Landscape Ecological Planning Research Articles

Influence of landscape pattern changes on water conservation capacity: A case study in an arid/semiarid region of China

With the accelerating changes of land use/cover caused by natural and human factors, landscape pattern has undergone significant changes. Given the scarcity of water resources and the degradation of ecological functions in arid and semi-arid regions of China, it is necessary to analyze the impact of landscape pattern changes on water conservation. Taking the Wei River Basin (WRB) as the research area, based on water balance equations, FRAGSTATS 4.2 software, and correlation analysis method, this study explored the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of water conservation and landscape pattern in the WRB from 1990 to 2020, as well as the correlations between the two. The results showed that from 1990 to 2020: (1) the water conservation capacity (WCC) showed no insignificant change trend (P > 0.05) in sub water basins as well as the entire WRB, and it presented a spatial distribution pattern of more in the south and west, and less in the north and east; (2) the landscape diversity and fragmentation of the WRB have increased, and the patch shapes tended to be complex, while connectivity and agglomeration between patches decreased; (3) The WCC had significant negative correlations with the Contagion Index (CONTAG), connectivity index (COHESION), and largest patch index (LPI), while had significant positive correlations with landscape shape index (LSI), Shannon diversity index (SHDI), and separation index (SPLIT), indicating that the increase of landscape fragmentation and diversity was conducive to the improvement of WCC. In the process of ecological landscape planning and optimization, the fragmentation degree of landscape can be appropriately increased. (4) Vegetated grassland, forestland, and farmland were the main sources of WCC, with average WCC values of 81.90, 68.04, and 8.72 mm, respectively. NDVI of the watershed increased significantly (P < 0.01) during the research period and showed a significant positive correlation with WCC, indicating the promoting effect of increasing vegetation coverage on WCC. Relevant results may provide referential information for ecological restoration and optimization of landscape pattern in arid/semiarid regions.

Study on the synergy between ecological landscape planning and architectural design in green building practice

Abstract This paper analyzes the coupling relationship and coupling factors between ecological landscape planning and architectural design, combines ecological planning with landscape planning and design and explores the practical value of green architecture. The ecological landscape construction is divided into five systems, and three indicators with a high degree of influence on the health of the urban ecosystem are selected as the system influence factors to construct a healthy coupling synergy model of ecological landscape planning and architectural design. Taking Fujian Province as an example, we analyze the degree of coupling between ecological landscape planning and architectural design systems and the regional distribution of the level of coupling coordination in Fujian Province. The highest coupling coordination degree between ecological landscape planning and architectural design is R 10 and Rl for green buildings, with coupling coordination degrees of 0.8341 and 0.8001, respectively, and the lowest is R = 59 0.3854. Thus, it is important to synergize between architectural design and ecological landscape planning and construction.

Spatial-temporal evolution and correlation analysis between habitat quality and landscape patterns based on land use change in Shaanxi Province, China.

Regional habitat quality is an important reflection of ecosystem services and ecosystem health. Exploring the characteristics of habitat quality changes and revealing the vulnerability of regional ecosystems caused could provide reference for the improvement of ecological service functions and the protection of regional ecological environment. Based on remote sensing data of Shaanxi Province from 2000 to 2015, InVEST model and grid analysis were used to analyze the evolution characteristics of habitat quality and landscape pattern, and spatial autocorrelation was also used to analyze the spatial correlation and temporal evolution characteristics. The results showed: (1) Arable land, grassland, and forest land were the main landscape types in Shaanxi province, accounting for more than 94% of the total area, and the arable land and unused land showed a decreasing trend, while the grassland and forest land showed an increasing trend, and the proportion of construction land continued to increase with the rapid economic development from 2000 to 2015; (2) The spatial distribution characteristics of habitat quality was similar to land use cover change, which was "high in the southern and central forest areas, low in the northern sandy land and central urban agglomeration", and habitat quality value showed a steady increase, indicating that the habitat quality was getting better; (3) The landscape pattern index values of Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration changed significantly, which tended to be fragmented, and the landscape types were more diverse and uniform; (4) There were obvious spatial correlation between habitat quality and landscape pattern, and the spatial differentiation of clustering was obvious, and the clustering effect of habitat quality and landscape pattern characteristics would weaken with the increase in urbanization degree. The analysis of the spatial association between habitat quality and landscape pattern could provide scientific support for ecological protection and landscape planning.

