Ecological Water Consumption Research Articles

Determining spatio-temporal variations of ecological water consumption by natural oases for sustainable water resources allocation in a hyper-arid endorheic basin

Abstract Natural oases, including desert riparian vegetation and terminal lakes, play an important role in maintaining the stability and development of endorheic river systems in arid areas. Determining the ecological water consumption (EWC) of natural oases is a critical task for achieving sustainable ecosystem restoration and services in endorheic basins. In this study, the evapotranspiration of natural vegetation, evaporation of water area, and seepage in lakes and rivers were considered in the EWC. The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) model was combined with Landsat-8 images and eddy covariance flux measurements to calculate the daily EWC of natural oases in the lower Heihe River Basin (northwest China) during 2014 and 2015. The spatio-temporal variations of EWC were investigated in detail. The SEBS model could satisfactorily simulate the evapotranspiration (ET) of forest, shrub, mixed forest and water body with R2 value greater than 0.84 and RMSE value less than 0.9 mm/day. The total EWC in 2014 and 2015 was 6.59 × 108 m3 and 7.65 × 108 m3, respectively, and the EWC of the Ejina Oasis accounted for approximately 50% of total value in the study area. The cumulative EWC increased gradually with the distance away from the riverbank as an exponential function and reached the plateau at certain distance. The monthly variation of EWC followed a unimodal curve with the peak in June and July, accounting for 42.16% and 36.28% of annual EWC in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The water balance analysis indicated that the river flow was not sufficient to provide the EWC of natural oases and water requirements of agriculture and social economy, and additional 1.23 × 108 m3 and 2.09 × 108 m3 of groundwater needed to be exploited in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Several strategies for sustainable water resources allocation and ecosystem management in the study area were provided. Overall, this study provides an integrated approach with combinations of multiple techniques and high-resolution data for EWC calculation, which is useful for water footprint analysis and water resources management on the basin scale in arid areas.

基于农牧业产品和生活用水的京津冀地区水足迹时空特征研究

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于农牧业产品和生活用水的京津冀地区水足迹时空特征研究 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201801310271 作者: 作者单位: 中国科学院生态环境研究中心,中国科学院生态环境研究中心,中国科学院生态环境研究中心,中国科学院生态环境研究中心 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（41590841） Spatial and temporal patterns of the water footprint in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region with consideration of crop and animal products and domestic water Author: Affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:水足迹将实体水消费和虚拟水消费联系起来，能真实地反映水资源利用的空间差异状况。运用自下而上的方法，分别计算了京津冀地区市级、区县尺度2000-2014年水足迹与人均水足迹，并分析其时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）市级尺度上，北京市水足迹、人均水足迹最高，天津市次之。石家庄市水足迹、人均水足迹相对较高，衡水市水足迹、人均水足迹均相对较低。京津冀市级平均水足迹由2000年的35.88亿m3增长到2014年的50.82亿m3，天津市、北京市增长幅度最大。（2）区县尺度上，北京市主城六区水足迹、人均水足迹最高，北京市其他市辖区和天津市主城六区、滨海新区水足迹、人均水足迹次之，石家庄市主城区水足迹、人均水足迹也相对较高。北部燕山山区、西部太行山区及衡水市所辖区县水足迹、人均水足迹最低。京津冀区县平均水足迹由2000年的2.30亿m3增长为2014年的3.16亿m3。北京市市辖区水足迹增长幅度最大，天津市市辖区次之。（3）水足迹的构成比例从大到小依次是消费虚拟水量、生活用水量和生态环境用水量，消费虚拟水量约占水足迹的90%。京津冀生态环境用水所占水足迹比例总体呈现增加的趋势，北京市生态环境用水所占水足迹的比例高于天津市和河北省。本文对京津冀地区水足迹的计算与时空变化特征分析，以期为研究京津冀地区城镇化对水资源量的胁迫效应提供参考与依据。 Abstract:The water footprint (WF) links the consumption of physical water with virtual water and can truly reflect the spatial differences of water use. In this paper, we used the bottom-up method to calculate the WF and the WF per capita at the city and district/county levels from 2000 to 2014 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Besides, the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of the WF were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) at the city level, the WF and WF per capita in Beijing were the highest, followed by Tianjin. The WF and WF per capita in Shijiazhuang were relatively high, while they were relatively low in Hengshui. The average WF of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region at the city level increased from 3.588 billion m3 in 2000 to 5.082 billion m3 in 2014, with the largest increase in Tianjin and Beijing. (2) At the district/county level, the WF and WF per capita of Beijing's six core districts were the highest, followed by Beijing's other districts, Tianjin's six core districts, and the Binhai New District. Besides, the WF and WF per capita of the core districts of Shijiazhuang were relatively high. The WF and WF per capita of the counties located in the Yanshan Mountains in the north and Taihang Mountains in the west, and Hengshui were the lowest. The average WF of the counties/districts in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region increased from 230 million m3 in 2000 to 316 million m3 in 2014. The municipal districts of Beijing had the fastest growth in WF, followed by Tianjin. (3) The composition proportion of the WF in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from high to low was virtual water consumption, domestic water consumption, and ecological water consumption. The consumption of virtual water accounted for about 90% of the WF. The proportion of ecological water consumption and WF in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has generally increased, and its proportion in Beijing was higher than that of Tianjin or Hebei. The WF of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region was calculated and the characteristics of its spatial and temporal variations were analyzed in this paper, which aimed to provide a reference and basis for studying the coercive effects of urbanization on water resources in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Biocapacity optimization in regional planning

