Echovirus Research Articles

Persistence of Virus and Bacteria in Seawater

Abstract : Although seawater has been known to be bactericidal and virucidal, there are antagonistic factors capable of lowering these properties. The bactericidal property has been ascribed to several factors including: sunlight, salinity of the water; the presence of powerful oxidants; the presence of bacteriophage; and certain filterable, thermolabile agents of marine origin. Most of these factors, were likewise virucidal. On the other hand, the addition of simple organic matter reduced substantially the bactericidal power of seawater, but reduction in activity against poliovirus was not apparent. The paper concerns studies on the protective effect of low concentrations of organic substances on the survival rate of bacterial and viral models, i.e., E. coli and type 6 Echo virus, representative of the enteric flora in sewage. Studies employing these models demonstrated a correlative relationship between the rate of bacterial survival and the degree of organic 'pollution,' and between the viral survival and the temperature of the water.

Spectrum of ECHO Virus 1 Disease in a Young Diabetic

The occurrence of aseptic meningitis probably due to ECHO virus 1 disease has been reported together with significant myopericarditis, abnormal liver function tests, conjunctivitis, lymphadenopathy, pyuria and hematuria. Virus isolation and identification was from the spinal fluid. No previous report of such isolation in an adult exists in the literature. The occurrence of aseptic meningitis probably due to ECHO virus 1 disease has been reported together with significant myopericarditis, abnormal liver function tests, conjunctivitis, lymphadenopathy, pyuria and hematuria. Virus isolation and identification was from the spinal fluid. No previous report of such isolation in an adult exists in the literature.

Overwhelming neonatal infection with ECHO 19 virus

Overwhelming neonatal infection has been associated with a variety of viruses. Of the enteroviruses, Coxsackie infections have been recognized for several years, but ECHO viruses have largely been associated with benign infection. The present report describes three neonates who died with overwhelming infection due to ECHO virus type 19, which resulted in hepatic necrosis and massive terminal hemorrhage.

Antiviral activity of isoprinosine in vitro and in vivo.

AbstractIsoprinosine, a derivative of inosine, has been found to exert slight activity in tissue cultures infected with herpesvirus hominis, vaccinia, poliomyelitis (type 3), enteric cytopathogenic human orphan (echo) virus (type 11), and Eastern equine encephalitis virus. It exerts no activity in t

Research Note: Cationic Stability Studies with CELO, Newcastle, and Infectious Bronchitis Viruses

Wallis and Melnick (3) reported the stability of 25 ECHO viruses and 7 coxsackie viruses in the presence of 1M MgC12 or CaCl2. Melnick (1) discussed the stability of enteroviruses with divalent ions and also related the importance of pH (2). To date, there have been but scanty reports involving cationic stabilization of avian viruses. This report describes the stability of 3 avian viruses in cationic solutions. The Phelps strain of the chicken-embryo-lethal-orphan (CELO) virus, the LaSota strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were stored at 4 C in demineralized distilled (DD) water and in monovalent and divalent cationic solutions prepared in DD H20 at pH 7.0. All 3 viruses were assayed to determine titers at the time of storage, and tested again after various intervals. Results are in Table 1. CELO virus was checked periodically over a 24-hour period. In solutions of 0.5M NaCI, KC1, CaC12, or MgCl2, results indicated complete stability during the 24 hours. Also there was no loss of infectivity when stored in DD H20. NDV stored in DD H20 as well as in 0.1M and 1M solutions of NaCl or CaC12 was tested over a 7-day period. After 12 hours a fraction of the original infective virus remained in the 0.1M solution of NaCI and in both molar solutions of CaCl2, and by the seventh day there was no evidence of viable virus in these three suspending solutions. No infective virus was lost through the first 2 days in DD H20 but there was a 90% decrease by the third day that remained constant through the seventh day. There was no loss

ECHO virus type 3 infections in children: Clinical and laboratory studies

ECHO virus type 3 was recovered from 29 children during the summer of 1970. Twenty-four children had aseptic meningitis which was similar to the same illness caused by other enteroviruses. Two children had undifferentiated febrile illnesses associated with a short generalized convulsion. ECHO virus type 3 was also recovered from three children with illnesses not previously associated with this virus: concomitant aseptic meningitis, pericarditis, and myocarditis, a severe generalized neonatal infection, and a fatal illness fulfilling the criteria for Reye's syndrome.

NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION WITH ECHO VIRUS TYPE 31 IN A NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

During the summer of 1968 ECHO virus type 31 was isolated from four infants in a neonatal intensive care unit. The index case was admitted from home in a comatose state and harbored ECHO 31 in his throat. Necropsy findings were inconclusive, and no virus was recovered from neural tissues. After the admission of this patient, two infants in the unit developed apneic spells and ECHO 31 was isolated from their CSF, throat, and stool samples. The virus was also isolated from the stool of an asymptomatic infant. ECHO 31 had not been recovered in newborn infants prior to its isolation in these cases. The isolation techniques currently used in many neonatal units may be inadequate to prevent viral dissemination. It is important to maintain a high index of suspicion of neonatal viral disease since careful virologic study will clarify the ecology of these nosocomial infections.

Separation of ECHO virus type 6 antigens by centrifugation in caesium chloride density gradients. II. Electron microscopy.

