Echelon Position Research Articles

Women in top echelon positions and firm internationalisation strategies: What do we know? How do we know? Where should we be heading?

While women in top echelon positions and firm internationalisation have been investigated separately for an extended period, the intersection between the two has seldom been explored. This study reviews 55 publications analysing the effect of women in top echelon positions on firm internationalisation. Our review relies on the ADO–TCM framework and the microfoundational approach. Following the Theories–Contexts–Methods (TCM) framework, previous research is outlined describing: (1) theories, i.e., gender-related theories; (2) contexts, i.e., women’s top echelon position and country where women operate; (3) methods, i.e., research methods, the consideration and measurement of gender, sample, and years. Following the Antecedents–Decisions–Outcomes (ADO) framework and the microfoundational approach, emerging findings are classified into: (1) antecedents of firm internationalisation by distinguishing between those related to microfoundation (i.e., characteristics of women in top echelon positions), the discrete context (i.e., firm characteristics), and the omnibus context (i.e., characteristics of the countries of origin, destination and public stimulation programmes); (2) characteristics of the decisions regarding firm internationalisation (i.e., entry mode, export propensity, and propensity to foreign direct investments); (3) outcomes of firm internationalisation (i.e., export intensity, percentage of foreign equity ownership, number of foreign direct investments, number and characteristics of destination countries, investment success and performance, and other outcomes). Based on this, research gaps are identified and a research agenda is offered.

Fostering Inclusive Growth: Exploring Gender Dynamics and Loan Sizes in Microfinance Institutions

The financial landscape has witnessed a growing focus on the role of women in driving economic development and achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). The global pursuit of the SDGs, notably in gender equality and women's empowerment, has highlighted the importance of women's economic involvement. Recognizing the critical role that microfinance institutions (MFIs) play in encouraging inclusive economic growth and poverty alleviation, this study investigated how strategic gender dynamics within MFIs affect loan size. The study addresses a critical gap in understanding the gender dynamics within MFIs concerning women's presence at various echelon positions and their involvement, notably evaluating their impact on loan size. The study examines a meticulously curated dataset consisting of 1295 MFIs from 102 countries by analyzing selected gender dynamics such as women's echelon position, women's focus, gender diversity, target market and outreach. The study's findings, distilled into four configurational solutions, gave fascinating insights into the circumstances under which numerous factors interact to determine loan size in MFIs. Core conditions such as target market, women focus and female outreach were identified as critical drivers of loan size outcomes in various configurations. The implications of women's focus were particularly noteworthy, indicating that a concerted effort to prioritize women's engagement can significantly contribute to increased loan size in MFIs. The findings of this study serve as a foundation for establishing a more equitable and prosperous future through empowered women and effective microfinance practices on a global scale.

FACTORS THAT AFFECTING WOMEN'S STRUGGLE IN ACHING ECHELON POSITIONS IN THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICES OF NORTH SULAWESI PROVINCE

Every civil servant has the same opportunity to get a position to improve their career, including employees in the North Sulawesi Provincial Government Office. The structural position is a very strategic position for anyone who can reach the position. However, it is not uncommon to find gender inequality in a community group that can affect every employee in reaching the position. As for this study, it can be understood that there are several factors that cause an imbalance in occupying echelon positions. The existing factors are divided into internal factors that come from within the employee, and external factors that come from outside the employee and influence them to develop themselves, especially for female employees. All of these factors are expected to create gender equality in the Regional Government of North Sulawesi.
 Keywords: Women's struggle, Minahasa culture, local government

First account of apparent alloparental care of a long-finned pilot whale calf (Globicephala melas) by a female killer whale (Orcinus orca)

Interactions between killer whales ( Orcinus orca (Linnaeus, 1758)) and long-finned pilot whales ( Globicephala melas (Traill, 1809)) have been documented on numerous occasions, usually involving predation events and pursuits. Here, the first documented account of a long-finned pilot whale calf seen in echelon position with one killer whale in a group of three killer whales is described, along with one further interaction of the same killer whale group with other long-finned pilot whales. Behavioral, locational, and photographic data were recorded and analyzed for killer whales between 2011 and 2022 and for long-finned pilot whales between 2019 and 2022 off West Iceland. The data were used to obtain background information on the killer whale group involved in the apparent alloparental behavior. The described event also presents the first documented account of epimeletic behavior of a killer whale toward a non-conspecific. The movements of the same killer whale group in conjunction with other killer whales during a subsequent interaction with a group of long-finned pilot whales do not fit any previously observed behavioral patterns described for interactions between these species and may represent an active effort to obtain another long-finned pilot whale calf. Long-finned pilot whale and killer whale interactions might be more complex than previously thought and influenced by multiple drivers.

