Eco-friendly Concrete Research Articles

Development of Prediction Model to Predict the Compressive Strength of Eco-Friendly Concrete Using Multivariate Polynomial Regression Combined with Stepwise Method

Concrete is the most widely used building material, but it is also a recognized pollutant, causing significant issues for sustainability in terms of resource depletion, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, efforts should be concentrated on reducing concrete’s environmental consequences in order to increase its long-term viability. In order to design environmentally friendly concrete mixtures, this research intended to create a prediction model for the compressive strength of those mixtures. The concrete mixtures that were used in this study to build our proposed prediction model are concrete mixtures that contain both recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS). A white-box machine learning model known as multivariate polynomial regression (MPR) was developed to predict the compressive strength of eco-friendly concrete. The model was compared with the other two machine learning models, where one is also a white-box machine learning model, namely linear regression (LR), and the other is the black-box machine learning model, which is a support vector machine (SVM). The newly suggested model shows robust estimation capabilities and outperforms the other two models in terms of R2 (coefficient of determination) and RMSE (root mean absolute error) measurements.

Durability of high-performance self-compacted concrete using electric arc furnace slag aggregate and cupola slag powder

The current trend in the development of self-compacting concrete with sustainable construction materials has served as a guide to design a novel self-compacting concrete, with siderurgical by-products (steel slag aggregates and cupola slag powder as supplementary cementing material) that also meets the demands of high-performance concrete. This research sets out to clarify the unknown behavior of slag concrete, its durability, which is the ability to withstand any process that tends to deteriorate it. In order to assess the durability of this eco-friendly concrete, three control mixes were manufactured with the same high-quality coarse aggregate (diabase) and three different fines, limestone filler, fly ash and cupola slag powder. All the mixtures were subjected to the same tests, the results demonstrate that steel slag concrete shows an excellent response against carbonation, a slightly lower response against thermal shock cycles, similar drying shrinkage and a superior response against the action of freezing-thawing cycles and abrasion wear in comparison to the control mixes.

An Experimental Analysis on Partially Replaced Concrete with Magnetic Sand

Concrete is one of the most widely used building materials throughout the world. Concrete is used in large amounts because it is an extremely good building material. In many places of the world the temperature is rising day by day. These days due to constant sand mining the natural sand is depleting at an alarming rate. In this case, fine aggregate is partially replaced by magnetic sand. In this present study, an attempt has been made to study the mechanical properties of M₂₅ grade concrete with a different percentage at a range of 10%, 15% and 20% as partially replaced with magnetic sand to the total weight of fine aggregate. It has been experimented that the required strengths are achieved the optimum percentage of magnetic sand by conducting compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete. Use of magnetic sand in concrete, will enhance shrinkage and crack resistance and reduce the environmental impact and also reduce the cost. The compression and flexural strength of concrete increases with various percentage replacements of magnetic sand. The main aim of this study is to make economical and eco-friendly concrete.

Blasted copper slag as artificial fines in ecofriendly concrete

Blasted copper slag as artificial fines in ecofriendly concrete

Experimental study on eco-friendly concrete in construction industries

Cement is the principal constituent of concrete, and its production has posed a significant threat to the global environment. The fact that cement is extensively needed in enormous quantities in the construction industries and its demand is increasing day by day. To reduce the consumption of cement it is advisable to use industrial wastes as partial cement substitutes. This study investigates the viability of utilizing thermal industry waste in the substantial replacement of cement in concrete with low calcium fly ash (LCFA) and silica fume (SF) which in return reduces the overall voids in the concrete. The cement is partially replaced by silica fume in the proportion of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% by weight of cement and 15% of cement was replaced by LCFA and was kept constant throughout all the mixes. These concrete mixes were tested and compared with the conventional concrete at 7 and 28 days in terms of workability and hardened properties. It was observed that 15% LCFA and 10% SF can be replaced with cement to produce better results than conventional concrete and the incorporation of fly ash proved to be a better substitute for curtailment in cement production, thus making the concrete as an “eco-friendly”.

Synergic Effect of Recycled Aggregates, Fly Ash, and Hydrated Lime for Production of Eco-Friendly Concrete

Synergic Effect of Recycled Aggregates, Fly Ash, and Hydrated Lime for Production of Eco-Friendly Concrete

An Experimental Analysis on Behaviour of Concrete with Copper Slag and Dolomite

It is believed that concrete is the extensively used material next to water because of its versatility and it also leaves a carbon footprint on the environment during the manufacturing of cement, which is one of its main constituents. In the present scenario, sustainability is regarded as the need of the hour. In search of development of eco-friendly concrete, the acceptance of industrial by products in the modern concrete has gained the momentum. The study focusses on utilization of compatible materials with OPC concrete like copper slag and dolomite powder as a fractional substitute to the cement and fine aggregate accordingly in concrete. Copper slag is the derivative of matte smelting and refining of copper pyrites in the furnace. Dolomite powder was acquired from the mineral dolostone. The experimental research is made by in lieu of a 40% of fine aggregate (FA) with copper slag and cement is replaced with varying percentages of dolomite powder in 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%. The experimental investigations depicted that selected mineral admixtures enhances the strength and density of material, by lessening the pores count from durability test results. This study also helps to conclude that there are a few connected capillary pores in the cast specimens.

