proportion. The research results of this paper can provide reference for establishing a national unified digital economy core industry measurement system and improving digital industry related data collection.

The 2030 agenda and the goal of gender equality in tourism in Mexico

This study examines the dynamics of gender equality, identified as one of the most significant Sustainable development Goals (SDGs) in the United Nations' 2030 Agenda, within the tourism sector in Mexico. This analysis focuses on the description of tourism activity and the performance of gender equality indicators during the fiveyear period from 2003 to 2018. For this analysis, data were sourced from the Economic Census of INEGI (National Institute of Statistics and Geography). Based on the classification of the 133 tourist destinations from the National System of Statistical Information of the Tourism Sector in Mexico (DATATUR) of the SECTUR (Mexican Ministry of Tourism), the 70 most representative tourist destinations for the country were selected for this research. The findings of the study indicate more elevated values of the gender equality index in interior cities and cultural destinations, contrasting with lower scores in one of the states most focused on tourism industry in Mexico. However, it is noteworthy that the growth dynamics of the gender equality index are more pronounced in the Yucatan peninsula and Baja California. In contrast, states hosting cultural destinations and traditional beaches exhibit a more moderate development pace in terms of gender equality. Furthermore, it is observed that the values of the gender equality index are higher in specific tourist destinations or municipalities, compared to the state averages in which they are located.

Models and Strategies for Digital SMEs Development in Ambon City

The research entitled "Digital SMEs Development Models And Strategies In Ambon City" is an interesting thing to research, relating to the important role of SMEs in the Indonesian economy. This is proven by various research results which say that SMEs are a type of business that can withstand the shocks of the economic crisis. On the other hand, the Ministry of Industry launched a strategy for making SMEs in the era of technology 4.0 to empower SMEs that are competitive at local, national and international levels. The quarterly rate of economic development reached 2.06 percent (q-to-q), while y-on-y grew 5.73 percent and annually or cumulatively reached 15.11 percent (c-on-c). Based on the 2016 Economic Census, the number of SMEs in Maluku Province was 147,000 or 99.15%, with labor absorption of 0.35 million people or 87.75%. (BPS: Economic Census, 2016). This shows that SMEs have a strategic role in absorbing labor. In line with this, the development of digital SMEs is important for adopting communication and information technology innovations in the business world, in order to increase competitiveness and manage resources efficiently. The reality of the role of SMEs in the business world by adopting technological innovation needs to be explored in this research, so the objectives of this research are as follows: (1) Building an ideal model for using digital technology in the 4.0 era for SMEs in Ambon City

WEP (Women Entrepreneurship Platform): Top Business Ideas for Women Entrepreneurship in India

Abstract: In India, there are large demographics of the women which are estimated about 48.5% of 121.06 Cr populations (as per census 2011). But 13.76% approximately (as per sixth economic census 2013-14) owned businesses which is very less in all. Apart from this a majority of women entrepreneurs have small businesses. On the other hand, other countries like China, U.S, Japan, UK, Russia etc have much more entrepreneurship than India. Indian economy is a growing economy which has always focused on ‘Women Empowerment’ requires to be more focused on “Women Entrepreneurship Platform” as this is a great way to empower as well as economically sound them in the field of business. The main objective of the paper is to promote women entrepreneurship with new ideas. The other aims are to study the availability of financial aid to women of India, to find out regarding bottlenecks faced by the women entrepreneurs, to increase the number of women entrepreneur in India, to build an ecosystem for women entrepreneurs with available government & other innovative initiatives, sustainable and long- term strategies for their businesses. The research paper will be based on available data and information provided by the women entrepreneurs and their suggestions, government and repute publications, other researches etc. There are so many concepts to start new ventures or to engage and elaborate with the existed running ones. So, this time is to liberate the powerful Indian women with new and exciting, creative and unique business ideas to become great womenentrepreneur in the country to place themselves as superhero in the world.