Ecological Restoration Of Mining Areas Research Articles

Ecological restoration in mining areas in the context of the Belt and Road initiative: Capability and challenges

Ecological risks associated with mineral resource extraction are of particular concern in the Belt and Road regions, yet ecological restoration has received little attention. This paper reviewed the mining situation and related ecological impacts in the Belt and Road areas, analyzed the factors impeding ecological restoration capability, assessed the capability, and then presented the key challenges and promotion strategy. The main results showed that: (1) Abundant mineral resources exist in the Belt and Road, covering up to 24,234 km2, accounting for 42.31% of the global mining areas; (2) Mining activities, open-pit or underground, can cause ecological disturbances such as excavation damage, land occupation, collapse, and pollution; (3) Economic development, environmental management, scientific and technological innovation, the political environment, investment by mining enterprises, and ecological conditions affect the ecological restoration capacity in each country; (4) The ecological restoration capability index was 67.14, 66.80, 65.12, 64.73, 60.20, and 58.89 in West Asia & North Africa, Northeast Asia & Russia, Southeast Asia, Central & Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia, with large regional and internal differences; (5) Key challenges include imperfect multi-stakeholder administration system, lack of effective remediation technologies, and shortage of financial support. Therefore, the countries in the Belt and Road regions should be united to establish extensive policy standards and mine governance systems applicable to the mining lifecycle, improve joint research and development of restoration technologies, and build multi-funding support systems.

Automated Extraction of Ground Fissures Due to Coal Mining Subsidence Based on UAV Photogrammetry

Widespread ground fissures caused by coal mining subsidence are a main cause of ecological destruction in coal mining areas, and the rapid monitoring of ground fissures is essential for ecological restoration. Traditional fissure monitoring technologies are time consuming and laborious. Therefore, we developed a method to automatically extract ground fissures from high-resolution UAV images. First, a multiscale Hessian-based enhancement filter was utilized to enhance the ground fissures in grayscale images. Then, a simple single-thresholding operation was applied to segment the enhanced image to generate a binary ground fissure map. Finally, incomplete path opening was performed to eliminate the noises in the fissure extraction results. We selected the N1212 working face of the Ningtiaota Coal Mine in Shenmu County, China, as the study area. The results indicated that the ranges of correctness, completeness, and the kappa coefficient of the extracted results were 66.23–79.00%, 69.03–73.22%, and 67.91–75.88%, respectively. Image resolution is the key factor for successful fissure detection; the method proposed in this paper can extract ground fissures with a width greater than one pixel (2.64 cm), and the detection ratio for fissures with a width greater than two pixels was over 87%. Our research has solved the problem of the rapid monitoring of ground fissures to a certain extent and can act as a valuable tool for ecological restoration in mining areas.

Changes in Reconstructed Soil Physicochemical Properties in an Opencast Mine Dump in the Loess Plateau Area of China.

Soil construction and revegetation are essential for ecological restoration in mining areas. The influence of vegetation on the horizontal and vertical distribution patterns of soil properties should be fully understood. However, most studies on reconstructed soils in mining areas only concentrate on the surface soil, without exploring the vertical variations in soil properties. Overall, this study aims to explore the potential mechanisms by which surface vegetation exerts some influence on the spatial distribution of soil physicochemical properties, and to provide some insight into revegetation and soil reclamation in mining areas. Descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) were employed to evaluate the differences in the soil physicochemical properties in horizontal and vertical directions under different land-use types in the south dump of Antaibao opencast mine in Pingshuo, Shanxi Province, China. The main results of this study are as follows: (1) In the horizontal direction, except for the strong variation (variation coefficient ≥ 100%) in soil organic matter (SOM) content at some depths, the degree of variation in other soil physicochemical properties at various depths was moderate or weak (variation coefficient < 100%). The soil physicochemical properties gradually remained constant after years of reclamation. In the vertical direction, the soil bulk density (SBD), soil porosity, SOM content, soil C/N ratio, soil total nitrogen (STN) content, soil available phosphorus (SAP) content, and soil available potassium (SAK) content showed significant variations (p < 0.05) between soil depths. In contrast, no significant difference was found for other physicochemical properties. (2) The SBD, STN, SAK, soil porosity, and soil clay content were significantly different (p < 0.05) under different vegetation cover types, but the influence of vegetation on other soil physicochemical properties seemed to be limited. The results reveal that trees have a stronger ability to reduce soil grain sizes and enhance SAP contents than shrubs or herbs; however, the beneficial effects of herbs on the physicochemical properties of shallow soil are more obvious than those of trees and shrubs. (3) This study indicates that more shrubs and trees should be planted in the areas with low vegetation coverage, and more measures should be taken to improve soil physicochemical properties in order to prevent the occurrence of large-scale degradation. The reconstruction of soil structure should be preferentially considered in the process of soil reconstruction and revegetation in areas under similar conditions. Herbs should first be planted in the early reclamation stage. At the same time, shrubs or trees can be adopted in the middle and late stages of vegetation reconstruction in order to achieve comprehensive revegetation.

