Ecological Foundations Research Articles

No one came from Outside: A critique of the abject-Lovecraftian foundations of dark ecology

In recent decades, philosophical reflection on the utopian has focused on the analysis of the way in which the future-possible and the radically unknown or “other” influence our present. Specifically, accelerationism and Object-oriented Ontology have identified horror and weird fiction in general, and H. P. Lovecraft in particular, as the privileged field from which to access a radically anti-humanist absolute exteriority (Outside) with the aim of developing a new anti-species worldview, one which Timothy Morton calls “Dark Ecology.” This article analyzes the philosophical foundations of this worldview, showing the exclusive and proto-fascist character it harbors, which is why it should be clearly separated from other post-humanisms and/or new materialisms based on the hybridization and interconnection characteristic of relational ontologies.

Research Status, Hotspots, and Trend Analysis of the Rural Living Environment Upgrade in China from 1992 to 2022: A Bibliometric and Narrative Review Analysis

The rural living environment is the foundation of rural ecology and rural residents’ life, and the quality of the rural living environment is directly related to the green and low-carbon development of rural areas and the physical and mental health of rural residents. This article aims to grasp the current situation and of rural living environment improvement research and its various research hotspots, explore research frontiers and trends, and provide crucial theoretical guidance for rural living environment improvement research by searching and analyzing China’ national knowledge infrastructure database (CNKI). The article adopts CiteSpace6.2 bibliometric software and the narrative review method to analyze 1349 papers on rural living environment upgrading in CNKI from 1992 to 2022. Among them, the narrative review collects and analyzes the relevant information on rural living environment improvement to provide the background and content for the relevant arguments. It is found that (1) the rural living environment governance policies can be divided into four stages, namely, the initial stage, policy exploration, policy enhancement, and policy deepening, with the policy system continuously maturing and the governance content becoming clearer; (2) research hot topics can be summarized as research on the connotation and governance model of the rural living environment, research on development status, research on effective evaluation and influential factors, and research on treatment model and technology involving interdisciplinary integration development; (3) the rural living environment upgrade research history can be divided into three periods: before 2004, which was the start-up stage, thus the number of publications was relatively small, and core topics included the transformation of rural toilets and rural domestic sewage treatment; 2004–2017, which is the expansion stage, thus the total amount of literature is increasing yearly, and the research topics are gradually enriched; after 2018, which is the the mature development stage, further clarifying the key tasks of rural living environment upgrades; (4) in the future, it is necessary to keep the focus on research in the four key areas, deepen the research on governance connotation, influential factors, and effect evaluation, explore the typical models of rural living environment construction in China, and provide research guidelines and practical decisions for rural living environment governance.

A MODERN APPROACH TO BUILDING A METHODOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF TEACHING BIOLOGY

The article reveals modern approaches to the construction of a methodical system of teaching biology. It has been determined that teaching biology is a branch of pedagogical science that is formed on the basis of pedagogy and biology and is separated into a separate category that considers rational ways of managing the learning process, as a result the mastery of conscious and strong competencies necessary for any educated person takes place. Biology as an educational subject is characterized by the originality of the forms and methods of teaching, which arise from the specifics of the objects of study (living organisms, phenomena of living nature, and their development). The introduction of a methodical system of teaching biology will ensure the formation of modern general biological concepts and a scientific picture of the world among students. A thorough analysis of the concept of a “methodical education system” has been carried out. It is considered as a complex of interrelated goals, principles, content, methods, means, and organizational forms of education, which, based on the interaction of the teacher and students, provides a predicted positive result.
 The methodological system of teaching biology is considered as a complex dynamic structure containing a set of interconnected components, such as goals, content, forms, methods, and a complex of educational and methodological support. Cross-cutting content lines are the integration of educational content, correlated with key competencies. Their mastery ensures the formation of value and worldview orientations. It has been proven that the methodological system of teaching biology should be based on the principles of providing biological education with new progressive concepts, the introduction of modern advanced technologies and scientific and methodological achievements into the educational process; organic integration of education and science, active use of the scientific potential of research institutions, formation of new ecological foundations of the biological education system; strengthening the popularization and promotion of science; departure from authoritarian pedagogy; introduction of educational and methodical complexes of a new generation. The use of interactive online resources and the use of observations and experimental work are mandatory.