Sustainable Tourism Planning on Landscape Scale: Case Study from Slovakia (Central Europe)

Abstract The European cultural landscape and its traditional values represent a significant condition for recreation and tourism. However, we are aware of the negative consequences of human activity in the past years in rural areas and pay more attention to protecting these values. Modern rural recreation and tourism must be built on scientific background. That is why the presented contribution brings an innovative integrated approach to sustainable rural recreation and tourism model by applying landscape ecological planning methodology with a combination of ecological stability and landscape character assessment. It deals with the qualitative evaluation of the landscape potential of the foothill village of Podkonice in Slovakia and the possibilities of its use in sustainable rural tourism. Determining the potential in confrontation with different forms of tourism activities can help achieve a sustainable tourism concept. The main result of the presented research is the final optimal selection of activities and use of the landscape with regard to the development of tourism. Such a proposal can be used in spatial planning and strategic decision-making processes not only in the study area, but it can be applied in the European context.

Analysis of the association between image resolution and landscape metrics using multi-sensor LULC maps

This study aims to investigate the changes in landscape metrics with varying spatial resolution from Sentinel-2 (10 m), SPOT 7 (1.5 m), Pleaides (0.5 m), and Worldview-4 (0.3 m) images. We implemented Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) techniques to all images to identify 21 land use and land cover (LULC) classes, which were then used to calculate several landscape metrics. We performed the Welch hypothesis testing on the class-level landscape metrics and applied Standardized Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with the correlation matrix to reveal the multivariate pattern of landscape metrics. Our results showed that 10 m and even the 1.5 m spatial resolutions cannot guarantee the identification of all LULC classes, and class areas change with varying spatial resolution (sometimes with 200% differences). Sentinel-2 images have some limitations, specifically from the landscape ecological planning perspective; on the other hand, Pleaides and Worldview-4 seem good alternatives to understand habitats’ viability and landscape isolation/connectivity.

A Simulation Analysis of Land Use Changes in the Yarlung Zangbo River and Its Two Tributaries of Tibet Using the Markov–PLUS Model

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the economic development of Tibet has been accelerating. The Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tributaries, as the region with the largest population concentration and the fastest economic development in Tibet, has been under the dual influence of global climate warming and the intensification of human social and economic activities, where a high number of land types, such as woodland, grassland, and water areas, have been transformed into other land types, and the residential area has expanded in a disorderly manner. The ability to maintain sustainable regional development has been severely damaged. To meet the requirements of different stages of social and economic development and regional social development goals, in this study, we use the Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tributaries of Tibet as an example. Based on the Markov–PLUS model and considering the natural, social, and cultural conditions of the basin, combined with the multi-landscape simulation of land use, we predict the land use situation of the Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tributaries of Tibet in 2038. We observed the following: (i) the Markov–PLUS model has a high simulation accuracy for different land types in the study area, and can sufficiently simulate the changes in different land types in the Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tributaries of Tibet; and (ii) the simulation settings of the three landscapes basically meet the different development modes and paths of the basin in the future. There were obvious differences in the structure of land use in the basin, among which there were obvious differences, especially agricultural land and water areas. Use of the Markov–PLUS model can provide data support and references for the implementation in terms of ecological scrutiny, landscape planning, and early warnings for food production consumption security and unreasonable land use, in order to achieve the sustainable development of the basin.

The Construction and Optimization of Habitat Networks for Urban–Natural Symbiosis: A Case Study of the Main Urban Area of Nanjing

Maintaining ecological balance relies on biodiversity, and habitat network construction plays an imperative role in preserving biodiversity in regional areas. Nevertheless, there is a problem with the current habitat network construction, which focuses exclusively on ecological benefits without taking other benefits into account as well. In this paper, six species of birds with varying habitat types and varying adaptabilities to city life are selected as target species to build a habitat network based on the InVEST model, Circuit Theory, and Linkage Mapper, focusing on nuclei, patches, corridors, and islands for the harmonious coexistence of human-green space-birds in the most densely populated area of Nanjing, and to refine landscape design techniques for habitat creation. Below is a summary of the main results. Firstly, there is a direct relationship between species distribution and migration capabilities and the urbanization adaptation capabilities of species. Meanwhile, habitat quality has a significant impact on bird species distribution. Furthermore, the habitat network in Nanjing’s main urban area has a distributed and partially degraded core area, a single connectivity structure with poor functionality, and significant fragmentation of habitat patches. Finally, as a result of the above results, two perspectives of ecological landscape planning and design are proposed to optimize the relevant green space landscape in Nanjing’s central urban areas based on biodiversity and satisfying the tripartite symbiosis of humans, green space, and birds in the city. By planning and implementing habitat networks, it is possible to enhance the habitat quality of urban green spaces to a certain extent and provide new ideas for the overall planning of urban–natural systems.