Gender Diversity, Institutional Context, and Environmental Innovation: A European Patent Analysis.

This paper investigates the role of institutional context as a key driver of the relationship between women's presence on the board of directors (BoD) and environmental innovation. Moving from extant research on critical mass (i.e., at least three women appointed to the BoD), and considering the influence the institutional context exerts on women and their role as directors, we build and test some hypotheses on how a cultural context more/less inclined towards the female figure in a top echelon position can enhance/hinder the contribution made by women to environmental innovation. Specifically, we argue that women on BoD may have a positive impact on environmental innovation only when critical mass is reached and that a favorable institutional context (i.e., low-masculinity) positively contributes to the beneficial influence of female directors on the implementation of environmental innovation. We test and find support for our hypotheses on a sample of 3,316 European firms across three specific environmental innovation categories (i.e., Air, Water, and Waste).

Alokasi belanja negara

Restructuring policies in government agencies continue to be carried out in accordance with directives issued by the Ministry of Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform, including restructuring Echelon positions at the Ministry of Religion, given the absence of related literature in the Ministry of Religion. It is necessary to do research on comparisons in the situation before simplification and further estimates, in this study the focus of the discussion is on the number of allowances for Echelon Unit I in the central office. The method used in this research is a literature study, with reliable data sources and analysis in the form of a comparative study which can later be used as the basis for implementing restructuring in general, especially in national budget planning at the Ministry of Religion. The results showed that there were several changes in income due to downsizing, including a decrease in the performance allowance received by Echelon III officials who were transferred to Associate Experts (Ahli Madya), while the difference in allowances between positions was not significant for Echelon IV officials who are transferred to the functional positions of Associate Expert (Ahli Madya) and Junior Expert. (Ahli Muda) increase in take home pay in terms of position allowance income. The subject of further discussion with this change is how it affects the performance of officials and their effectiveness in the bureaucracy.

Women in top echelon positions and their effects on sustainability: a review, synthesis and future research agenda

This article aims to review and systematize prior works that investigate how the presence of women in top echelon positions of firms affects sustainability and to create an agenda to guide future research in this promising area. In contrast to previous reviews, ours examines how women in top echelon positions affect sustainability by distinguishing both the position women held in the firm (i.e. Board of Directors—BoD, top management team, CEO and relevant committees) and the specific elements of sustainability (i.e. activity, performance, and disclosure). Our structured systematic review resulted in 187 publications retrieved from Web of Science and Scopus and revealed that the presence of women in top echelon positions is associated with greater engagement in social and environmental projects. Their presence also positively influences the environmental and social performance and increases the level, quality, and transparency of sustainability disclosure. Furthermore, the presence of women in top echelon positions and the implementation of sustainable activities improve both the firm financial performance and value. However, conflicting results have also emerged. On the basis of these findings, research gaps and future research agenda are identified and presented.

Corporate Psychopaths: implications for organizational health and well-being

Abstract Studies on Psychopathy in corporate settings and its toxic effects at the workplace are of the utmost importance. Corporate psychopaths reach upper echelon positions, and demonstrate egocentrism, lack of guilt or remorse; they influence those who are around them to achieve their own goals. In this regard, this study aims to discuss the implications of leaders named corporate psychopaths for the organizational health and well-being. For this purpose, the study adopted an empirical-theoretical approach, a quantitative evaluation and a survey as the method of data collection, by applying a questionnaire made up by the Self Report Psychopathy (SRP) scale (Paulhus, Neumann, & Hare, 2014), in order to illuminate the non-pathological traits of Psychopathy; the Well-being at work Scale (Paschoal & Tamayo, 2008); and the Perception of Organizational Health Scale by Gomide Jr., Moura, Cunha, & Sousa (1999). The questionnaire was applied to 100 employees from the administrative area of an open capital Brazilian company in the educational area. The results showed that employees who identified psychopathy traits in their immediate leaders externalized preoccupation, irritation, depression, anxiety, frustration, nervousness, tension and rage, demonstrating uneasiness at the workplace. They also reported that there is a dishonest competition to achieve higher hierarchical positions, no respect between colleagues, and people do not trust each other, demonstrating therefore aspects that reveal a compromised organizational health. The study will make a contribution by providing insights into how companies can recognize and avoid the selection and recruitment of employees who exhibit psychopathy traits, especially due to the potential of these employess becoming leaders and compromising organizational health and well-being. The issue deserves especial attention and more studies should be carried out regarding the consequences of psychopathic leaders' actions for corporate and public health. Key messages Provide insights into how companies can recognize and avoid the selection and recruitment of employees who exhibit psychopathy traits and compromising organizational health and welbeing. The issue deserves especial attention and more studies should be carried out regarding the consequences of psychopathatic leaders’ actions for corporate and public health.