干旱胁迫下柳枝稷在露天矿区土壤中的种子萌发和生长特性

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 干旱胁迫下柳枝稷在露天矿区土壤中的种子萌发和生长特性 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202107091854 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目（2016YFC0501108）；国家能源集团科技创新项目（HT（2020）2337号）；国家重点研发计划项目（2016YFC0503604） Effect of drought stress on the seed germination and growth characteristics of switchgrass Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:将能源植物用作矿区生态修复物种，对矿区的经济发展和生态环境具有重要意义。以能源植物柳枝稷为研究对象，通过盆栽试验，分析其在对照、轻度、中度以及重度干旱胁迫下柳枝稷幼苗在矿区土壤基质和非矿区土壤基质下的生长特性，并结合不同干旱胁迫下矿区土壤基质中种子萌发特征，揭示柳枝稷对干旱胁迫的响应机制和对矿区土壤的生态适应性。试验结果表明：（1）柳枝稷种子发芽总数、发芽率、发芽势以及发芽指数在轻度胁迫下达到最大值，活力指数在对照组最高，而在重度胁迫下，各项指标均达到最小值；种苗各生长指标在轻度胁迫下最小，幼苗根长和鲜重在重度胁迫下最高，芽长和芽重在其余三组胁迫下相差不大。（2）干旱胁迫使两种土壤基质下的柳枝稷株高降低，枯叶率增加，在对照、轻度胁迫和重度胁迫下能够保持叶片水分含量和分蘖数稳定；矿区土壤基质中，柳枝稷根体积在轻度胁迫下最大，中度胁迫下根长最长，重度胁迫下根数最多；根冠比随着干旱胁迫的加剧表现出先减后增的趋势，在轻度胁迫下最小，在重度胁迫下最大。（3）与非矿区土壤基质相比，柳枝稷在矿区土壤基质下根冠比更大，其余生长指标均更小；随着干旱胁迫的加剧，柳枝稷在矿区土壤基质下的株高、枯叶率、叶片相对含水量以及分蘖数与非矿区土壤基质下变化趋势一致。综上，柳枝稷在矿区土壤下的生长特性比在非矿区土壤下表现更差；在轻度干旱胁迫下各项生理指标表现更好，在中度和重度干旱胁迫下虽然其生长发育受到限制，但能通过调整生物量配比确保自身存活。因此，柳枝稷在矿区土壤环境下具有一定的抗旱性和抗贫瘠性，将其作为矿区生态修复品种具有可行性。 Abstract:Energy plant as one species for ecological restoration in mining areas is of great significance to the economic development and ecological environment of mining areas. Taking switchgrass, an energy plant, as the research object, through pot experiments, by analyzing the growth characteristics of seedlings in the soil matrix of the mining area and the non-mining area under the control, mild, moderate and severe drought stress, combining the seed germination characteristics in the soil matrix of the mining area, the response mechanism of switchgrass to drought stress and the ecological adaptability of the mining area soil were revealed. The test results showed that:(1) the total number of germinations, germination rate, germination potential and germination index of switchgrass seeds reached the maximum under mild stress, and the vitality index was the highest in the control group. Each index reached the minimum under severe stress. Each growth index of seedlings was minimal under mild stress, the root length and fresh weight of seedlings were the highest under severe stress, and the bud length and shoot weight were not much different under the other three groups of stress. (2) Drought stress reduced the plant height of switchgrass under the two soil substrates, and increased the rate of dead leaves. It could maintain the leaf relative water content and the number of tillers stable under the control, mild and severe stresses. In the soil matrix of the mining area, the root volume of switchgrass was the largest under mild stress, the longest root length under moderate stress, and the largest number of roots under severe stress. The root-shoot ratio showed a trend of first decrease and then increase with the intensification of drought stress, reaching the minimum value under mild stress and the maximum value under severe stress. (3) Compared with the soil substrate in the non-mining area, the root-to-shoot ratio of switchgrass under the soil substrate in the mining area was larger, and the other growth indicators were smaller. With the intensification of drought stress, the plant height, dead leaf rate, relative leaf water content and tiller number of switchgrass under the soil matrix in the mining area were consistent with those in the soil matrix in the non-mining area. In summary, the growth characteristics of switchgrass in mining soils were worse than those in non-mining soils. Physiological indicators performed better under mild drought stress, while the growth of switchgrass was restricted under moderate and severe drought stress. In arid and barren environments, switchgrass can ensure its own survival by adjusting the biomass ratio. Therefore, switchgrass had certain resistance to drought and barrenness and was feasible to use it as a variety of ecological restoration in the mining area. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Effects of Seven-Year Fertilization Reclamation on Bacterial Community in a Coal Mining Subsidence Area in Shanxi, China.