Research on the Ecological Agricultural Landscape Planning and Design Strategy of Nihegou Village in Northern Shaanxi Province

The village of Nihegou in northern Shaanxi is an important agricultural and cultural heritage site, a traditional Northwest China village and a model village for rural tourism. With the participation and efforts of many parties, various strong and beneficial agricultural policies have been imple-mented, the local infrastructure and public services have been continuously improved, the village environment has basically been maintained as neat and orderly, and actions to improve the rural living environment have been conducted in succession, but the unbalanced, inadequate and dis-harmonious situation in the local area still needs to be alleviated, there are no stable industries in the area, the population is aging, “hollowing out” exists to a certain extent in the villages, the ecological landscape has been destroyed, and the rural agricultural tourism industry lacks hard-ware support. In this paper, we study the work of the “three rural areas” in the context of the harmonious countryside, sort out the ecological and agricultural landscape resources and problems in Nihegou village in northern Shaanxi, and implement specific design strategies for the agricul-tural landscape of the selected site. The project will continue to improve the quality of the rural habitat and public services, promote the harmonious development of the rural economy and ecol-ogy.

GROUPING OF GEOSYSTEMS ACCORDING TO THE DEGREE OF ECOLOGICAL TENSION AND ORGANIZATION OF ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT IN LANDSCAPE PLANNING

Aim: This article aims to assess the ecological situation in the Gudyalchay-Samurchay interfluve area to support landscape planning and socio-economic management. The study focuses on identifying natural-anthropogenic effects, sustainability, natural resources, socio-economic functions, and natural-anthropogenic conflicts in the area. Methodology: The study employs landscape-ecological planning and analysis techniques to evaluate the ecological condition of landscapes in the area. The tension level of the ecological situation is categorized into five levels: satisfactory, dangerous, stressed, crisis, and catastrophic. The assessment considers various landscape types and their structural and functional characteristics, as well as the impact of natural and anthropogenic factors. Results: The study reveals that landscapes with satisfactory ecological conditions are predominantly found in nival and subnival rock-glacial ecosystems. However, other landscape types show limited areas with satisfactory conditions. Dangerous, stressed, crisis, and catastrophic ecological situations are observed in different landscape types, with varying degrees of ecological stress and irreversible changes in the landscape components. The ecological assessment and the implementation of the ecological carcass concept are crucial for landscape planning and the sustainable development of the Gudyalchay-Samurchay interfluve area. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and land managers in balancing socio-economic activities with ecological considerations, protecting natural resources, and improving the overall ecological situation in the region. Scientific Novelty: The article highlights the concept of the ecological carcass as a framework for nature protection and management. It emphasizes the importance of specially protected natural areas, ecological corridors, natural forest ecosystems, and ecological education for local communities. The ecological carcass approach aims to ensure the ecological balance, prevent biodiversity loss and landscape degradation, and promote sustainable coexistence of humans and natural resources.

CONSTRUCTION OF URBAN WETLAND ECOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE PLANNING MODEL BASED ON MSPA ANALYSIS METHOD

The traditional method does not accurately select the ecological landscape pattern index of urban wetland, which leads to the problems of low accuracy and long planning time, in order to solve this problem, an urban wetland ecological landscape planning model based on MSPA analysis method is constructed. By analyzing the basic components of urban wetland ecological landscape, such as patch density, aggregation index, dispersion index, average fractal dimension, landscape segmentation, shape index, spread index and Shannon diversity index, MSPA analysis method is used to extract the core area, patch area and ring of urban wetland. According to the extraction results, the minimum function of cloud fusion transformation of three-dimensional wetland ecological landscape is calculated, and the function is used to calculate the three-dimensional translation transformation amount and rotation matrix of three-dimensional wetland ecological landscape model. The data in the three-dimensional model are used for wetland ecological landscape planning, so as to complete the construction of wetland ecological landscape planning model. The simulation results show that the urban wetland ecological landscape planning accuracy of the model is high and the planning time is short.