Ecological overshoot has been accelerating across the globe. Optimizing biocapacity has become a key to resolve the overshoot of ecological demand in regional sustainable development. However, most literature has focused on reducing ecological footprint but ignores the potential of spatial optimization of biocapacity through regional planning of land use. Here we develop a spatial probability model and present four scenarios for optimizing biocapacity of a river basin in Northwest China. The potential of enhanced biocapacity and its effects on ecological overshoot and water consumption in the region were explored. Two scenarios with no restrictions on croplands and water use reduced the overshoot by 29 to 53%, and another two scenarios which do not allow croplands and water use to increase worsened the overshoot by 11 to 15%. More spatially flexible transition rules of land use led to higher magnitude of change after optimization. However, biocapacity optimization required a large amount of additional water resources, casting considerable pressure on the already water-scarce socio-ecological system. Our results highlight the potential for policy makers to manage/optimize regional land use which addresses ecological overshoot. Investigation on the feasibility of such spatial optimization complies with the forward-looking policies for sustainable development and deserves further attention.

Variation of Vegetation Ecological Water Consumption and Its Response to Vegetation Coverage Changes in the Rocky Desertification Areas in South China.

Over the past several decades, rocky desertification has led to severe ecological problems in karst areas in South China. After a rocky desertification treatment project was completed, the vegetation coverage changed greatly and, consequently, increased the ecology water consumption (approximately equal to the actual evapotranspiration) of the regional vegetation. Thus, it intensified the regional water stresses. This study explored the changes in the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) response to the vegetation coverage changes in the rocky desertification areas in South China based on the precipitation (P), potential evapotranspiration (ETp) and NDVI (the normalized difference vegetation index) datasets. The revised Bagrov model was used to simulate the actual evapotranspiration changes with the supposed increasing NDVI. The results indicated that the average NDVI value was lower when the rocky desertification was more severe. The ETa, evapotranspiration efficiency (ETa/ETp) and potential humidity (P/ETp) generally increased with the increasing NDVI. The sensitivity of the ETa response to vegetation coverage changes varied due to different precipitation conditions and different rocky desertification severities. The ETa was more sensitive under drought conditions. When a drought occurred, the ETa exhibited an average increase of 40~60 mm with the NDVI increasing of 0.1 in the rocky desertification areas. Among the 5 different severity categories of rocky desertification, the ETa values’ responses to NDVI changes were less sensitive in the severe rocky desertification areas but more sensitive in the extremely and potential rocky desertification areas. For example, with the NDVI increasing of 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1, the corresponding ETa changes increased by an average of 2.64 mm, 10.62 mm, 19.19 mm, and 27.58 mm, respectively, in severe rocky desertification areas but by 4.94 mm, 14.99 mm, 26.80, and 37.13 mm, respectively, in extremely severe rocky desertification areas. Understanding the vegetation ecological water consumption response to the vegetation coverage changes is essential for the vegetation restoration and water stresses mitigation in rocky desertification areas.

