Economic Capabilities Research Articles

PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT : KAMPUNG TUNAGRAHITA MENUJU KAMPUNG MANDIRI DESA KARANGPATIHAN, PONOROGO, INDONESIA

People with intellectual disabilities in Indonesia are vulnerable to discrimination due to lack of information on diseases, treatment, education, public access, and very limited job opportunities. Karangpatihan is a village called Kampung Tunagrahita (Mental Retardation Village) because 86 of its people are suffering from an intellectual disability. A community development program of self-help group (SHG) named Rumah Harapan Karangpatihan Bangkit aims to improve the social and economic capabilities of people with intellectual disabilities in Karangpatihan Village, Ponorogo, Indonesia. The researcher applied a qualitative method in the form of a case study. Data collection techniques used in this study were an in-depth interview with the Head of Karangpatihan Village, managers of Rumah Harapan Karangpatihan Bangkit, and people with intellectual disabilities involved within the program. Secondary data were obtained through the report of the SHG Rumah Harapan Karangpatihan Bangkit and mass media news clipping. This research shows that community development programs are carried out through mentoring mentally retarded citizens through counseling individually and in groups using sign language. Through effective mentoring, mentally disabled people in Karangpatihan Village have life skills, therefore they are able to be independent, have jobs, creative and have income that fullfill their daily needs.

Distributed energy storage planning method considering multi-point aggregation effect

ABSTRACT The economic performance and utilization rate have become the key factors limiting the development of energy storage systems (ESS). From the perspective of the aggregation effect manifested by multi-point ESS, an inspired concept of “aggregation configuration, decentralized location” is proposed. Based on this concept, this paper proposes a planning method using two-stage optimization including sizing, siting and operational optimization for distributed energy storage (DES). The first-stage optimization aims to maximize the net present value (NPV) of aggregate ESS, while the second stage aims to mitigate the voltage fluctuation after the integration of distributed PV generation. In addition, the operational optimization for both the aggregate ESS and individual DES units are considered to better achieve the objectives of the two-stage optimization, and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is employed to solve the planning problem. Case studies show that the proposed method helps to ensure the global NPV over the lifespan of aggregate ESS by considering operational optimization and depth of charge (DOD). Compared with the centralized ESS solution, the proposed multi-point DES solution can improve the overall voltage fluctuation mitigation capability by more than 40%. With the PV capacity penetration rate varying from 0 ~ 210%, sensitivity analysis reveals that when the penetration rate is close to 100%, the aggregate ESS has better economic performance and voltage fluctuation mitigation capability.

Horse breeding in the Urals in 1922–1941

This work aims to study the history of one of the most important branches of animal husbandry of the pre-war period horse breeding. The processes taking place in horse breeding largely influenced the results of the development of the entire national economy of the country in the 2030s of the 20th century and the Ural economic region in particular. Normalization of the situation in horse breeding in the late 30s increased the countrys military and economic capabilities in 19411945. After the end of the Civil War in the USSR the total number of horses by 1923 fell by almost 2 times compared to the level of livestock available in the Russian Empire before the outbreak of the First World War. On some territories of the Urals these indicators fell to a larger size. The economic security of the state was put at risk, since horse-drawn transport in the early 20s had virtually no alternative dominance in the countrys economy. Thanks to the measures taken, by 1929 the number of animals managed to return to the pre-revolutionary level up to almost 35 million heads. But the processes of industrialization and collectivization that began, which changed the structure of both the countrys agriculture and the entire economy as a whole, contributed to a sharp displacement of horsepower and a reduction in livestock. If in 1929 the agricultural sector of the USSR was horse-drawn by 96,2% of the energy capacity, by the end of the 30s this figure did not exceed 23%. Therefore, the number of horses from 1930 to 1935 fell from 34,5 million heads to a little more than 14 million. Nevertheless, the leadership of the Soviet Union, realizing the ruinousness of such a policy, took a number of effective measures that allowed during 19351940 to stop the decline in the number of animals and achieve a significant increase in the number of livestock, which by the beginning of 1941 reached 21 million heads. These processes were also characteristic of the regions of the Urals, which during the Great Patriotic War became the most important source of horses for the Red Army and the national economy.