Gender and Executive Job Mobility: Evidence from Mergers and Acquisitions

The increasing presence of women in executive positions has fostered interest in understanding how men and women fare in the managerial labor market. We examine gender differences in managerial job mobility by focusing on managers displaced (almost 90%) when their firms are acquired. Comparing labor market outcomes for similarly-ranked managers from the same target firm and within the same functional area, we find that career disruption results in a larger drop in rank for female managers, despite similar job search efforts. Gender differences are moderated for managers hired by firms with more women in upper echelon positions. Women with rich prior managerial experience and service on external boards also fare well. Our results point to a significant (implicit) ‘gender penalty’ for women in terms of managerial job mobility, but also indicate contexts in which the penalty may be alleviated, and even reversed.

CFO Gender and Financial Statement Irregularities

The increasing presence of women in upper echelon positions draws attention to the possible effects of executive gender on corporate decisions and actions. In this study, we formulate theory about ...

Extremely Elevated Myoglobin Contents in the Pelagic Melon-Headed Whale (Peponocephala electra) after Prolonged Postnatal Maturation.

Muscle biochemistry of aquatic birds and mammals varies in accordance with swimming and diving performance, as well as with ontogeny. Similar to other odontocetes, the locomotor muscles (longissimus dorsi) of neonatal melon-headed whales (Peponocephala electra) have low myoglobin content (Mb; g Mb/100 g wet muscle mass; mean ± SE; ] and low muscle nonbicarbonate buffering capacity ( slykes; ), representing only 16% of adult Mb ( g Mb/100 g wet muscle mass; ) and 56% of adult muscle nonbicarbonate buffering capacities ( slykes; ). By the juvenile stage, Mb ( g Mb/100 g wet muscle mass; ) is still only 41% of adult levels, but nonbicarbonate buffering capacity ( slykes; ) has matured. Despite the observation that Hawaiian melon-headed whales are not deep divers or long-duration divers, their Mb rivals that found in ziphiids that forage in the bathypelagic zone and monodontids that forage under sea ice. The pelagic lifestyle of melon-headed whales likely requires sustained swimming, such that endurance training could elevate Mb in the locomotor muscle. Indeed, elevated Mb in the locomotor muscles of other pelagic odontocetes has been observed. Unlike deep-diving and Arctic-dwelling odontocetes, melon-headed whales do not achieve mature muscle characteristics before nursing. It is likely that early in life, the hydrodynamic benefits of swimming in echelon position with their mothers minimizes the endurance training of the calves that would otherwise promote rapid elevations in Mb.

CFO Gender and Financial Statement Irregularities

The increasing presence of women in upper echelon positions draws attention to the possible effects of executive gender on corporate decisions and actions. In this study, we formulate theory about the impact of CFO gender on financial misreporting to generate two key insights. First, we hypothesize that firms with female CFOs will have a lower likelihood of financial misreporting than comparable firms with male CFOs. Second, we argue that the relation between CFO gender and financial misreporting will be contingent on governance mechanisms (e.g., institutional ownership and analyst coverage) such that misreporting of firms with male CFOs will differ more from that of firms with female CFOs when governance is weak. Our results, based on a novel leading indicator of the likelihood of financial misreporting, provide support for our predictions. Various alternative econometric specifications, including (but not limited to) exogenous shocks, propensity score matching, and modeling treatment-effects, random effects, firm-fixed effects, and hybrid effects provide general support for our theory and hypotheses. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE : PENGARUH TERHADAP KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMATIONAL DAN KOHESIVITAS KELOMPOK (Studi empiris KSOP Kelas I Pelabuhan Indonesia)