Navigating the Biocosmos: Cornerstones of a Bioeconomic Utopia

One important insight from complexity science is that the future is open, and that this openness is an opportunity for us to participate in its shaping. The bioeconomy has been part of this process of “future-making”. But instead of a fertile ecosystem of imagined futures, a dry monoculture of ideas seems to dominate the landscape, promising salvation through technology. With this article, we intend to contribute to regenerating the ecological foundations of the bioeconomy. What would it entail if we were to merge with the biosphere instead of machines? To lay the cornerstones of a bioeconomic utopia, we explore the basic principles of self-organization that underlie biological, ecological, social, and psychological processes alike. All these are self-assembling and self-regulating elastic structures that exist at the edge of chaos and order. We then revisit the Promethean problem that lies at the foundation of bioeconomic thought and discuss how, during industrialization, the principles of spontaneous self-organization were replaced by the linear processes of the assembly line. We ultimately propose a bioeconomy based on human needs with the household as the basic unit: the biocosmos. The biocosmos is an agroecological habitat system of irreducible complexity, a new human niche embedded into the local ecosystem.

:Foundations of Ecology II: Classic Papers with Commentaries

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The Hopeful “Black Birder”: Living Vicariously through Birds

AbstractNaturalists and ecologists like Charles Darwin, Rachel Carson, and John James Audubon have shaped the foundations of ecology and wildlife; their legacies have influenced the way we see, study, and interact with our natural world. While recognizing these individuals, we also must recognize that the field of ecology traditionally has not been Black and White. A South Carolina native, Joseph Drew Lanham, a Black Man, naturalist, writer, and poet, continues to change this narrative. This new MacArthur Fellow is an ornithologist and bird watcher who chooses to focus intensely on birds as beings, relating their plight to poetry and the human social condition. This is a reflection on Lanham's influence, significance, and perspectives on ecology and society.

Regional planning for ecological protection of rivers in highly urbanized areas

The ecological risks associated with rapid urbanization have seriously undermined the river’s ecological security. Especially for developing countries, the weak ecological foundation and enormous population pressure have increased the difficulty of river ecological protection. It is urgent to propose a bottom-line planning and management approach for river ecological protection in highly urbanized areas of developing countries. We quantified the minimum cumulative resistance of the river protection and construction land expansion processes. Then, based on the difference between these two minimum cumulative resistances, we assessed the river ecological risk in the Beijing plain area and presented a complete method to regional-level planning and management for river ecological protection. The results show that: 1) The spatial distribution of river ecological risks follows a three-tier ring structure, decreasing from the city center to the suburbs and then to the outer suburbs. The number of river segments with ecological risk levels 1, 2, and 3 are 44, 42, and 23, respectively, accounting for 39.2% of the total length of all river sections, which indicates that a larger number of rivers are facing high ecological risk. 2) The study area was divided into three zones according to the suitability of river ecological protection, with 2476.89, 765.51, and 3832.09 km2, respectively. Zone I and Zone II can be developed as protection nodes and riparian protection zones to develop the river ecological network in the central city. 3) We extracted 133 large ecological patches and 219 potential ecological corridors, which should be connected with the river network to enhance the connectivity of the local ecological landscape. The complete method proposed in this study is more focused and implementable to assist administrators in protecting and restoring the ecological security of urban rivers.

Influences on koala habitat selection across four local government areas on the far north coast of NSW

AbstractConserving habitats crucial for threatened koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations requires rating habitat quality from a fine spatial scale to patches, landscapes and then regions. The koala has a specialized diet focused on the leaves of a suite of Eucalyptus species. We asked: what are the key regional influences on habitat selection by koalas in the far north coast of New South Wales? We addressed this question by investigating the multi‐scale factors, and within‐scale and cross‐scale interactions, that influence koala habitat selection and distribution across four local government areas on the far north coast of New South Wales. We assembled and analysed a large data set of tree selection, identified by the presence of scats, in a wide range of randomly selected 5 × 5 km grids across the region. This resulted in more than 9000 trees surveyed for evidence of koala use from 302 field sites, together with associated biophysical site features. The dominant factor influencing habitat use and koala occurrence was the distribution of five Eucalyptus species. Koalas were more likely to use medium‐sized trees of these species where they occurred on soils with high levels of Colwell phosphorous. We also identified new interactions among the distribution of preferred tree species and soil phosphorous, and their distribution with the amount of suitable habitat in the surrounding landscape. Our study confirmed that non‐preferred species of eucalypts and non‐eucalypts are extensively used by koalas and form important components of koala habitat. This finding lends support to restoring a mosaic of koala‐preferred tree species and other species recognized for their value as shelter. Our study has provided the ecological foundation for developing a novel regional‐scale approach to the conservation of koalas, with adaptability to other wildlife species.