Neural Network Model Design for Landscape Ecological Planning Assessment Based on Hierarchical Analysis.

In this paper, an in-depth study and analysis of landscape ecological planning and evaluation are carried out using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) algorithm that integrates neural networks. The application of AHP in the field of tree species planning and the introduction of quantitative analysis methods can effectively change the subjectivity of previous qualitative analysis in tree species selection and make it objective, scientific, and reasonable. The research can provide a reference for other urban tree species planning. From the connotation of landscape ecological service process and ecological space structure, the analysis of landscape ecological service process involves service supply area and service association area, which correspond to different key components of ecological space structure. With the help of the platform, based on the identification and identification methods and theories of ecological spatial structure, the key components of ecological spatial structure in different environments are identified and extracted by using the representation model, binary suitability model, weighted suitability model, and process model. The type of service is based on the different service processes supported by the key components of the ecological spatial structure, forming the ecological spatial structure under different service types. Spatial structure; on this basis, the basic characteristics of the key components of the ecological spatial structure are analyzed, and the correlation characteristics of the ecological spatial structure are analyzed based on the correlation classification system of ecological spatial structure. A backpropagation (BP) neural network-based state assessment method of the grid structure is established. The method takes the parameters of the autoregressive model constructed by the acceleration signals of different working conditions as the feature quantity and the results of the fuzzy hierarchical analysis method as the labels, divides the data set into a training set and a test set, and uses the BP neural network learning method and the training set to supervised train the BP neural network learning assessment model. The test set is used to test the effectiveness and accuracy of the BP neural network-based learning method. The study shows that the evaluation system established by the BP neural network structure is fast and accurate and can substantially reduce the cost of manual testing.

Research on Town Ecological Landscape Planning and Governance Based on Fuzzy Optimization Method of Internet of Things Technology.

The current town ecological landscape planning and governance methods are mainly based on the high quality, high energy-saving, and environmental protection effect of the town ecological landscape. How to innovate the town ecological landscape planning and governance process with the help of Internet of things technology and fuzzy optimization method is the current development trend. Based on this, this paper studies the application of Internet of things technology in town ecological landscape planning and management. Firstly, a small town ecological landscape evaluation model based on fuzzy optimization algorithm is proposed. Combined with multivariate matrix transformation function, the authenticity data of ecological landscape are simulated. The original analysis of different types of small town ecological landscape is realized by selecting the multivariate extremum of autocorrelation function curve in the process of planning and governance. Secondly, in the simulation evaluation link, the fuzzy evaluation method is adopted and improved. At the same time, the improved three-dimensional original planning governance model is used to comprehensively analyze the simulation results of three-dimensional landscape planning governance. Finally, by designing fuzzy simulation experiments, the application effects of different Internet of things technologies in town ecological landscape planning and governance are analyzed. The experimental results show that the correlation data indicators of fuzzy optimization methods corresponding to different Internet of things technologies are very different. The application effect of different types of Internet of things technology in ecological landscape planning and governance of small towns is targeted and shows strong regularity.

Intelligent Design Model of Urban Landscape Space Based on Optimized BP Neural Network

Urban landscape space planning is an important application field of landscape ecology. With the continuous development of the field of architectural optimization, more and more optimization methods have sprung up, including various intelligent optimization algorithms. Such intelligent optimization algorithms usually rely on traditional building performance simulation methods to obtain building performance indicators for optimization in the optimization process. However, intelligent optimization algorithms generally require large-scale calculations. At the same time, the time required for building performance simulation is often limited by the complexity of the building model and the configuration of the computer, which leads to too long performance optimization time for designers in the project. With efficient and accurate feedback, building performance optimization methods based on intelligent optimization algorithms are mainly used in scientific research and are difficult to invest in actual projects. Because the traditional BP neural network has its own limitations and its insufficient sample size and weak generalization ability in complex prediction problems, this paper uses the learning algorithm of optimizing the BP neural network to propose an urban landscape space intelligent design model. This article introduces the artificial neural network, a new application technology with the assistance of a geographic information system, and establishes a BP neural network model for urban landscape ecological planning. Seven elements of distance and number of residential points are used as input variables, patch density, fractal dimension, the Shannon diversity index, and aggregation degree are selected as output changes, and 20 samples are carefully collected to train the network. The results show that the network convergence effect is ideal and the generalization ability is strong, which provides a new simulation analysis method for landscape ecological planning.