Optimization and Prediction of Concrete with Recycled Coarse Aggregate and Bone China Fine Aggregate Using Response Surface Methodology

Construction recycled material is crucial for protecting natural resources and promoting sustainable human development in a rapidly industrializing world. Many administrations worldwide accepted that it is beneficial to use demolition waste in the concrete building industry to reduce manufacturing costs and minimize the use of virgin aggregates. However, control measures should be done as their mechanical properties are poorer than traditional aggregates. To overcome this problem, pozzolanic materials like bone chine can be incorporated, providing extra CSH gel, which improves mechanical strength. Therefore, this research is aimed at producing eco‐friendly concrete, which can be used for medium‐grade strength, using recycled construction waste (RCA) as coarse and bone china fine aggregate (BCA) as fine aggregate. Workability, density, compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength are used to compare the fresh and hardened properties of the concrete. Experimental and statistical research is employed in the current study to evaluate the impact of RCA and BCA on the performance of concrete. To simulate all measurable responses, including workability, density, compressive, flexural, and split strength, RSM (response surface methodology) was utilized. The CCD (Central Composite Design) approach in RSM was used to create and analyze mixes in an experiment. Based on the experiment’s results, mathematical models were designed and assessed using the analysis of variance test (ANOVA). The analysis of variance results demonstrated the statistical significance of each constructed model. Three‐dimensional response surface plots created using established regression models were used to investigate the interaction between the respective variables and to optimize the mixing ratio. The results indicate that the optimum utilization of RCA is up to 40% and BCA up to 60% as coarse and fine aggregate replacement in concrete, respectively, which not only helps to reduce costs but also offers sustainability. Finally, it was concluded that the generated models might be employed by obtaining the maximum tested features of concrete to assure a quick mix design approach. To conduct the microstructure study, thin section techniques were used to observe a strong aggregate‐matrix interaction.

A Study of Enhancement of Eco-Friendly Concrete Performance Using Photo Catalytic

A Study of Enhancement of Eco-Friendly Concrete Performance Using Photo Catalytic

A comprehensive review on the use of sugarcane bagasse ash as a supplementary cementitious material to produce eco-friendly concretes

The growing interest in finding partial substitutes for cement is the result of the desire to reduce air pollution caused by the cement industry. One of these partial substitutes is sugarcane bagasse (SCB). SCB is a by-product of the sugar industry extracted from sugarcane. After burning, a large volume of SCB becomes sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) to generate electricity during sugar processing. Many papers studied the SCBA influences as a construction material due to having pozzolanic characteristics. This paper is a comprehensive review of the SCBA used as a supplementary cementitious material (SCMs) to produce eco-friendly concretes. Firstly, treatment, physical and chemical properties of SCBA. Finally, review the concrete properties, including SCBA. The concrete properties such as slump, mechanical properties, water absorption, porosity, and microstructure. Based on the literature review, the slump increases or decreases with increasing the SCBA percentage because of influenced treatment by heating and/or milling, and optimum replacement ratio range of 5%–10% better mechanical properties.

Microstructural Characteristics of Eco-Friendly Concrete in Tidal Conditions: Durability of Marine Seawater Sea Sand Concrete (Swssc)

Microstructural Characteristics of Eco-Friendly Concrete in Tidal Conditions: Durability of Marine Seawater Sea Sand Concrete (Swssc)

Assessment of usage of manufactured sand and recycled aggregate as sustainable concrete: A review

Globally, River sand is one of the important materials that have been used as a fine aggregate for the manufacture of concrete and mortar. The demand for the fine aggregate increased due to the restriction by the government to extract the sand from the river bed as it causes sand mining. Hence, alternatively manufactured sand is used in place of fine aggregate in the concrete. Due to rapid urbanization in India more public construction activities were in progress. Hence it requires more concrete and intern more coarse aggregate. Mining of coarser aggregate again endanger environment. However huge waste generates from construction and demolition (C&D) activity creating effective disposable problem. Hence C&D waste could effectively utilized in the place of natural coarse aggregate to meet the growing demand and to safeguard environment. The paper primarily deal with literature review pertaining to effective utilization of manufactured sand and coarse aggregate in place of natural fine and coarse aggregate in manufacturing of various grades of ecofriendly concrete. Also it report performance of ecofriendly concrete of various grades with reference to workability, mechanical, durability and micro structural properties. Indeed it will give better insight about the utilization of manufactured sand and recycled aggregate in concrete by various researchers.