Continent-wide declines in shallow reef life over a decade of ocean warming.

Human society is dependent on nature1,2, but whether our ecological foundations are at risk remains unknownin the absence of systematic monitoring of species' populations3. Knowledge of species fluctuations is particularly inadequate in the marine realm4. Here we assess the population trends of 1,057 common shallow reef species from multiple phyla at 1,636 sites around Australia over the past decade. Most populations decreased over this period, including many tropical fishes, temperate invertebrates (particularly echinoderms) and southwestern Australian macroalgae, whereas coral populations remained relatively stable. Population declines typically followed heatwave years, when local water temperatures were more than 0.5 °C above temperatures in 2008. Following heatwaves5,6, species abundances generally tended to decline near warm range edges, and increase near cool range edges. More than 30% of shallow invertebrate species in cool latitudes exhibited high extinction risk, with rapidly declining populations trapped by deep ocean barriers, preventing poleward retreat as temperatures rise. Greater conservation effort is needed to safeguard temperate marine ecosystems, which are disproportionately threatened and include species with deep evolutionary roots. Fundamental among such efforts, and broader societal needs to efficiently adapt to interacting anthropogenic and natural pressures, is greatly expanded monitoring of species'population trends7,8.

Some fundamental elements for studying social-ecological co-existence in forest common pool resources.

For millennia, societies have tried to find ways to sustain people's livelihoods by setting rules to equitably and sustainably access, harvest and manage common pools of resources (CPR) that are productive and rich in species. But what are the elements that explain historical successes and failures? Elinor Ostrom suggested that it depends on at least eight axiomatic principles of good governance, whereas empirical results suggest that these principles are not sufficient to describe them, especially when applied to CPRs that possess great social and ecological diversity. The aim of this article is to explore the behavior of a mathematical model of multi-species forest dynamics that respects the foundations of ecology and Ostrom's governance theory, in order to detect possible constraints inherent to the functioning of these complex systems. The model reveals that fundamental structural laws of compatibilities between species life-history traits are indeed constraining the level of co-existence (average and variance) between a diversity of co-vulnerable timber resource users (RU) and of competing tree species. These structural constraints can also lead to unexpected outcomes. For instance in wetter forest commons, opening up the access to as many diverse RUs as there are competing tree species, produces a diversity of independently-controlled disturbances on species, collectively improving the chances of coexistence between species with different life-history traits. Similar benefits are observed on forest carbon and on profits from timber harvesting. However in drier forest commons, the same benefits cannot be observed, as predicted on the basis of the constraining laws. The results show that the successes and failures of certain management strategies can be reasonably explained by simple mechanistic theories from ecology and the social-ecological sciences, which are themselves constrained by fundamental ecological invariants. If corroborated, the results could be used, in conjunction with Ostrom's CPR theory, to understand and solve various human-nature coexistence dilemmas in complex social-ecological systems.

Comprehensive Case Study on the Ecologically Sustainable Design of Urban Parks Based on the Sponge City Concept in the Yangtze River Delta Region of China

Owing to widespread urbanization, previously elastic and permeable ecological foundations are being continuously hardened, sealed, and channelized, leading to problems such as intensified urban convergence, water pollution, seasonal rain, and flood disasters. Urban parks and large green spaces, as rare large, cavernous bodies in cities, can effectively address the abovementioned urbanization problems. This study holistically analyzed and discussed the current developments in the sponge city concept using several case studies of recent ecologically sustainable designs for urban parks in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. Under basic conditions of the same hydrological characteristics and considering the differences in other external conditions and the environment, sponge city construction aims to address the actual characteristics and needs of specific projects, develop applicable goal-oriented sponge city constructions, and ensure design practices around a goal-oriented method. Practical problems associated with identifying specific design features, priorities, and measures were then identified according to the project location, goals, and characteristics. Thus, this study details various goal-oriented sponge city designs and their application methods to inform future design efforts.