СУДОВА ПРАКТИКА ЩОДО ПРИЙНЯТТЯ ОРГАНАМИ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ПОДАТКОВОЇ СЛУЖБИ УКРАЇНИ РІШЕННЯ ПРО ВІДПОВІДНІСТЬ ПЛАТНИКА ПОДАТКУ НА ДОДАНУ ВАРТІСТЬ КРИТЕРІЯМ РИЗИКОВОСТІ ПЛАТНИКА

The article is devoted to the analysis of judicial practice on the recognition by the State Tax Service bodies of Ukraine (hereinafter - the State Tax Service of Ukraine) of the competence of the value added taxpayers to the risk criteria of taxpayers. This article analyzes the grounds for making decisions on compliance of value added taxpayers with the taxpayer’s risk criterion, analyzes such taxpayer risk criteria, provides analysis of decisions of the Supreme Court of Ukraine and lower courts concerning disputes on recognition of taxpayers’ compliance with risk criteria, the validity and legality of the legal position of the State Tax Service of Ukraine and the legality of such actions by regulatory authorities in terms of electronic document management and compliance with their defined procedure. The problematic issues that have arisen in the tax sphere in electronic document management are identified and solutions are proposed. It is determined that one of the problematic areas of value added tax administration is the adoption of decisions by regulatory authorities on compliance of taxpayers with risk criteria. The terminology is analyzed and it is determined that the value added tax (hereinafter - VAT) is an indirect tax, which is determined and levied in accordance with the provisions of the current Tax Code of Ukraine (hereinafter - the Tax Code of Ukraine). Therefore, VAT is a national indirect, ie one that is a component of prices for goods, works and services supplied and provided, and includes tax liabilities for goods and services supplied, tax credit for such goods (services) and obligations the payment of tax to the state budget. It is analyzed that the taxpayer is obliged to draw up a tax invoice and register in the Unified Register of Tax Invoices, have the necessary economic and industrial capabilities, staff, etc., to carry out business operations for the supply of goods, works or services declared activity. In addition, the laws of Ukraine establish clear grounds for suspending the registration of tax invoices, including compliance of the taxpayer with the risk criterion. Thus, the legislator has defined a clear list of conditions under which at least one of which, namely but not limited to registration on invalid documents, lack of open bank accounts, failure to report VAT and the availability of regulatory authorities information about the risk of business transactions. Such inclusion of the payer in the list of risk puts the company in a critical position and virtually terminates the activities of the payer and its counterparties in the tax chain, as all tax credit received from such a company is blocked, which creates additional tax burden on business.

Determination method for metal bridge superstructure replacement priority using strength, economic and operational criteria

The article describes the problem arising from the setting trains with increased axleloads into operation on bridges with superstructures, engineered according to the old design standards. On the railways used riveted metal bridge superstructures, which require replacement due to significant corrosion, mechanical and fatigue damage, due to insufficient carrying load and residual fatigue life to pass the prospective load. Superstructures, designed in the 30s-40s, are more than 80-90 years used in conditions of a relatively difficult operation. During long-term operation, processes occur in elements and joints that lead to the formation and development of various hazard degrees damages, and failures. It is necessary to resolve the further exploitation issue of old bridge superstructures and their replacement. The author has applied the analyzing method of the criteria system, with the account of economic and technical capabilities for replacement priority determination of bridge superstructures. A set of criteria were proposed for solving this problem in digital form. Compiled matrices of pair-wise comparison, the comparison was performed using a relative importance scale with the test significance determination. By the linear algebra methods the eigenvector of matrix components values — local priorities — are calculated for each pair-wise comparisons matrix. As a result of calculations by the proposed criteria, were obtained global priorities for replacing options for riveted metal superstructures made by old design standards. The mathematical apparatus of the criteria hierarchy method is easy to use and allows you to get a solution in digital form, you can use other criteria.

Implications of Sea Toll Programs to National Development Economy: Reinterpretation of Marine Verses In Al-Quran

Indonesia, as an archipelago with a coastline of 81,000 km, is a coastal and marine area that has a variety of vast and diverse resources. With the unique potential and economic value of development, coastal areas are also faced with a high threat, so special handling is needed so that this region can be managed sustainably. Economic development in this framework is realized through the sea toll program. This article will aim to discuss how the sea toll program has an impact on the national development economy and the reinterpretation of marine verses in Al-Quran. This study uses qualitative research methods that are literature research. The sources of data in this study were sourced from books, journals, scientific articles, research reports, laws, and internet websites related to the sea toll program. After all, data have been collected, the data are analyzed by data analysis methods, namely data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Findings. The results showed that the use of marine wealth by humans is justified in Al-Quran even it is recommended for the benefit of humans. On the other hand, the development of defense forces requires strong economic capabilities as a form of an effort to realize Indonesia’s ideals as a world maritime nation. Indonesia’s maritime potential can create a dominant economic development power for the Indonesian state to face global or international competition.