Fire Performance of Ecofriendly Concrete Mixed with Used Engine Oil

Fire Performance of Ecofriendly Concrete Mixed with Used Engine Oil

Simulation of Depth of Wear of Eco-Friendly Concrete Using Machine Learning Based Computational Approaches.

To avoid time-consuming, costly, and laborious experimental tests that require skilled personnel, an effort has been made to formulate the depth of wear of fly-ash concrete using a comparative study of machine learning techniques, namely random forest regression (RFR) and gene expression programming (GEP). A widespread database comprising 216 experimental records was constructed from available research. The database includes depth of wear as a response parameter and nine different explanatory variables, i.e., cement content, fly ash, water content, fine and coarse aggregate, plasticizer, air-entraining agent, age of concrete, and time of testing. The performance of the models was judged via statistical metrics. The GEP model gives better performance with R2 and ρ equals 0.9667 and 0.0501 respectively and meet with the external validation criterion suggested in the previous literature. The k-fold cross-validation also verifies the accurateness of the model by evaluating R2, RSE, MAE, and RMSE. The sensitivity analysis of GEP equation indicated that the time of testing is the influential parameter. The results of this research can help the designers, practitioners, and researchers to quickly estimate the depth of wear of fly-ash concrete thus shortening its ecological susceptibilities that push to sustainable and faster construction from the viewpoint of environmentally friendly waste management.

Recycled Refractory Brick as Aggregate for Eco-friendly Concrete Production

The amount of construction and demolition waste continues to increase year by year.These wastes have a significant harmful influence on the environment; refractory brick is among of these wastes. this paper concerns the reuse of refractory brick wastes to produce an eco-friendly concrete. To achieve this objective,coarse and fine Natural Aggregates (NA) were partially replaced with recycled Refractory Brick Aggregates (RBA). According to the design of experiment, two families of mixes were prepared and tested: the first mixes was made with coarse and fine NA (as reference concrete) and the second mixes made by replacing 20% of coarse and fine NA by coarse and fine RBA. For each of the mentioned families, three cement dosages of 350 kg/m3 , 400 kg/m3 , 450 kg/m3 were investigated. A series of experiments including water porosity, density, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) and compressive strength were assessed. Observed results indicate that the use of coarse and fine RBA had a relatively influence on the water porosity and UPV of concrete. However, the use of coarse and fine RBA produces a slightly decreased the density of concrete (below 2%). Moreover, the use of coarse and fine RBA in concrete improved the compressive strength. Hence, coarse and fine RBA can be successfully used to produce concrete with acceptable properties.

Characterizing fiber reinforced concrete incorporating zeolite and metakaolin as natural pozzolans

Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), including industrial by-products or natural pozzolans are widely used as a partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in eco-friendly concrete, to reduce the carbon footprint and enhance mechanical and durability properties. Although many experiments have been conducted to study the effect of SCMs in concrete, the research on the effect of natural pozzolans on fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is limited. This study investigates the effect of different amounts of metakaolin and zeolite pozzolans on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete containing polypropylene fibers. A total of 99 specimens were made in 11 experimental groups and the parameters of compressive strength, tensile strength, water absorption, porosity and density of concrete specimens were evaluated. In addition, concrete specimens were tested for ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to further study the effect of natural pozzolans on the microstructure of concrete. The performance of FRC with natural pozzolans was compared to that of reference concrete and fiber reinforced concrete without SCMs. The results indicated that the polypropylene (PP) fibers were more effective in enhancing mechanical properties of concrete in the zeolite mixtures, so that the compressive strength and tensile strength compared to reference concrete increased by 44 and 22%, respectively, while the water absorption and porosity decreased by 48 and 45%, respectively. This is attributed to the higher viscosity of the zeolite-mixtures that allowed for a better dispersion of fibers in the mixture as well as the improved bond strength between fibers and paste due to the high pozzolanic activity of zeolite. The AFM analysis, UPV, density, and permeable voids test results revealed that the FRC mixtures incorporating natural zeolite had the most dense microstructure and the least porosity and defects among all examined FRC mixtures even compared to the mixtures that incorporated metakaolin with the same cement replacement level.