Invisible (bio)economies: a framework to assess the ‘blind spots’ of dominant bioeconomy models

Bioeconomy as a new promissory discourse neither challenges the paradigm of economic growth, nor questions its embeddedness in capitalist (neo-)colonial patriarchal power relations. However, the calls for a ‘genuine’ socio-ecological transformation and for alternative bioeconomy visions imply exactly a destabilization of these power relations. Drawing on the Bielefeld subsistence approach and on its colonialism–capitalism–patriarchy nexus, I argue that the latest bioeconomy strategy and policy papers of both the EU and Estonia each disregard certain spheres of the bioeconomy due to the three-dimensional power relations. As a seemingly neutral political discourse, the bioeconomy is shaped by cultural assumptions and narratives that determine and perpetuate what is deemed worthy of protection and what is pushed aside as merely ‘natural’. As such, the current bioeconomy papers promote a ‘biomass-based model of capital accumulation’ that is essentially built on the prerequisite of the subordination, devaluation, appropriation and/or exploitation of (1) different geographical regions, (2) ecological foundations, and (3) prevalent bioeconomy practices. As a widespread agricultural practice in Eastern Europe, Food Self-Provisioning (FSP) serves as a good example of how predominant bioeconomy models (1) simply operate as new forms of postcolonial development discourse, instead of embracing the plurality of decolonial ‘alternatives to development’; (2) deepen the human–nature dichotomy by regarding nature as a mere resource to be extracted more efficiently instead of cultivating mutually nourishing partnership-like relation(ship)s with nature; and (3) maintain the separation between monetized and maintenance economies, rather than fostering ethics of care to overcome the structural separation between the latter.

The King's Harvest: A Political Ecology of China from the First Farmers to the First Empire

Brian Lander defines his project as “the first English-language monograph on the environmental history of early China” (11). Lander tells the story of people in early China transforming the environment through the combination of technology and social organization, culminating in a centralized bureaucratic empire. Natural ecosystems were replaced with artificial ones, which were amenable to the extraction of energy by humans in general and state rulers in particular.The book's dual focus is on agriculture and the state. The opening chapter provides a theoretical introduction to the nature of political power. According to Lander, it is embedded in the production and extraction of surplus, intensified through violent competition among the states. The rest of the book traces the interplay between agricultural expansion and political power from the origins of agricultural food production in China circa 6000 BCE to the foundation of the empire in 221 BCE. Lander shows how domestication of animals and plants, especially grain crops, generated taxable surpluses available for appropriation by the states that, in turn, encouraged people to replace the surviving natural ecosystems with agricultural ones. Interstate competition incentivized states “to increase productivity for increased military power” and consequently scaled up the environmental imprint of human societies (203). This is why the aptly named Warring States period (453–221 BCE) was a time of extraordinary technological (e.g., iron metallurgy) and organizational innovation (e.g., bureaucratic government), contributing to the expansion of agricultural ecosystems.Lander's narrative is organized both chronologically and thematically. As a result, some historical periods are addressed in more than one chapter in varying contexts. Chapter 2 primarily focuses on the formation of complex societies during the Neolithic and early Bronze Age (ca. 8000–1000 BCE). This is the most “environmental” chapter of all. The author summarizes archaeological data on vegetation and wild fauna of northern China, the domestication process, human diet, health conditions, and impact on ecosystems.The following chapters are more focused on the state. Chapter 3 deals with the rise of political organization in China from the late third to the mid-first millennium BCE and shows how the increasingly powerful states expanded “the productivity, and thus the environmental impact, of human societies” (75). Chapter 4 focuses on the state of Qin, which, between the eighth and the third century BCE, grew from a humble regional polity in northwestern China to the unifier of the known world. Chapter 5 discusses the political economy and ecological impact of the Qin Empire in the third century BCE. Chapter 6 addresses the Qin Empire's legacy for the human-environment relationships in imperial China and argues that empires contributed to expanding agricultural ecosystems by establishing peace and providing physical and institutional infrastructures.The book is an outstanding contribution to our understanding of the human impact on the environment in ancient East Asia. Its excellent readability and Lander's readiness to venture beyond early China studies to engage a broad range of topics makes it interesting to a broad audience. These topics include the ecological foundations of political power and the detrimental effects of interstate competition on the environment.Ambitious projects such as The King's Harvest often expose themselves to criticism by specialists in the relevant research fields. Students of Chinese history may wonder if one can write an “environmental history of early China” based on the evidence from a relatively small region of Guanzhong (in the present-day Shaanxi Province of China). Lander's occasional overreliance on normative texts such as legal statutes would probably unsettle some archaeologists and environmental historians. Parts of the book—for example, chapter 5—are about institutions and state economy rather than environment and subsistence. Economic historians can be excused for frowning upon Lander's superficial treatment of markets as a driver of economic and environmental change. It has been ten years since Robert Marks's China: Its Environment and History (2012) identified markets as one of the three social structures, along with centralized states and farming households, by which the Chinese transformed their environment.Yet this criticism highlights rather than belittles the book's strengths. By focusing on the best-documented and historically significant region, paying attention to the actors’ ideologies and motivations, and highlighting the states as a central force in environmental history, Lander drives home the book's key message. Humans have successfully created political structures that destroy natural ecosystems, and they may also be able to create ones that restore and preserve them.