The Political Economy of Turkish Foreign Policy

ABSTRACT In recent years, Erdogan’s rising authoritarian tendencies at home coincided with the hardening of his positions in the country’s foreign relations. From Libya to Syria to Greece to Iraq to Azerbaijan, and yes, even to Israel, Turkey’s actions have been at least controversial and have also led to increased tensions with Cyprus, Egypt and Greece over the EastMed maritime zones, but also with faraway geopolitical players. The article tries to explore the material foundations of current Turkey’s assertive foreign policy, focusing on the main country’s economic indicators, defence capabilities and defence economics. By comparing Turkey’s economic potential and defence capabilities with regional players but also with some other middle or even great powers such as England, France, Italy and Russia, the analysis shows that Turkey’s aggressive international behaviour is not only the outcome of a new nationalist rhetoric but is based on some facts and data that should not be overlooked.

Are the Visegrad countries independent players in European politics and economics?

The article examines the degree of independence of the Visegrad Group countries in the European Union in terms of economic prerequisites and actual implementation. It has been suggested that the countries of the Visegrad Group, having reached a certain level of economic prosperity and diversified their foreign economic relations, began to strive to play a more independent role in making integration decisions in the EU, including on issues of basic common European values. This hypothesis is tested on the example of the negotiation process of the EU countries on the adoption of the MultiYear Financial Plan for 2021–2027 and the creation of a Next Generation EU Fund to work together to tackle the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The main directions of the negotiations, the positions of the participants and the general results are analyzed. Particular attention is drawn to the fact that Poland and Hungary have succeeded in achieving ambivalent language on the issues of linking the allocation of funds to member countries with their provision of the rule of law and observance of other democratic principles. It is shown that in practice the European Commission still does not abandon this linkage. It is concluded that during the EU membership, the Visegrad Group countries have succeeded in demonstrating their economic capabilities, and their ability to influence the solution of common European issues has increased, but the real degree of autonomy of the Visegrad countries within the EU has not reached a qualitatively new level, including and due to contradictions in the positions of countries within the bloc itself.

SYSTEM APPROACH TO DESIGNING TECHNICAL MEANS OF SEEDING

In the conditions of market relations, agricultural enterprises begin to independently focus on the recommendations of agricultural science using their own experience and choose the necessary machines and implements for crop production technologies that meet the requirements for productivity, reliability and economic capabilities of farms. In agricultural science and practice, a large number of experimental factors have accumulated, which are taken into account when designing new technological processes and working bodies. Currently, in connection with the automation of design, there is an urgent need to comprehend the accumulated experience and build the foundations of the theory of designing technologies and machines, revealing the basic laws of the design process. So, based on the essence of the systemic approach, a methodology has been developed, where, due to deductive generalization of the results obtained by agricultural science and practice, that is, «top — down» using the formed principles of the whole system and more specific statements that reveal the structure and content of design solutions. The structure of the structure of the principle of compatibility is described, which is characterized by internal integrity, due to the interconnectedness of the principle and statements of various levels.

The Morality of Inequality: Charity Encounters and the Making of “Real Need” in Austerity Portugal

Austerity welfare reforms, often justified as a way of increasing efficiency, fairness and technical targeting in the provision of “those who are really in need”, intensified the transfer of welfare state provisioning responsibilities to private and not-for-profit organizations, which has been accompanied by the rising prominence of religious-based charity organizations as welfare providers. In this article I focus on the administrative interactions between volunteers and claimants that mediate the allocation and distribution of food charity provisioning in a Catholic parish. The analysis developed in this article suggests that under austerity, basic human needs are refashioned as an anti-politics device instrumental in the erosion of economic citizenship, capabilities and entitlements, ultimately enabling the simultaneous technical and moral legitimation of inequality and its outcomes.

India as a Global Power: The Strategic Culture Problems

The article reviews India’s contested role of a great power in global politics. Although showing tangible results across all the aspects pertaining to the great power status, in international relations India is still largely underestimated and even overlooked. Politicians and scholars generally mention three main reasons behind that phenomenon: weak social and economic figures, the country’s relatively narrow global impact and the absence of strategic culture. We argue that the latter is key, and that it is in the process of being remedied. In fact, India already has all the prerequisites for being recognised as a ‘great power’, since it has political, military, economic and cultural capabilities corresponding to the status. It is simply a matter of time and coordinated efforts of the government to formulate and implement a consistent foreign policy and economic strategy as well as a change in Indian elite’s strategic thinking which will enable untapping India’s existing potential and successfully meeting the objective of increasing its influence in global politics.