The purpose of this study is to test the new hypothesis about the direct and indirect effects of Emotional Intelligence on group cohesiveness. public organizations are still not fully able to create a good service system in the eyes of the people. Such conditions certainly require leaders who can be visionary and collaborate well between parts for a change. The population in this study were all (employees) with a minimum of 4 (four) echelon positions in 9 1st class KSOP(Kesyahbandaran dan Otoritas Pelabuhan) locations in Indonesia. The sample technique in this study was carried out by stratified random sampling technique, namely samples taken with special conditions. The sample used in each location is 9 people and the financial part is 8 people. The results of the study are the results of the path analysis test showing that emotional intelligence influences group cohesiveness through transformational leadership as mediation. This shows that an increase in emotional intelligence will make the implementation of transformational leadership better.

Aerial photographic identification of narwhal (Monodon monoceros) newborns and their spatial proximity to the nearest adult female

Population and species management of long-lived species such as narwhal (Monodon monoceros) require long-term ecological monitoring programs to provide baseline information on population structure and dynamics. The success of such programs is dependent on the repeatability of the methods. Here, we propose a dichotomous key to identify narwhal newborns from aerial photography based on cetaceans’ mother–newborn dyad behavioral and narwhal newborn physical description. The key was tested by three inexperienced observers and one expert observer with interobserver agreement classified as fair according to the Cohen Kappa algorithm and criteria thresholds. This study gives some insight into narwhal-newborn spatial position, showing a predominant number of newborns located in the infant and echelon position.

Nomeações políticas no Ministério do Meio Ambiente (2003-2013): interconexões entre ONGs, partidos e governos

ResumoNeste artigo, exploramos mudanças na relação entre movimentos sociais e o governo do Partido dos Trabalhadores pela lente da política de nomeações de cargos de alto escalão no Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA) entre 2003 e 2013. Ao analisar as biografias profissionais e políticas de 147 nomeados, identificamos uma diminuição, ao longo do período, de nomeações de atores originários de movimentos sociais, acompanhada por um crescimento de nomeações de servidores públicos. Sugerimos que essa mudança não é somente resultado de transformações das preferências políticas do governo petista. Resulta também de um aumento no número absoluto de funcionários concursados, o que tornou o governo menos dependente, do que era no passado, das capacidades técnicas e políticas presentes na sociedade civil.

Drafting mechanisms between a dolphin mother and calf

We numerically study the drafting mechanisms between a dolphin mother and her calf swimming near the free surface. Formation locomotion between the cetacean mother-calf pair provides a way for the mother to assist the calf in its locomotion. Depending on the age and size of the calf, it swims at neonate, echelon, and infant positions. At each position, the effects of the calf’s size, swimming speed, proximity to the free surface and the formation pattern are investigated and the optimal configurations predicted by the model based on the swimming hydrodynamics are compared with previous observations. It is shown that the neonate position is the optimal formation for controlling the separation of the calf, and the echelon position is the most hydrodynamically efficient position in transferring the thrust force from the mother to the calf. The infant position, on the other hand, avoids the energy loss due to wave generation so that it improves the self-propulsion performance of an older calf.

The development of synchronous movement by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)

AbstractThe development of motor synchrony in dolphins has been described qualitatively, but seldom quantified. We provide a detailed description of the development of synchrony in 12 calves for periods ranging from birth to a few days up to 22 wk. We observed the presence of synchrony, relative positions, and proximity and undertook a videotape analysis of one calf for initiations/terminations of synchrony, response time to breaks in synchrony, and the development of complex behaviors by the calf relative to synchrony. Synchrony was uniformly present more than 90% of the time during month 1, then began to decline gradually. Echelon position was most frequent but calves also spent time in infant position. Initially all calves were most frequently in direct physical contact with their mothers, but by 2 wk of age, all pairs were more likely to be near each other (<0.5 m) without touching. Behavioral complexity increased gradually over the study, and adults frequently performed behaviors during synchronous swimming, providing opportunities for social learning. Synchrony is a predominant behavior in mother‐calf interactions, and we speculate that it may be an important mechanism through which calves learn from their mothers via their tandem interactions with the environment.