Plant Community Degradation Inquiry and Ecological Restoration Design in South Lake Scenic Area of China

The most visited provincially administered park in Hanzhong City, the South Lake Scenic Area, is degrading the Masson Pine forest communities. Determining and repairing the landscape degradation and impacts on recreational value due to the degraded community structure is essential for restoring the environment of the southern Qinling Mountains. By evaluating the degree, trend, and pattern (DTP) of impacts, we identified the degradation status of the plant community in the South Lake Scenic Area in the past 20 years. We show that the scenic area has experienced an increase in the degradation of vegetation cover in the last 20 years. The area of degraded vegetation cover is significantly larger than the area of improvement, and the overall area is changing, with fewer stable areas. The area of reduced forest cover in the South Lake Scenic Area from 2000–2010 and 2010–2020 has been expanding, and the area of forest land transferred to nonforest land from 2010–2020 has been accelerating compared with 2000–2010; the landscape pattern index has decreased year over year, fragmentation has become serious, landscape connectivity is declining, woodland patches are subject to human disturbance, and patch shapes are simplifying. Based on theories of natural succession and moderate disturbance, the Miyawaki method and interlogging are used to promote plant community renewal and biodiversity restoration. This is intended to shorten the natural succession process in the scenic area and to rapidly restore the ecological foundation of the scenic area. Recovery will meet the aesthetic and ecological values of the South Lake Scenic Area.

Freeing Animals: Sino-Tibetan Buddhist Environmentalism and Ecological Challenges

Buddhist environmentalism in its varieties across the world is an integral part of the global environmental discourse centered on exploring new planetary ethics for sustainable futures. While recognizing the Buddhist role in global environmental movements, the author of this article proposes that the observable strength of Buddhist environmentalism is in local and global environmental advocacy grounded in the Buddhist ethics of interdependence, even as, canonically, Buddhism does not offer what is commonly recognized by scientists and scholars as traditional ecological knowledge or religious ecology. To substantiate this, this article offers a textual assessment of the Buddhist canon’s lack of systematic ecological knowledge, and a case study of how freeing domestic animals and advocating vegetarianism among contemporary Tibetan Buddhists in China, inclusive of non-Tibetan converts, mainly benefits human wellbeing and at the same time is entangled in social affairs that have little to do with the ecological wellbeing of the Tibetan Plateau and urban China. This debate is by no means intended to negate the successes of Buddhist environmentalism; instead, it draws fine lines between the claimed canonic basis of Buddhist ecology, the strength of Buddhist environmental advocacy, the everyday practices of Buddhism, and the aspirations for strengthening the ecological foundation of Buddhist environmental activism. Thinking in line with eco-Buddhists, the author concludes the article by proposing an Earth Sutra, a hypothetical future canonic text as the ecological basis of Buddhist environmentalism.