The restoration of soil fertility and microbial communities is the key to the soil reclamation and ecological reconstruction in coal mine subsidence areas. However, the response of soil bacterial communities to reclamation is still not well understood. Here, we studied the bacterial communities in fertilizer-reclaimed soil (CK, without fertilizer; CF, chemical fertilizer; M, manure) in the Lu’an reclamation mining region and compared them with those in adjacent subsidence soil (SU) and farmland soil (FA). We found that the compositions of dominant phyla in the reclaimed soil differed greatly from those in the subsidence soil and farmland soil (p < 0.05). The related sequences of Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Nitrospirae were mainly from the subsided soil, whereas those of Alphaproteobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Deltaproteobacteria were mainly derived from the farmland soil. Fertilization affected the bacterial community composition in the reclaimed soil, and bacteria richness and diversity increased significantly with the accumulation of soil nutrients after 7 years of reclamation (p < 0.05). Moreover, soil properties, especially SOM and pH, were found to play a key role in the restoration of the bacterial community in the reclaimed soil. The results are helpful to the study of soil fertility improvement and ecological restoration in mining areas.

Changes in diversity and composition of rhizosphere bacterial community during natural restoration stages in antimony mine.

BackgroundOpen pit antimony (Sb) mining causes serious soil pollution, and phytoremediation is a low-cost approach to remediate heavy metal contaminated soil. Rhizosphere bacteria play an important role in ecological restoration in mining areas. There is a knowledge gap on how to find suitable rhizosphere microorganisms to improve the phytoremediation effect. Understanding the differences of rhizosphere bacterial diversity in different restoration stages is helpful to find suitable bacteria for ecological restoration.MethodsA method of the substitution of “space” for “time” was used to study the effect of natural restoration on rhizosphere bacterial community. According to the dominant vegetation types (herb, shrub, and tree) in the natural restoration area of Sb mining, the early restoration (ER), middle restoration (MR), and later restoration (LR) from the largest Sb mine (Xikuangshan mine) in the world were selected to evaluate the differences in the composition and diversity of rhizosphere bacteria during three natural restoration stages. Each restoration stage had five samples. To determine the relationship between restoration stages and bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere, high throughput sequencing of PCR amplified were used.ResultsAlpha diversity, as assessed by Chao indices, appeared lowest in ER but this trend was not seen with other diversity metrics, including the Simpson and Shannon. Beta diversity analysis suggested there were differences in rhizobacterial community structure associate with restoration stage. At the phylum level, natural restoration led to a significant increase in the relative abundance of Actinobacteria in the MR, and a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Patescibacteria in the LR. Additionally, Calditrichaeota, Deferribacteres and Epsilonbacteraeota were only found in ER. At the genus level, the relative abundance of RB41 and Haliangium were highest in LR plots, while that of Bacillus and Gaiella were highest in ER plots. Additionally, the Azorhizobium genus was only detected in the ER phase. Overall, our findings suggested that several rhizosphere microbial communities had significant differences among three natural restoration stages (ER, MR, and LR) and the rhizosphere bacterial communities mainly appeared in the early restoration stage can be preferred for remediation of pollution soil in Xikuangshan.