Forecast and optimal allocation of production, living and ecology water consumption in Zhangye, China

The water crisis is one of three crises that are persecuting the world. China is among the countries that face severe water shortages. Water scarcity and water pollution have seriously affected China's sustainable development in terms of the economy and society. Water resources per capita of China is only one quarter of the world's average. In addition, about 70 percent of China's rivers, lakes, and reservoirs are affected by pollution. Due to limited water resources, a crucial issue for the sustainable development of the watershed is how to resolve the human/nature competition for water and how to achieve the coordinated development of the economy, society and ecology. On the basis of defining water consumption for production, living and ecology (WPLE), this paper proposes a framework for forecasting and optimally allocating WPLE. Using Zhangye, in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin as the case study area, we forecasted and optimally allocated WPLE under three development scenarios, i.e. the conventional development scenario (CDS), the economy-priority development scenario (EPDS) and the environmentally sustainable development scenario (ESDS). In 2010, the proportions of WPLE in Zhangye were 87.73%, 2.74% and 9.53%, respectively. In 2020, the proportions of WPLE will be 74.80%, 4.50% and 20.70% under the CDS, 76.16%, 5.27% and 18.57% under the EPDS, and 74.99%, 4.51% and 20.50% under the ESDS. In the future, the proportion of production water consumption of Zhangye will drastically decrease, while the proportion of ecological water consumption will significantly increase. The main contradiction of the co-evolution of WPLE of Zhangye is the competitiveness of production and living water consumption with ecological water consumption.

Changing Characteristics of the Water Consumption Structure in Nanjing City, Southern China

Understanding the changes in water consumption structure in order to take measures for demand control is very important for sustainable water resources management. In this study, using the Southern China area of Nanjing as an example, we employed the information entropy method to analyze the water consumption structure, as well as the grey incidence analysis to analyze synthetic incidence degree of the factors associated with agricultural, industrial, domestic, and ecological water consumption. The results show that the degree of balance among water consumption sectors has increased from 0.755 to 0.825 between 1993 and 2014. Gradual decrease of the relative proportion of a single water user structure in a water consumption system has made the utilization of water resources in Nanjing rational and diversified. The study identifies three stages of transformation of water structure in Nanjing, namely, a growth period from 1993 to 2002, an adjustment period from 2003 to 2010, and another growth period from 2011 to 2014. The synthetic incidence degree analysis indicates that adjustments of the agricultural and industrial water consumption as well as water saving measures are the main factors that affected water consumption structure in Nanjing. It is expected that the results obtained from this study will provide references to optimize the utilization of urban water resources.

Environmental Water Price Based on Water Environment Capacity and Ecological Water Consumption: A Case Study of Hefei

With the development and reform of water price policy, the most common view is that the total cost of water price can reflect the tradable traits of water resources, which can enhance the water use efficiency and achieve water resources sustainable utilization. Besides in actual pricing operation, from the angle of protection cost, water price characterizes the cost of controlling pollution and protecting water environment. Based on the two factors of water environment capacity and ecological water consumption embodied by the environment water price, this paper puts forward an effective environmental water price calculation model based on three elements of sewage treatment fee, ecological water price and water quality maintenance fee. And this paper takes the data of Hefei as an example, calculates reasonable environmental price, comparing which with the existing price, and finds the main existing problem which needs to be solved urgently in management.

Water resource management based on trade-off analysis of multi-dimensional critical regulation and control indicators

Water resources exist in a large and complex system with multi-dimensional objectives. In this paper, the multi-dimensional nature of water resource systems was analyzed. Then, those indicators were used to set the regulation objective for each dimension and establish an indicator system for use in multi-dimensional critical regulation and control (MCRC). The case of Jiamusi was studied as an example: an MCRC water use model was established and the model was solved to derive Jiamusi's initial water use plan in the target year of 2020. The relationships between the economic benefits produced by water consumption and the groundwater exploitation rate, agricultural water consumption, chemical oxygen demand, and ecological water consumption were analyzed based on this plan: the trade-off among indicators of various dimensions was analyzed to obtain the relationship curves between the regulation indicators of the economic dimension and those of the other dimensions (resource, social, environmental and ecological dimensions). Finally, multi-dimensional regulation was applied to the plan based on the relationship curves from the trade-off analysis, and the best water use plan for the target year was proposed. This study provided a strong basis for setting thresholds for the planning and management of water use in Jiamusi.