Ecosystem carbon sequestration service supports the Sustainable Development Goals progress

Ecosystem carbon sequestration service (ECSS) is the benefits humans derive from the ecosystem carbon sequestration process, which is key to regulating climate, stabilising the natural foundation for development, and supporting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) achievement. However, how ECSS contributes to the SDGs still needs to be discovered. Here, based on downscaling localisation SDG indicators, regression methods, and mechanism analysis, we identified the contribution of ECSS to the SDGs, taking China's Loess Plateau (LP) region as an example. The results showed that the LP made higher progress on resource and environmental SDGs, such as SDGs 13, 12, 6, and 7 (climate, consumption and production, water, and energy) in the last two decades. As for the relationships between ECSS and SDGs, the progress of SDGs 6, 7, 13 and 15 (water, energy, climate, and ecosystems) showed positive linear responses to ECSS. The response of SDGs 1, 4, 8, and 12 (poverty reduction, education, economic growth, and consumption and production) to ECSS showed a threshold when the standardised ECSS value was 0.11. To improve ECSS for a more sustainable ecological foundation underpinning the SDGs, ECSS management should be improved to protect the ecosystem carbon pool and improve carbon sequestration function, as well as to promote the social-ecological co-benefits. This work links carbon sequestration service to sustainable development and can help in leveraging nature's contributions towards carbon neutrality and the 2030 Agenda.

Vandana Shiva: An Icon of Environmental Sustainability

Vandana Shiva is a well-known environmental activist and philosopher. She started her green journey with ‘Chipko Movement’. She is the founding director of ‘Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology’. She formed ‘Navdanya’ to protect the native seeds sideways promoted biodiversity conservation, organic farming and intellectual property rights. She also put efforts on ecofeminism approach, indigenous people and human sustainability. The article comprises a brief introduction of Vandana Shiva, her personality and her contribution towards the Indian society, culture, nation, and environment at large.

Creating the architectural-landscape space in the major cities as a tool of harmonious personality development in multinational townspeople

Social issues in the XXI century form a need to change people’s living conditions in the big cities considering the ecological crisis. The art of creating architectural landscape spaces in major cities is characterized by special standards of living conditions in a multinational environment. There is a focus on creating a physiologically comfortable and harmonic environment for the development of personality of everyone in such a multinational city as the capital of the Southern Federal District, Rostov-on-Don, also called “the Caucasus gates”. Such environments are the comfortable living conditions of city dwellings and architectural-landscape environment. The landscape is needed to dominate the count of city buildings. The surrounding grounds are equipped for the comfortable living and leisure activities of different age people. The carbonate composition of the atmosphere, the waste of land transport and factories are minimizing. Such conditions are part of an optimally comfortable stay. The ethnic cultural factor is significant as a component in the visualization of objects and the landscape of the city. The visual perception of the video ecological foundations of the exteriors and interiors of buildings and objects of the urban environment has the same positive effect: the decor of buildings, the characteristics of the texture and texture of surfaces, the configuration of finishing and building materials, the color scheme of this artificial environment created by human hands are of leading importance for human psychophysiology. It affects the feeling of security and calm personality development and its' creative improvement and creativity development. It is of enormous significance for the entire nation in crisis.

Gapless genome assembly of East Asian finless porpoise

In recent years, conservation efforts have increased for rare and endangered aquatic wildlife, especially cetaceans. However, the East Asian finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri), which has a wide distribution in China, has received far less attention and protection. As an endangered small cetacean, the lack of a chromosomal-level reference for the East Asian finless porpoise limits our understanding of its population genetics and conservation biology. To address this issue, we combined PacBio HiFi long reads and Hi-C sequencing data to generate a gapless genome of the East Asian finless porpoise that is approximately 2.5 Gb in size over its 21 autosomes and two sex chromosomes (X and Y). A total of 22,814 protein-coding genes were predicted where ~97.31% were functionally annotated. This high-quality genome assembly of East Asian finless porpoise will not only provide new resources for the comparative genomics of cetaceans and conservation biology of threatened species, but also lay a foundation for more speciation, ecology, and evolutionary studies.Measurement(s)Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri • Gapless genome assembly • sequence annotationTechnology Type(s)MGISEQ. 2000 • PacBio HiFi Sequencing • Hi-CSample Characteristic - OrganismNeophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameriSample Characteristic - EnvironmentseawaterSample Characteristic - LocationYellow Sea near Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province, China

‘Where Is the Structure? The Ecological Foundations of Voters’ Consistency’

‘Where Is the Structure? The Ecological Foundations of Voters’ Consistency’