Study of plant configuration pattern in guided vegetation restoration: A case study of semiarid underground mining areas in Western China

The large-scale and high intensity mining of coal resources has further worsened the already fragile plant ecosystem in Western China. On the basis of strictly following the developmental law of regional natural ecosystems, guiding the restoration of damaged vegetation is one of the important measures for ecological restoration in mining areas. However, there are still some problems to achieve the guided restoration of damaged vegetation in semiarid mining areas: how to configure different plant species, and what is the control threshold of vegetation coverage under different site conditions among others. In this paper, based on DEM, slope, aspect and soil type data, 12 different site conditions were obtained by using overlay analysis function of ArcGIS software. The trend of interannual variation of vegetation coverage was analyzed using Landsat Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series data, and the spatial distribution of areas of degraded vegetation under 12 site conditions was identified. Based on the Fully Constrained Least Square (FCLS) unmixing algorithm, typical native plants were classified using Aerial Hyperspectral data. Finally, through the comparative analysis of plant composition and abundance under 12 site conditions, the control thresholds of vegetation coverage ranged from 36.60% to 45.30% in the early stage of vegetation restoration. The thresholds of steep slope are lower than that in gentle and flat slope, which is mainly related to the fact that steep slope is more prone to soil erosion and is not conducive to the conservation of soil water and nutrients. According to the calculation results of different plant allocation proportion under 12 site conditions, the proportion of herbs and shrubs is higher than that of trees. When selecting species for vegetation configuration, native herbs and shrubs with strong adaptability, fast growth and strong drought resistance should be preferred. It is suggested that trees should be planted properly after the site conditions of vegetation growth are effectively restored or the vegetation community structure tends to be stable. In the process of vegetation restoration in semiarid mining area, not only the appropriate threshold of vegetation coverage should be considered, but also the proportion of trees, shrubs, and herbs has an important impact on the effect of vegetation restoration. The results of this paper will provide guidance for the orderly restoration of damaged vegetation in semiarid mining areas.

The Pioneering Role of Bryophytes in Ecological Restoration of Manganese Waste Residue Areas, Southwestern China

The mining of manganese brings excellent wealth to humankind. However, it destroys the ecological environment, mainly manifested as heavy metal pollution and vegetation destruction. The restoration of ecological vegetation in manganese mining areas has become an important work after mineral exploitation. The effect of bryophytes on ecological restoration in mining areas is irreplaceable. The bryophytes diversity and its pioneering role in two types of manganese waste residue areas were investigated in Guizhou province, China. The results showed that there were 24 species of mosses in mine waste slag areas, and all of them belonged to 6 families and 15 genera; the species Gymnostomum subrigidulum, Pohlia gedeana, and Bryum atrovirens were the dominant mosses. There were 6 species of mosses in electrolytic manganese slag areas, and all of them belonged to 5 families and 5 genera. The dominant moss was B. atrovirens. The bryophytes diversity in the electrolytic manganese slag areas with lower pH was poorer than that in mine slag areas. The accumulation of heavy metals in mosses showed that B. atrovirens collected from two types of areas had a strong ability to accumulate Mn with the cumulants 5588.00 μg/g and 4283.41 μg/g, respectively. All mosses had a strong enrichment ability to Cd. It indicated that mosses had strong tolerance to heavy metals. Bryophytes increased the available nutrients and bacterial community diversity of mosses growth substrates in two types of areas. Besides, we studied the relationships between bacterial community structure and soil factors. The main soil factor affecting the bacterial community structure was available nitrogen (AN) in mine waste slag areas, while it was pH in the electrolytic manganese residue areas. The systematic study suggested that bryophytes increased the available nutrients and the microbial community diversity of the growth substrates in manganese waste residue areas, which provided the basic conditions for the growth of vascular plants.

Monitoring and Evaluating Restoration Vegetation Status in Mine Region Using Remote Sensing Data: Case Study in Inner Mongolia, China