Situating non-central government foreign revenue mobilization within Agenda 2063: A case study of Nigeria

ABSTRACT Funding is critical to the attainment of Aspiration 1 of the African Union (AU) Agenda 2063, which aims to promote inclusive growth and sustainable development. However, the funds required to meet these targets are not readily available in Africa. In Nigeria, constitutional provisions for revenue mobilization and public expenditure place restrictions on the foreign economic relations capabilities of non-central governments (NCGs) as well as undermine their capacity to raise the revenue required to meet development objectives. Against this background, this article reviews the strategies utilized by NCGs to overcome their fiscal powers–constitutional responsibilities mismatch and argues that in the context of the development imperatives subsumed in Aspiration 1, the strategies are counterproductive.

Perception and innovativeness level of farmers on the integration system of rice and cattle farming

Farmers’ perceptions of the disseminated technology influence the speed and rate of its adoption. The integration system of rice and cattle farming, named SITT, was developed to increase rice and beef production based on a zero-waste concept. Information on farmers’ perceptions of the SITT technology’s characteristics is needed to improve the technology. This study analyzed farmers’ perceptions of the SITT technology’s characteristics, social characteristics, economic capabilities, and innovativeness level. This research was carried out in October 2018 in Serdang Bedagai District, North Sumatra. Data were collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire to 40 farmers who applied the SITT technology and selected purposively. Data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative descriptive methods. The result proved that, in general, the farmers’ perceptions of the SITT technology have a greater relative advantage, compatibility, trialability, observability, and less complexity. Most of the farmers are not involved in the farmer group’s management (94.9%). Farmers stated that the financing source for farming activities was their capital (55.0%). The level of farmers’ innovativeness concluded that 43.6% of farmers were in the late majority group. The acceleration of SITT technology needs to be carried out continuously with methods following the specifics of the location and the farmers’ level of innovation. This dissemination activity will provide assurance and trust to farmers in SITT technology to be applied in their farming activities to increase production, productivity, and profits.

The Role of Cooperatives as a Source of Facilitators in the World of Agriculture (Review Article)

The function of cooperatives is to develop the economic potential and capabilities of its members and society in general to improve economic and social welfare. Increasing the welfare of farmers is very important to pay attention to in order to improve the social life of farmers. This is inseparable from the role of cooperatives, cooperatives have an important role as providers of savings and loan capital, providers of agricultural production facilities, educators, and of course as facilitators with the aim of increasing the welfare of farmers. Cooperatives have the main role to be a tool for the guided economy, as the foundation of the economic life of the Indonesian nation, and the basis for regulating the people's economy. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of cooperatives as a source of facilitators in the agricultural sector for the welfare of the social life of farmers and supporting Indonesian agriculture.

Firing on all cylinders: Decomposing regional growth dynamics in South Africa

AbstractThe poor performance of the South African economy has been widely analysed, yet this disguises considerable internal variation, both between sectors and regions. Most disaggregated analysis focuses on national industry trends and neglects the role of geography. We undertake a shift‐share analysis with multifactor partitioning to decompose the growth performance of provinces into nationwide industry and region‐specific (or ‘place‐based’) shares between 1995 and 2018. The main finding is that place‐based effects explain as much of the variation in growth as nationwide industry effects in most provinces. This implies that the economic capabilities of each region need careful consideration as part of national growth strategies and reforms.

A Pragmatic Study for Enhancing Agricultural Efficiency through Labor Freedom

The study aims to explore labor freedom in the agricultural sector for enhancing the efficiency of farming through policy change towards assigning property rights, rental contracts, and better wage-employment options to rural workers. Labor freedom emphasizes land reform and development policy for improving the economic status and capabilities of rural workers. The paper assessed the labor freedom index, weighted through agricultural property rights, labor wage contracts, and rural development policy. Data envelopment analysis is used to assess farm-level efficiency under the framework of Tobit regression for different size-based farm categories. Farm-level information was collected through a primary survey of 336 rural households of an advanced agricultural state in India. The study found a positive association between farm size and intensity of labor freedom, although the extent of freedom differs among farms. Size-specific variation was also observed for allocative efficiency such that marginal and medium-sized farms are more efficient than smaller ones. Tobit regression indicated labor freedom to be positively and significantly related to the efficiency of marginal, small and overall farms with enhancing efficiency of 25, 17 and nearly 20%, respectively; however, estimates of labor freedom insignificantly increased the efficiency of mediums farms, by 4.8%. This result suggests that labor freedom positive and significantly affects the efficiency of farms in general, and marginal and small farms in particular. Of course, the elasticity estimate of enhancing efficiency through labor freedom for medium farmers is found at a lower level.