Study on Off-Stream Ecological Water Demand of Fu River Basin

According to researches on mechanism and concept of off-stream ecological water demand, off-stream ecological water demand of Fu River Basin is consist of ecological water demand for soil and water conservation and for urban public green space, considering the current situation and planning objectives of off-stream ecological water demand of Fu River Basin. Directly calculation method is employed in this study. Choosing 2005 as the current year in this study, indicators of public green space and soil erosion data are obtained. Then the ecological water demand of urban public green space in Fuzhou City is determined as 0.438×108m3 and the water demand for off-stream soil and water conservation in Fu River Basin is determined as 0.3159×108m3 in virtue of quota method. The off-stream ecological water demand in the Basin (2005 as the current year) is about 0.359×108m3. The determination of the off-stream ecological water demand in the basin provide a scientific basis on taking a variety of water-saving measures, improving the recovery rate of sewage treatment and increasing the off-stream ecological water consumption. Results of this study will make the ecological environment of this area to achieve a healthy state, and shall greatly improve regional water resources and water environmental situation.

黑河中上游地区2000—2010年土地利用变化及水土保持服务功能分析

基于遥感影像数据,分析了黑河中上游地区2000年到2010年土地利用变化,在此基础上,从上游、中游以及整个区域的角度综合评价了该区域的水源涵养和土壤保持生态系统服务功能物质量变化。研究结果表明:①研究区60%以上为未利用地,2000-2010年,耕地、林地和未利用地面积大量增加,草地和水域面积减少。②耕地增加以荒漠和草地转入为主;林地转入表现为草地和荒漠造林,转出主要为林地荒漠化;草地转出主要去向为造林和荒漠化,而增加主要来源于冰雪覆盖地和荒漠;未利用地增加主要来源于草地的退化。③研究区土地利用程度较低,由东南向西北递减,2000-2010年,上游土地利用程度有所降低,中游大部分地区呈上升趋势。④由于上游山区林地面积的增加,植被覆盖下土壤的水源涵养量显著增加,土壤贮水量增加了0.764×10⁸ t。⑤土壤保持量由1.860×10⁸t增加到1.899×10⁸t,主要原因为草地转化为林地。在气候变化背景下,黑河流域应控制上游地区人工林面积,减少林地蒸腾量,以增加下游可用水量;适当控制中游地区耕地面积的扩张趋势,保证湿地、草地等自然生态系统生态用水量,维持流域山地-绿洲-荒漠系统的稳定,进而持续发挥生态系统土壤保持等功能。;Based on Landsat TM/ETM image data and some other survey materials, this paper analyzed the land use change in the upper and middle reaches of Heihe river basin during 2000-2010. Subsequently, two prominent functions of ecosystem service: water conservation and soil retention were evaluated, from upstream, midstream, as well as the whole region. The findings of this study are summarized as following: (1) The main types of land use is unused land accounting for more than 60% of the total area. In recent ten years, cultivated land, forest land and unused land increased dramatically. By contrast, grassland, water area and snow cover land decreased. (2) The increase of cultivated land was chiefly derived from the conversion of desert and grassland. Desertification on forest land, afforestation on desert and grassland happened at the same time. The total area of forest land showed an ascending trend. The loss of grassland was attributed to the afforestation and desertification, whereas the increment of grassland was ascribed to the conversion from snow cover land and desert. The increase of unused land mainly came from the degradation on grassland. (3) On the whole, the degree of land use was relatively low and displayed a descending trend from the southeast to the northwest. In recent 10 years, the degree of land use dropped in upstream area and ascends in most of the middle reaches of Heihe basin. (4) Owing to the increase of forest land of the upper reaches, water conservation for soil improved significantly. Water storage in soil increased by 0.746×10⁸ t. (5) The total amount of soil retention raised from 1.860×10⁸ t to 1.899×0⁸ t as grassland conversion to forest. Under the background of climate change, some measures should be implemented in order to maintain the stability of the mountain-oasis-desert system and the sustainable of the ecosystem services like soil retention. Firstly, the area of artificial forest should be controlled in the upper reaches which can reduce transpiration and increase the amount of water available. Secondly, in the middle reaches, cultivated land area should be under control to ensure the ecological water consumption, such as grassland and wetlands.

Analysis Threshold Value of Ecological Water Require-Ment for Vegetation Restoration on Northern Grassland

Starting from strengthening ecological construction and management of pastoral areas of grassland, aiming at current ecological water demand of natural grassland under the condition of lacking irrigation and agriculture and forestry measures, this paper has studied the quantitative relation between natural grassland’s water demand and rainfall, soil water, grassland vegetation coverage and biomass with various types of grassland in Inner Mongolia as targets and through surveys, experiments and other scientific approaches. Then, it has established calculation methods of natural grassland with utilizable amounts of soil water and average ecological water consumption of grassland as basic parameters to determine to reach a certain level of ecology, water demand threshold range of natural grassland for maintaining ecological balance and achieving expectant function and provide technological support for strengthening water and soil conservation of pastoral areas of grassland and recovering and improving ecological environment of grassland.