The ecological restoration of mining areas is very important, and repeated field surveys are inefficient in large-scale vegetation monitoring. The coal mining industry is currently facing the challenge of the lack of appropriate methods for monitoring restoration processes. This study used an open pit coal mine in Dongsheng District, Inner Mongolia, China as an example, and used the 2011–2018 Landsat TM/ETM+ and OLI images to monitor and evaluate vegetation restoration activity of the coal mine. The average value of the monthly maximum value of vegetation index in the growing season was selected as the basic indicator for studying vegetation and bare soil changes. The growth root normalized differential vegetation index (GRNDVI) and GRNDVI anomaly method indicated that the constructed land type change factor was used to study the growth of mine vegetation and change of the range of bare land in the entire mining region. We found that westward mining activities started from 2012, and vegetation was restored in the eastern original mining region from 2013. The restoration vegetation areas from 2015 to 2016 and from 2017 to 2018 were larger than those in the other restoration years. Moreover, areas of expanded bare land from 2011 to 2012, and from 2017 to 2018 were larger than those in the other expansion years. The restoration vegetation growth changes were compared with those of the natural vegetation growth. Results showed that the restoration vegetation growth trend was considerably similar with that of the natural vegetation. Inter-annual restoration effects were analyzed by constructing the effect of the area-average factor and using vegetation growth data. Accordingly, the restoration vegetation effects were best in 2014 and 2016. Comprehensive restoration effect was analyzed using the weighted evaluation method to obtain the overall restoration effects of the coal mine. Results showed that the comprehensive restoration effect is inclined to the inferior growth state. This study conducted a preliminary evaluation of mine restoration vegetation, thereby providing a promising way for the future monitoring and evaluation of such processes.

Applied research on the numerical simulation of Cu and Cd transport laws in a metal mining area

China is paying increasing attention to the ecological environment, and heavy metal pollutants produced during mining and smelting in metal mines have caused serious environmental problems to the soil in mining areas. Heavy metal pollution by Cd and Cu in the soil of a metal mining area in Leiyang City, Hunan Province, China, is used here as an example. The total content of heavy metals and the contents of various forms were determined. High Cd and Cu contents were found, and the main forms of the two heavy metals were in the residual state. Then, using the COMSOL software, the migration and evolution of Cu and Cd in the soil were predicted by real simulations. On this basis, a soil management plan was explored. The migration model shows that within 30 days, the pollutant concentration gradually decreases with increasing depth, and most of the heavy metals are concentrated in the surface layer of the soil; after migration, Cd and Cu have different concentrations at various depth levels in the soil. Among them, the soil concentration is the highest in the range of 0 cm–10 cm depth. As the depth reaches 30 cm, the concentration gradually stabilizes. The conclusions of the study provide a scientific basis for the rational use and ecological restoration of mining areas and the prevention and control of soil pollution in mining areas.

Response differences between soil fungal and bacterial communities under opencast coal mining disturbance conditions

Despite significant progress in understanding the effect of disturbances on microbial communities, little research has been performed to systematically assess the stability of bacterial and fungal communities in response to environmental changes associated with opencast coal mining. To address this research gap, in this study, we investigated the characteristics of soil microbial communities along the distance gradient in the Shengli east#2 opencast coal mine using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing. Through phylogenetic analysis and community heat map approaches, we observed that the structure of bacterial and fungal communities was altered by an opencast coal mining disturbance and that microorganisms associated with coal degradation and pollutant detoxification were enriched. LEfSe analysis and molecular ecological networks revealed that the fungal community was more stable than the bacterial community, as it exhibited more biomarkers and a more connected and complex ecological network despite having a lower species diversity. Redundancy analysis showed that soil enzymes among total environmental factors were consistently and tightly aggregated, suggesting that soil enzymes may be key drivers associated with microbial community stability. In summary, our findings provide innovative information for the ecological restoration of mining areas in the future.

Effects of meteorology and soil on the herb species diversity in plantations in a reclamation area of coal mine after 6years.

The ecological restoration of mining areas has always been emphasized in ecological research. This study has investigated herb species diversity of plantations in a reclamation area of the Antaibao opencast coal mine in China after 6years, aiming to investigate the changes over time and spontaneous succession patterns. One hundred fifty-six species of naturally colonizing herb belonging to 26 families and 86 genera in the six plantations were chosen. Most of 24 herb-dominant species belong to Gramineae, Compositae, and Papilionaceae. Species diversity, meteorology, and soil were recorded. Over time, although the dominant degree of Gramineous has decreased and the degree of Labiatae and Polygonaceae has increased, it still indicated that Gramineae, Compositae, and Papilionaceae occupied an important position in the herb community and played an important role in natural vegetation recovery in reclamation area of the Antaibao opencast coal mine. The diversity of herb species showed significant differences between different plots and years. Correlation analysis indicates that the most important factors for herb species diversity are soil bulk density, average winter temperature, and the mean autumn rainfall.

Assessing Soil Organic Matter Content in a Coal Mining Area through Spectral Variables of Different Numbers of Dimensions.