Valorization of incinerator bottom ash for the production of resource-efficient eco-friendly concrete: Performance and toxicological characterization

In recent times, the quantity of wastes generated from industries, hospitals, construction sites etc. is perpetually increasing from year to year. Producing concrete utilizing waste or discarded materials as a partial replacement to fine or coarse aggregates is one among the effective ways of waste utilization. The disposal of incinerator bottom ash usually produced by the incineration of inorganic constituents of the municipal solid wastes (MSW) in an eco-friendly way is one of the issues of concern, globally. By the way, the present study is related to the utilization of MSW incinerator bottom ash and recycled demolition waste aggregate as partial replacement materials for fine and coarse aggregate, respectively to produce eco-friendly concrete. This study adopted an innovative pretreatment technique for stabilizing the MSW incinerator bottom ash. Five distinct M20 grade concrete mixes were produced with different proportions of fine aggregate, MSW incinerator bottom ash, coarse aggregate, and recycled demolition waste aggregate along with cement and water. The incinerator bottom ash was replaced at 5% and 10% quantities with fine aggregate and the recycled demolition waste aggregate was replaced at 40% and 60% of the weight of the coarse aggregate. The strength and durability properties of the M20 grade concrete were analyzed. It was noticed that the strength and durability properties of the eco-friendly concrete specimens produced by incorporating 5% - incinerator bottom ash and 40% - recycled demolition waste aggregate were superior to that of the control mix concrete. Laboratory tank leaching tests showed that the eco-friendly concrete do not pose any significant environmental hazard. Furthermore, the microstructural analysis through scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, revealed dense aggregate paste matrix interfaces with less micro-pores and insignificant micro-cracks due to the incorporation of incinerator bottom ash as a partial replacement to the fine aggregate.

Durability performance of reinforced waste-based geopolymer foam concrete under exposure to various corrosive environments

The construction of conventional concrete structures produces a significant quantity of CO2 released into the environment which can directly impact human health and contribute to global warming. Geopolymer foam concrete is a low carbon eco-friendly concrete in which CO2 releasing cement is replaced with industrial waste materials. However, the durability of geopolymer foam concrete under needs to be investigated over a range of corrosive environments to enable application as a construction material. Therefore, determining the influence of these corrosive factors on the reinforcing steel in geopolymer foam concrete is the objective of the current research. A detailed multi-variable experimental programme was conducted, and models were derived to quantifying the factors influencing the corrosion and mechanical behaviour of reinforced geopolymer foam concrete (RGFC) under exposure to varying chloride, temperature and humidity. Specimens were cast with three chloride percentages, i.e., 1%, 3% and 5% for accelerated corrosion, and exposed to temperatures of 35 and 24 Celsius, and humidity levels of 50% and 90%, respectively. Gravimetric weight loss measurements of the corroded reinforcing steel were undertaken at three designated time intervals. Following corrosion monitoring, the corroded reinforcing steel was tested under tension to observe the influence of the environmental exposure on their mechanical properties, specifically ductility and strength. Utilizing the test results, analytical expression and Multilayer Perception (MLP) neural network computations were executed to accurately quantify the influence of the various environmental exposure conditions on corrosion in RGFC. The findings of the modelling suggested temperature as the most dominant factor in inducing corrosion followed by humidity. Furthermore, the relationships for the prediction of loss of ductility and tensile strength of the reinforcing steel in RGFC as the function of chloride, temperature and humidity were derived. Finally, to conclude, the outcomes of the current research enhance the knowledge on the durability of GFC as a construction material and practically contribute to its service life determination.

Construction and demolition waste as recycled aggregate for environmentally friendly concrete paving

Recycled aggregates (RA) from construction and demolition waste (CDW) instead of natural aggregates (NA) were analysed in the manufacture of new eco-friendly concrete. Fine (FRA) and coarse (CRA) recycled aggregates were used in different percentages as substitutes of natural sand and gravel, respectively. The results revealed that the use of RA in percentages of up to 50 wt.% is feasible. Additionally, RA were used to produce paving blocks in accordance with industrial requirements. Thus, values of water absorption lesser than 6.0% and tensile strength upper than 3.6 MPa were obtained, which are similar to those of a reference sample and within the limit values established by the regulations. These results were achieved by reducing the incorporation of cement, thereby saving production costs and minimizing environmental impact.

Compressive Strength of GUHPFRC Incorporating Fly Ash and Steel Fibers with Dissimilar Configuration

Nowadays, producing eco-friendly concretes by reducing the usage of high volumes of Portland cement is a global aim. Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) involve using high volumes of Portland cement, which leads to high heat of hydration as well as high carbon emissions that enhance global warming. Therefore, researchers worldwide are interested in producing and assessing Green Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GUHPFRC) which is the main focus of this paper. In this study, thirteen mixtures of such concretes are prepared to study the effect of using Fly Ash (FA) class F, as a Portland cement substitute by volume. The Fly Ash ratios of 15%, 30% and 45% are used to study the effect on the compressive strength of UHPFRC. The paper also focuses on incorporating both corrugated and end hook steel Fibers in the mixes with ratios (1%, 2%, 3% and 4%) to compensate for the decrease in compressive strength of concrete due to the replacement of cement by FA. The results showed that the substitution of 45% of the Portland cement with FA along with the incorporation of steel Fibers in the UHPFRC can be effective without any compressive strength loss.