Separation of ECHO virus type 6 antigens by centrifugation in caesium chloride density gradients. II. Electron microscopy.

Heterogeneous viral population chromatography of ECHO virus type 11 on distinction of several fractions by calcium phosphate and kinetic neutralization test.

Chromatography of an ECHO virus type 11 viral population on calcium phosphate column resulted in five fractions. These fractions represented five classes of viral particles characterized by both different elution properties and varying slopes of the respective curves of kinetic neutralization that have been obtained using a homologous monkey serum prepared with unfractionated virus harvests. Moreover, fractions with an elevated contents of hemagglutinin showed the highest neutralization rate.

Studies on the antigenic components of Coxsackie-and ECHO viruses and its antibodies

Es wird uber Versuche zur Gewinnung komponentenspezifischer Hyperimmunseren von Coxsackie- und ECHO-Viren berichtet. Die Prufung der Seren erfolgte mit C- und D-Antigenen aus dem CsCl-Gradienten.

False positive Wassermann reaction associated with evidence of enterovirus infection.

A large proportion of high titre Coxsackie B5 complement-fixation tests was detected among sera giving false positive Wassermann reactions during 1969. Echo virus type 9 proved to be the prevailing enterovirus and is one of those which induces the formation of antibody to Coxsackie B5. One case of Echo virus type 9 meningitis is presented which produced a false positive Wassermann reaction and a high titre Coxsackie B5 complement-fixation test. The relationship between Echo virus type 9 infection, Coxsackie complement-fixation test results, and false positive Wassermann reactions is considered significant.

Organ cultures of human fallopian tubes for the propagation of viruses.

SummaryAttempts were made to grow certain viruses in organ cultures of Fallopian tube. Influenza A2 and B, parainfluenza type 2, rhinovirus type 2, ECHO virus type 11 and adenovirus type 7 were observed to multiply, but poliovirus type 1, a human “coronavirus” and rhinovirus type 3 did not.

Clinical, epidemiological and virological studies of aseptic meningitis in Aomori district during seven-year period, 1961-1967, with special reference to ECHO virus infections.

Summary Clinical, epidemiological and virological studies of aseptic meningitis caused by ECHO viruses in AomoriR district during seven-year period, 1961–1967, are reported. Clinical features and laboratory findings of these cases were not essentially different from those of meningitic cases caused by other kind of virus. Main causative agents in this period were ECHO 4, 6, 9 and 14 viruses.

Echovirus as a cause of meningism

Echovirus as a cause of meningism

Aseptic meningitis associated with ECHO virus, type 9: an outbreak in Norfolk, Virginia.

Aseptic meningitis associated with ECHO virus, type 9: an outbreak in Norfolk, Virginia.

Subclassification of enteroviruses and ECHO virus type 34. Brief report.

Subclassification of enteroviruses and ECHO virus type 34. Brief report.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome Associated with ECHO Virus Type 7 Infections

The cause and pathogenesis of this syndrome remain unknown. The recovery of ECHO virus type 7 from the cerebrospinal fluid and stool of a patient with the Guillain-Barré syndrome during its acute stages and the demonstration of a concomitant increase in antibody titer establish that the syndrome and the infection were concurrent. This is apparently the third ECHO virus to be associated with this kind of illness.

ECHO virus type 22 infection in a premature infant.

ECHO 22 virus was isolated from fecal specimens of 20 out of 29 premature infants in 1964, and was again isolated from 9 out of 36 infants during 1966 and 1967 in the same premature nursery. The infants discharging ECHO 22 virus were asymptomatic or of slight symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection and of mild diarrhea. The sero-immunity against ECHO 22 virus in children in the same district revealed that about half the infants under 6 months of age had positive neutralizing antibody against ECHO 22 virus, and almost all children over a year of age had positive antibody. The evidence of transplacental infection due to ECHO 22 virus was not obtained. ECHO 22 virus in premature infants would probably be transmitted from infants to infants. The source of infection was not determined.

Limitations of the polymer two phase system for detection of viruses.

The aqueous polymer two phase technique has been evaluated in the detection of seven types of enteroviruses. Using primary monkey kidney cells as the host system, the two phase technique was found to be a significant aid to detection of each of the poliovirus types, Coxsackie virus type B-3, and, in the presence of fluid maintenance medium only, Coxsackie virus type A-9. The method was found to be worse than no treatment of samples containing Coxsackie virus type B-2 and ECHO virus type 6. The lower phase, into which the viruses concentrate, is strongly inhibitory to these two agents and to influenza A (PR 8) virus, suggesting that the effect might extend to other viruses as well. Users of this procedure in environmental virology studies should be aware that their results may be biased significantly by the selective action of the dextran sulfate employed in this technique.

Action of chloroform on the hemagglutinin of ECHO virus types 7 and 11.

Chloroform treatment of ECHO virus types 7 and 11 had no effect on either the infectivity or the hemagglutinin of these viruses. This is in contrast to reoviruses, the only other ether-resistant RNA virus group, where the hemagglutinin is destroyed but infectivity retained. The two ECHO viruses showed no morphological changes visible by electron microscopy after chloroform treatment, whereas capsomeres of reovirus particles break off.