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a crucial indicator for evaluating soil quality and an important component of soil carbon pools, which play a vital role in terrestrial ecosystems. Rapid, non-destructive and accurate monitoring of SOM content is of great significance for the environmental management and ecological restoration of mining areas. Visible-near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy has proven its applicability in estimating SOM over the years. In this study, 168 soil samples were collected from the Zhundong coal field of Xinjiang Province, Northwest China. The SOM content (g kg−1) was determined by the potassium dichromate external heating method and the soil reflectance spectra were measured by the spectrometer. Two spectral feature extraction strategies, namely, principal component analysis (PCA) and the optimal band combination algorithm, were introduced to choose spectral variables. Linear models and random forests (RF) were used for predictive models. The coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and the ratio of the performance to the interquartile distance (RPIQ) were used to evaluate the predictive performance of the model. The results indicated that the variables (2DI and 3DI) derived from the optimal band combination algorithm outperformed the PCA variables (1DV) regardless of whether linear or RF models were used. An inherent gap exists between 2DI and 3DI, and the performance of 2DI is significantly poorer than that of 3DI. The accuracy of the prediction model increases with the increasing number of spectral variable dimensions (in the following order: 1DV < 2DI < 3DI). This study proves that the 3DI is the first choice for the optimal band combination algorithm to derive sensitive parameters related to SOM in the coal mining area. Furthermore, the optimal band combination algorithm can be applied to hyperspectral or multispectral images and to convert the spectral response into image pixels, which may be helpful for a soil property spatial distribution map.

Analysis of Plant and Soil Restoration Process and Degree of Refuse Dumps in Open-Pit Coal Mining Areas.

Vegetation and soil restoration are the key to ecological reconstruction in the damaged areas of open-pit coal mining areas. Ecological stability is an important indicator of the degree of ecological restoration. In this study, the ecological stability and the process of plant and soil restoration were investigated at different refuse dumps in three coal mines, namely, the Wulanhada (WLHD) coal mine, the Liulingou (LLG) coal mine, and the Jinzhengtai (JZT) coal mine, in Jungar Banner. Results show that organic matter, total N, available N, and available K increased with the increase in restoration age at the two coal mines of WLHD and LLG. In the JZT coal mine, organic matter, total N, and available K firstly increased, and then slightly decreased with the increase in restoration age. The redundancy analysis indicates that most reclaimed mine soil properties (including soil moisture content, organic matter, total N, and available K) are positively correlated with plant species diversity in the three coal mines, while soil pH and soil bulk density showed a negative correlation with plant species diversity. Plant parameters increased with the years since revegetation, except the Pielou index for the WLHD coal mine, and the Pielou and Margalef indexes for the JZT coal mine. The Euclidean distance between the restoration areas and the natural reference areas decreased with the increase in restoration age. Our findings suggest that, in the three coal mines, the change law of ecological stability conformed to the logistic succession model. The same degree of ecological stability in different refuse dumps may correspond to different degrees of vegetation and soil development. This study emphasizes that ecological restoration in mining areas could benefit the structure of the plant community and the recovery of soil properties, which would eventually improve the ecological stability of coal mining areas.

Research on Ecological Restoration Mechanism of Rare‐Earth Mines Based on Evolutionary Game

With the continuous improvement of the rare earth’s international status, the status of rare Chinese earth has gradually become prominent all over the world. When China enjoys the advantages of large reserves of rare‐earth resources, at the same time, Chinese rare‐earth enterprises are lagging in technology and lacking innovation capabilities. The rare‐earth industry is mainly concentrated on the separation and smelting process, which has an indelible impact on the ecological environment around the mine. Some scholars have carried out research on ecological restoration in mining areas, but there are few studies on interest subjects in ecological restoration work in mining areas, especially the research based on game theory is more scarce. This article constructs a trilateral evolutionary game model of the central, local governments, and mining enterprises. This article analyzes the impact mechanism of policy changes on the rare‐earth mining industry and analyzes the three‐party evolutionary game model by adjusting the values of external variables. The research shows that the central government’s subsidies to local enterprises, the central government’s performance evaluation to the government, the local government’s punishment to enterprises, and the local enterprise’s reproduction income are important factors that determine the evolution of the trilateral game. Therefore, the central government should strengthen the supervision of local governments and enterprises when formulating policies related to the rare‐earth industry, and local governments should strengthen their own management and local environmental regulations.