The Development of Spatial Positions Between Mother and Calf of Yangtze Finless Porpoises (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis) Maintained in Captive and Seminatural Environments

For many toothed whales, two predominant and multifunctional spatial positions occur between a mother/calf pair after birth: (1) the echelon position and (2) the infant position. Other nonpredominant positions also have social and developmental significance for the calf. So far, the observational period of studies on the spatial positions tends to be too short, and the studies have primarily focused on the marine groups. Moreover, few, if any, studies examining spatial relations between mother/calf pairs have been conducted on endangered toothed whale species. The Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis) is one endangered and freshwater toothed whale. We studied the development of echelon, infant, and other position(s) in one calf maintained in captivity and two in a seminatural enclosure up to 1 y after birth. Focal following and continuous recording methods were used. A total of 180.6 h of video were recorded for the captive calf during the first year after birth (1.8 +/- 0.5 h/d; n = 99 d). For the two calves in the enclosure, a total of 254.9 and 479.9 h of visual observations were recorded between 12 to 109 d after birth (5.8 +/- 0.9 h/d; n = 44 d) and during the first year after birth (5.9 +/- 0.5 h/d; n = 81 d), respectively. Results indicated that time spent in echelon, infant, and other position(s) accounted for 24.6 +/- 2.7%, 34.4 +/- 8.1%, and 4.6 +/- 2.2% (n = 3), respectively. As the calves grew, they decreased their time spent in the echelon position. In contrast, time spent in the infant position increased and decreased in a parabolic fashion. The peaks (40.2%, 47.8%, and 46.8%) were approached at 91, 62, and 62 d after birth for the three calves, respectively. At 245 d after birth for the captive calf and 187 d for the second seminatural calf, time spent in the infant position began a second increase. This increase continued until the end of the year. Other positions were assumed during a small amount of time and changed slightly over time. In regards to animal management and conservation, we should regulate human activities contributing to the separation of a mother and her calf, especially before 90 d after birth. In addition, we should eliminate fishing gears and other risky factors in the environment until at least 60 d after birth.

Infant position in mother-calf dolphin pairs: formation locomotion with hydrodynamic benefits

Cetacean mother-calf dyads demonstrate formation locomotion that may provide hydrodynamic and/or social benefits. For example, echelon position (calf in close proximity of its mother’s mid-lateral flank) enables calves to increase swim performance at reduced locomotor effort compared to periods of solitary swimming. Yet cetacean mother-calf dyads are also observed in infant position (calf in close proximity underneath its mother’s tailstock), thus we wondered if infant positioning also provides hydrodynamic benefits to calves. Social and hydrodynamic benefits of infant position have both been hypothesized previously, but the logistical difficulties of conducting experiments on free-swimming mother-calf dolphin dyads have precluded empirical quantifications of kinematics until now. We demonstrated that 0 to 98 d old calves of the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus are afforded locomotor advantages while swimming in infant position with their mothers. Calves in infant position had reduced locomotor effort via a 24% reduction in fluke stroke amplitude compared to periods of solitary swimming. Yet stroke frequency (the other component of locomotor effort) and swim performance (swim speed) were not different between infant position and solitary swimming. Although swimming in infant position provided some hydrodynamic benefits to calves, these benefits paled in comparison to those afforded to calves maintaining echelon position. Given that echelon position provides the best hydrodynamic benefits, we speculate that older, stronger swimming calves are predominately in infant position because by relinquishing some hydrodynamic benefits of echelon position they gain important social benefits of infant position, particularly camouflage from predators, which undoubtedly plays a vital role in calf survival.

New data on the structure of the central part of the White Sea paleorift system

Complex geological and geophysical data obtained during recent research by the Marine Arctic Geological Survey Expedition OJSC (MAGSE) indicate that the Riphean Chapoma graben located on the southeastern shore of the Kola Peninsula has its extension under the Gorlo Strait of the White Sea water area and joins the Leshukonsk riftogenous graben as an extended narrow trench in the crystal foundation of the platform. From this it follows that the Chapoma graben is the central segment of the White Sea paleorift system. Only the northwestern edge and probably the upper part of the graben section outcrop on the Kola Peninsula, which represents a highly elevated block of the platform foundation. To emphasize the unity of this paleorift zone, it makes sense to call it the Chapomo-Leshukonsk Paleorift in contrast to the traditional name Kerets-Leshukonsk. The echelon position of the riftogenous troughs of the Chapomo-Leshukonsk paleorift, the form itself of the Leshukonsk and Azopolsk troughs being close to pull-apart assumes their occurrence and development under transtension conditions with elements of the right-side shear along the steep northeastern edges of the grabens.