Research Based On Multi-Objective Programming on Allocation of Water Resources in Panjin Shuangtai Estuary Wetland

In order to restore ecological function of wetland, determine the exploitation plan of water resources reasonably and promote the sustainable development of ecological function in wetland, based on the exploitation and utilization situation as well as the planning objectives of Panjin Shuangtai estuary wetland, this essay focuses on discussing water demand of natural ecological system, water quality of agricultural irrigation and aquaculture, and residential water consumption in wetland. Using various areas of wetland as decision variables and aiming to restore the size of all areas back to that in 2000, this essay takes the view of system engineering as guidance, establishes multi-objective programming model for rational allocation of wetland resources, and makes it able to compare with the other three created configurations plans. Results show that only giving priority to the needs of ecological water consumption of wetland to achieve an efficient use of surrounding water resources can we make the recovery of this wetland better and faster, and therefore achieve a desired sustainable development of ecological function. This has an important significance in leading us to a sustainable development of ecological restoration and constructing a framework of coordinated use of water resources of wetland system.

Water Resources Supply-Consumption (Demand) Balance Analyses in the Yellow River Basin in 2009

For this paper, according to the statistics of water resources amounts and utilization needs, we carried out a water resources security preliminary evaluation from the following points of view: water consumption balance analysis, available water resources analysis, supply-demand water resources balance analysis, and overall water resources security analysis for the Yellow River Basin in 2009. The results of the research show that the consumption rate in 2009 was 75.5% for the Yellow River Basin. The total amount of local water in the Yellow River Basin was 58.210 billion m3, but both the supply water and the amount of available water are very low. Meanwhile, from the point of view of net water consumption, the deficit water resource amounts to16.763 billion m3, and in view of the size of the water supply, the deficit water resources amounts to 16.12 billion m3. The current deficit has been created by over-exploiting groundwater, squeezing ecological water consumption, re-using wastewater, and utilizing brackish water, sea water. Therefore, the water supply in the Yellow River Basin is not sustainable, and so it is not secure. As there exist issues in terms of the water resource and in terms of socioeconomic security and ecological security in the Yellow River Basin, we can conclude that the present Yellow River water resource is not reliable, which means that this water resource may not be able to meet future normal demands for living, production, and ecology maintenance.

A Study of Ecological Water Use Based on the Improved Tennant Method

To solve the existing problems arose in the Tennant method for estimating ecological water use in river course, a new methodology is proposed to replace the mean value by the median of runoff series in the Tenna nt formula. The motive is to eliminate the impact of some extreme values. Given runoff series of 47 years in Jiaokou reservoir of Zhangxi River, the traditional and the improved method were respectively applied to calculate the ecological water consumption in the river. The results show that the improved Tennant method is more reasonably than the traditional method.

Study on the Ecological Functional Divisions and Ecological Water Consumption in the Minqin Basin

Study on the Ecological Functional Divisions and Ecological Water Consumption in the Minqin Basin

Simulation analysis on the regulation of overflow ecological water consumption in arid areas

After analyzing the regulation of overflow ecological water consumption in the Canmrik ecological area of mainstream zone of the Tarim River, in this paper a model of ecological bifurcation is developed, the dynamic overflow process of ecological bifurcation is simulated, and the quantitative relationships between the volume of ecological water consumption and the ecological conservation extent and overflow time are analyzed using GIS, advance of freshet and RS means. The results reveal that the effects of discharge and time of ecological bifurcation on the efficiency of ecological water consumption are significant, there is a geometrical exponential relationship between the efficiency of ecological bifurcation and the water supply with different discharges and different times under the same ecological water consumption, hypsography plays an important role in ecological water consumption, the regulation of ecological water consumption cannot be equated with the ordinary farming irrigation system, a serious water waste will result and the prospective ecological benefits will not be able to be achieved if an ordinary ecological bifurcation is implemented. The efficiency of ecological water consumption can be increased by 30% by selecting the bifurcation schemes in an optimized way, which is of the utmost importance for arid areas with shortage of water resources.