The effects of phytoremediation on soil bacterial communities in an abandoned mine site of rare earth elements

Overexploitation of rare earth elements (REEs) has caused serious desertification and environmental pollution. The ecological restoration of mining areas has attracted increasing attention in China. Soil microbiota is important for successful ecological remediation of abandoned mine land. In this study, soil samples were collected from a restored REE mine site, and the bacterial community composition and diversity were assessed by Illumina high-throughput sequencing targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Microbiota significantly developed in the remediated land. A total of 663,781 effective 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained, which were classified into 28 bacterial phyla and 3 archaeal phyla. The dominant phyla across all samples (>5% of total effective sequences) were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Firmicutes. Bacterial diversity indices (OTU number, Shannon index and Chao1 index) of the restored soils were higher than those of the tailings and even surpassed those in the unmined site. Redundancy analysis indicated that soil nutrients (soil organic carbon, available phosphorus and total nitrogen) were the dominant factors, followed by soil pH, affecting bacterial community structure. In general, these results suggested that soil amendment and phytoremediation effectively improved the soil environment of the abandoned mine site, which also increased our understanding of the correlation between microbial variation and soil properties in restored REE mine soils.

Comparison of plant and microbial communities between an artificial restoration and a natural restoration topsoil in coal mining subsidence area

Increased attention has been paid to the influences of coal mining subsidence on the ecological environment. The revegetation of former mining areas is critical to restore the ecological balance. The subsidence area in the Shendong mining area, located in the semiarid region of China, has been restored from 2003, using five different plant species. In July 2017, we compared the plant and microbial communities of artificial restoration areas (AR) and naturally regenerated areas (NR). Based on our results, restoration planting was somehow successful, but the sites did not reach a level similar to that prior to mining. Higher plant species richness, canopy coverage, and bacterial community diversity were observed in AR. However, these features have lower similarity compared with those in NR sites. Soil factors such as pH, moisture content, total carbon content, organic matter, nitrogen level, and bulk density have a greater impact on soil bacterial community structure and diversity. In the ecological restoration of mining areas, attention should be paid to the restoration of soil properties. This study provides a scientific basis for the successful ecological restoration or highly damaged mining areas.

Rethinking the Ecological Restoration of Mining Areas from the Perspective of Rural Revitalization

The purpose of this paper is to improve the rural mining area’s ecological environment and promote the rural mining area’s sustainable development. From the perspective of rural revitalization, combining the essential connotation of the “resource-curse hypothesis”, this paper analyzes the nature of rural recession in China’s mining areas, and points out the problem that current mining area’s management mode is lack of economic considerations, meanwhile the land re-use mode is inappropriate and the farmers in mining areas are not being resettled. From the perspective of rural revitalization strategy, it puts forward new requirements for the future implementation of ecological rehabilitation of mining areas. It is recommended that natural resource accounting system be adopted as an assessment mechanism, and that the “population-land-industry” rural development should be the core to carry out the construction of the ecological civilization of the mining area and the construction of farmers’ rights and legal systems to realize the tranformation from the ecological improvement to ecological restoration in the mining areas.