Retraction Note to: Marine climate prediction based on satellite remote sensing and landscape design of green space in coastal areas

Compared with other ecosystems, urban ecosystem is more vulnerable to the interference of external environmental factors, thus changing the original structure of urban ecosystem, so it is more vulnerable. In a city, how to reasonably layout the landscape of green space, to a certain extent, will affect the development of the city and people's daily life. The emergence of remote sensing technology provides convenience for the extraction of urban green space information. On this basis, scholars at home and abroad constantly put forward new theories and methods to improve the remote sensing technology. The accuracy of green space information extracted by high-resolution image is high, but the workload and cost of this method are large. The most important point is that some confidential information may be involved in the process of green space information extraction with high resolution, so this method is not applicable in the process of large-scale green space information extraction. At present, relevant data show that the medium resolution data can be used to extract urban green space information. In the planning of green space landscape in coastal cities, the city is divided into three areas: coastal water area, intermediate transition area, and land landscape area. According to the theory of landscape ecology, the city is divided into three parts: patch, matrix, and corridor. The process of urban ecological landscape planning is the process of communication between human and nature. In the city, people can feel the beauty of nature. According to the current relevant theory, there are many ways of plant configuration and configuration principles. This paper analyzes the methods and principles of plant configuration in the city by taking the road greening landscape design along a certain place as an example.

Improving Land Use Planning through the Evaluation of Ecosystem Services: One Case Study of Quyang County

Competition for land is increasing as demand for multiple land uses and ecosystem services rises. Land regulation of the principles of landscape ecology is necessary to develop more sustainable approaches to land use planning. The research evaluated the present land patterns and determined best practices for its regulation of Dongwang Township in Quyang County, located in the Taihang Mountain area of Hebei Province, China. The research used the landscape ecology theory to construct an index system for landscape pattern analysis based on the GIS and Fragstats 3.3 software. In this study, we examined the specific reasons that landscape ecology is superior to traditional methods in land consolidation planning and design, which is conducive to the comprehensive development of land ecological benefits. Landscape ecological planning can effectively reduce landscape fragmentation and improve intensive management. The result found that the descending order of the Shannon index was current landscape, landscape ecological planning, and traditional planning. Landscape ecological planning could protect the natural diversity than traditional planning. Landscape ecological planning enables the creation of long corridors, with higher densities and connectivity and lower average corridor widths than traditional planning. Besides, it can improve ecological service function values in the study area to varying degrees, thus discouraging residents from limiting themselves to grain production. This research has great potential to improve the visibility of ecosystem services in local land use planning and, thus, to improve the ecological functioning of future landscapes.

Study on Landscape Ecological Classification and Landscape Types Evolution: A Case Study of a Mining City in Semi-Arid Steppe

Landscape Ecological Classification (LEC) is the premise and foundation of landscape ecology research. The current research on LEC of Mining Cities in the Semi-arid Steppe (MCSS) is relatively low. Moreover, the question of how to classify the mining landscape into ecologically significant landscape units at a scale suitable for ecological management has not been clear. The research results are as follows: (1) Google Earth, Gaode map, Baidu map, various high-resolution images, unmanned aerial vehicle, and field investigation were used to investigate the landscape types. Based on the land classification of the occurrence model, integrating theories of landscape ecology, mining, ecology, geography, and land resources, this study constructed the LEC system for MCSS using the top-down decomposition classification method, including 4 types of landscape kingdom, 16 types of landscape class, 62 types of landscape family, and more than 200 types of landscape species. (2) Based on LEC, we found the landscape type evolution characteristics of MCSS. Both the open-pit landscape and the dumping landscape were constantly expanding, and ecological restoration of the mining area was carried out simultaneously with coal mining. The trend of Change Intensity (CI) of mining industrial square landscape and industrial storage landscape was very similar. The development of coal has driven the development of the regional industry. The expansion intensity of the town commercial and residential service landscape was gradually decreasing, and the motivation for town expansion was insufficient. The research area was a typical landscape evolution mode of “human advance and grassland retreat”. However, the intensity of humans occupying grassland was decreasing. This study provides a reference for the research of LEC in the semi-arid steppe and provides a theoretical basis for the landscape ecological assessment, planning, and management of mining cities.