COVID-19 and Digital Primary Education: Impact and Strategies for Sustainable Development

The present study is based on primary data of 720 students from primary schools in West Bengal, India. With adherence to the Logistic Regression Model, the study investigates and analyses the factors that influence digital learning of primary students during the COVID-19 pandemic situation. Further with the application of Welch’s t-test, comparative study have been conducted based on parameters as village and city school students, private and government school students and gender discrimination. The findings conclude that the school structure; willingness of the school and teachers to conduct virtual classes; availability and accessibility of high-speed internet and economic capability of parents to bear the exorbitant internet charges are significant dimensions in virtual learning of primary section students. The study also confirms that during the pandemic girl students and students from village government schools are the worst hit in comparison to boys who are from city-based schools and private schools respectively.

Poverty, Pandemics, and Wildlife Crime

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global recession and mass unemployment. Through reductions in trade and international tourism, the pandemic has particularly affected rural economies of tropical low- and middle-income countries where biodiversity is concentrated. As this adversity is exacerbating poverty in these regions, it is important to examine the relationship between poverty and wildlife crime in order to better anticipate and respond to the impact of the pandemic on biodiversity. To that end, we explore the relationship between poverty and wildlife crime, and its relevance in the context of a global pandemic. We examine literature from conservation, criminology, criminal justice, and social psychology to piece together how the various dimensions of poverty relate directly and indirectly to general criminal offending and the challenges this poses to conservation. We provide a theoretical framework and a road map for understanding how poverty alleviation relates to reduced wildlife crime through improved economic, human, socio-cultural, political, and protective capabilities. We also discuss the implications of this research for policy in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. We conclude that multidimensional poverty and wildlife crime are intricately linked, and that initiatives to enhance each of the five dimensions can reduce the poverty-related risks of wildlife crime.

Understanding the Economic Sustainability Model for Urban Rail Transit Operator: A TOD Perspective

With the growth of urban rail transit construction and operation scales，it is necessary to strengthen and deepen the studies on urban rail transit enterprise economic sustainability model. From the theoretical and practical angles, this paper reviewed the exploration and practice process of urban rail transit enterprise economic sustainability model, including the connotation of “metro operation + property development” profit model, as well as further studies and prospect. It suggests TOD model can improve the economic sustainability capability of urban rail transit enterprise, and set up a self-virtuous development cycle in rail transit industry.

МЕТОДИЧНИЙ ПІДХІД ДО РОЗРОБЛЕННЯ РЕКОМЕНДАЦІЙ ЩОДО РЕСУРСНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЗБРОЙНИХ СИЛ УКРАЇНИ

In the article, the authors considered one of the approaches to the development of recommendations on the resource provision of the Armed Forces of Ukraine for the future. The issue of rather resource providing the Armed Forces (AF) of Ukraine has to be resolved only on the basis of reasonable recommendations which concern satisfaction of real requirements of VS according to a situation in the state and beyond his limits. Today we observe the processes of chronic underfunding of the development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, which negatively affect the level of their combat effectiveness and combat readiness, as well as the level of defense capability of the country as a whole. Balancing the needs of the Armed Forces of Ukraine with the economic capabilities of the state should occur in accordance with certain general recommendations regarding the formation of resources for the Armed Forces for the planned period. The identification of approaches to the development of such recommendations is a fairly relevant and timely task. The article presents a methodological approach to finding the optimal ratio of providing the Armed Forces of Ukraine with resources. Based on the obtained results of the calculations, recommendations should be formed on quantitative indicators of the resource support of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the procedure for their separation according to the components of the readiness indicators of the Armed Forces, etc. If certain needs do not match with the capabilities of the state, the level of readiness of the aircraft should be regulated or a decision should be made on structural changes in the aircraft in order to save resources to correspond the aircraft to the real resource capabilities of the state. Keywords: resource provision, quantitative indicators, certain needs, level of financing, combat readiness and combat effectiveness of the armed forces, state capabilities.