接种AM菌对西部黄土区采煤沉陷地柠条生长和土壤的修复效应

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 接种AM菌对西部黄土区采煤沉陷地柠条生长和土壤的修复效应 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201511242377 作者: 作者单位: 中国矿业大学(北京)地球科学与测绘工程学院,中国矿业大学(北京)地球科学与测绘工程学院,陕西煤化集团柠条塔矿,中国矿业大学(北京)地球科学与测绘工程学院,中国矿业大学(北京)地球科学与测绘工程学院,中国矿业大学(北京)地球科学与测绘工程学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目（51574253）；国家863计划（2013AA102904） Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of Caragana korshinskii Kom. and soil improvement of coal mining subsidence in the Loess Area of West China Author: Affiliation: College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology,College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology,,,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:以采煤沉陷区柠条为宿主植物，研究接种丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi，简称AM菌）对柠条生长和根际土壤的改良效应。结果表明：8月份接种AM菌比不接菌柠条的株高、冠幅和地径显著增加了29.11%，29.83%和14.81%，9月份接菌区柠条的根长、平均直径、根表面积和根体积分别比对照区增加了151.0%，34.2%，116.0%和129.3%。接种AM菌增强柠条的抗逆性，接菌区的柠条叶片可溶性糖含量和过氧化氢酶活性分别比对照区增加了13.4%和111.1%。8月份接种AM菌改善了土壤的生物理化性质，接菌区有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾比对照区分别增加7.06 g/kg，140.0 mg/kg，1.82 mg/kg和16.72 mg/kg，接种AM菌显著增加了根际土壤中真菌、放线菌、细菌数量和酸性磷酸酶活性。总之，接种AM菌促进采煤沉陷区柠条的生长和土壤的改良。 Abstract:China is a country with large amount of consumption and production of coal. However, the exploitation and utilization of coal have resulted in series of ecological environmental problems. The main problem is the destruction of land resources, as coal mining is occupies a large amount of land and destroys surface vegetation. This leads to land subsidence and a large number of cracks, which injures plant roots, thereby affecting plant growth and nutrient uptake, increasing soil nutrients and moisture loss, and reducing soil fertility. As a result, research has been focused on the ecological restoration of mining areas in recent years, including the use for microbial reclamation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi that can form a symbiotic association with > 80% terrestrial plants. They promote the absorption and utilization of mineral elements and growth of plants, and improve the plants resistance to adverse environment. The effect of AM fungi on the restoration of the mining areas with sandy substrates has been previously studied. However, little is known about the effect of AM fungi on the vegetation and soil restoration in loess mining areas. The present study determined the effects of AM fungi on the growth of the host, Caragana, a loess pioneer plant, and the improvement of rhizosphere soil. The results show that the height, crown, and ground diameter of Caragana inoculated by AM fungi were greater by 29.11%, 29.83%, and 14.81%, respectively in August, than in non-inoculated plants in September. The root length, average diameter, surface area, and root volume of inoculated Caragana were greater by 151%, 34.2%, 116.0%, and 129.3%, respectively, than those of the control. In addition, inoculation of AM fungi enhanced Caragana resistance; the soluble sugar content and catalase activity in the leaves of inoculated Caragana increased by 13.4% and 111%, respectively. Moreover, Caragana inoculated with AM improved the biological, physical, and chemical properties of soil; the organic matter, available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium increased by 7.06 g/kg and 140, 1.82, and 16.72 mg/kg, respectively in August. Inoculation with AM significantly increased the number of fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria, and also increased acid phosphatase activity of the rhizosphere soil. Therefore, AM fungal inoculation promoted Caragana growth and soil improvement in loess coal mining subsidence areas. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Reclamation patterns vary carbon sequestration by trees and soils in an opencast coal mine, China

Reforestation is often recommended for ecological restoration in mining areas because of tree's high stand-level productivity and satisfied carbon (C) and other nutrient sequestration objectives. However, the C sequestration efficiency of different plantation patterns or different tree species is rarely understood. In order to get insight of the C sequestration efficiency by trees and soils of different reclamation patterns in Pingshuo opencast coal mine, Shanxi Province, China, three different reclamation patterns (developed for 17years) at three permanent fixed plots, broadleaf mixed forest: R. pseudoacacia-U. pumila-A. altissima (Plot code: BM), broadleaf conifer mixed forest: R. pseudoacacia-P. tabulaeformis (Plot code: BC) and broadleaf monoculture forest: R. pseudoacacia (Plot code: BR), were selected and investigated. The results showed that tree volumes and biomass differed significantly after 17years' succession, from 21.58m3 and 36.02Mgha−1 of the broadleaf monoculture forest (BR) to 37.20m3 and 48.73Mgha−1 of broadleaf conifer mixed forest (BC). Accordingly, tree C and litter C were observed higher in BC (24.37 and 2.26Mgha−1) than BM (19.25 and 1.15Mgha−1) and BR (18.01 and 1.31Mgha−1). Herb C, however, was observed lower in BC (0.02Mgha−1) than BR (0.25Mgha−1) and BM (0.24Mgha−1). C sequestrated in soil organic matter varied in the order: BC (172.16Mgha−1)>BM (73.79Mgha−1)>BR (51.59Mgha−1) and the top layer (0-20cm) C contributed a large portion (varied from 37% in BC to 53% in BM) of the total soil C. Consequently, BC sequestrated the highest total C (198.81Mgha−1) by plant, litter and soil, followed by BM (94.43Mgha−1) and BR (71.16Mgha−1). In regard to the total C distribution, a major portion of the total C consisted of soil C (varied from 72.49% in BR to 86.60% in BC). Overall, this study indicated that mixed forest facilitated sequestrating more C than pure forest, and the broadleaf conifer mixed forest: R. pseudoacacia-P. tabulaeformis not only accumulated more plant biomass but also accelerated the soil C sequestration which may be suggested as the more suitable pattern for the opencast coal mine reclamation in the region of eastern Loess Plateau of China.