Research of Sponge City Landscape Planning Based on Landscape Security Pattern

With the rapid urbanization and increasing urban impervious areas in China, the construction of the sponge city has gradually turned to the urban ecological space planning. Based on the theory of landscape safety pattern, the construction of sponge city should improve the rainwater management system from multiple scales and enhance the functional of urban landscape space. Firstly, the paper describes the ecological basement elements of the sponge urban landscape safety pattern, as well as the steps and technical methods of sponge urban landscape planning. Secondly, taking Shenfu New City as an example to elaborate the method of sponge urban landscape planning from multiple scales, the landscape ecological planning. The approach is introduced into the theoretical method of sponge city construction, and the feasibility of the study is illustrated by verificationof model, which provides new ideas and methods for sponge urban landscape planning.

Analysis of Landscape Ecological Planning Based on the High-Order Multiwavelet Neural Network Algorithm.

Landscape architecture has both natural and social properties, which is the embodiment of people protecting the natural environment. Since the industrial revolution, the modern industry has developed rapidly. It has increased the living standard of people and consumed a lot of natural resources such as forest and energy. The ecological environment has been greatly damaged, and the landscape of gardens has been affected. Therefore, it is of great significance to find a method to evaluate the landscape ecology and plan the landscape ecology. This paper proposes a new high-order wavelet neural network algorithm combining wavelet analysis and artificial neural network. A model of ecological evaluation of landscape based on high-order wavelet neural network algorithm is proposed to evaluate the landscape ecology and provide reference data for the ecological planning of the landscape. The results show that the training times of the wavelet neural network to achieve the target accuracy are 3600 times less than those of the BP neural network. The MSE and MAE of the WNN are 0.0639 and 0.1501, respectively. The average error of the model to the comprehensive evaluation index of the landscape ecology is 0.005. The accuracy of the model to evaluate the sustainability of landscape land resources is 98.67%. The above results show that the model based on the wavelet neural network can effectively and accurately complete the evaluation of landscape ecology and then provide a decision-making basis for landscape ecological planning, which is of high practicability.

Ecological corridors and landscape planning: a model to select priority areas for connectivity maintenance

Ecological corridors and landscape planning: a model to select priority areas for connectivity maintenance

Ecosystem service multifunctionality assessment and coupling coordination analysis with land use and land cover change in China's coastal zones

Ecosystem services (ESs) have received widespread attention worldwide for their potential to solve sustainability issues. However, extensive land use and land cover change (LUCC) driven by human activities has raised concerns regarding its impacts on ESs, especially in coastal zones. More importantly, spatial–temporal changes, their coupling relationships with LUCC, and their underlying drivers have not been thoroughly analyzed. This study focuses on China's coastal zones to investigate the spatial–temporal changes of ecosystem service multifunctionality (ESM) from 2000 to 2018. Coupling coordination degree (CCD) analysis of the relationship between ESM and comprehensive intensity of land use was applied to identify coastal cities with low-level coordination and their main drivers in 2018. The results show that: (1) the proportion with high levels of ESM decreased by 1.01% from 2000 to 2010 and then increased by 3.29% from 2010 to 2018; (2) the ESM of China's coastal zones present significant spatial heterogeneity, and the low levels of ESM are mainly distributed in the north and urban areas, while most areas in the southern coastal zones have high levels of ESM; (3) forest land is the leading land cover type for ESM, and China's forest conservation policies significantly contribute to the increase in ESM; (4) the CCD of most cities in the southern coastal zones, apart from Shanghai and the Pearl River Delta, is at a relatively high level and experiences no significant changes, while most cities in the northern coastal zones display an improving trend; (5) the land use type, landform type, and leaf area index are the determinants of ESM, and the annual average temperature, population density, and surface elevation are the greatest influences on the CCD. The findings of this study can inform ecological conservation and landscape planning and are beneficial to the sustainable development of coastal zones in China.