Eccentricity Index Research Articles

Treprostinil in Neonates with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia-Related Pulmonary Hypertension

To describe our experience with treprostinil, evaluate correlations with cardiac function, and assess for adverse effects in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia-related pulmonary hypertension (CDH-PH). A retrospective review of a single-center prospective registry at a quaternary care children's hospital. Patients included in the study had CDH-PH treated with treprostinil between April 2013 and September 2021. Assessed outcomes were brain-type natriuretic peptide levels and quantitative echocardiographic parameters collected at baseline, 1week, 2weeks, and 1month after treprostinil initiation. Right ventricular (RV) function was assessed by tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion Z-score and speckle tracking echocardiography (global longitudinal and free wall strain). Septal position and left ventricular (LV) compression were assessed by eccentricity index and M-mode Z-scores. Fifty-one patients were included, with an average expected/observed lung-to-head ratio of 28.4±9.0%. Most patients required extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (n=45, 88%). Survival to hospital discharge was 31/49 (63%). Treprostinil was initiated at a median age of 19days with a median effective dose of 34ng/kg/minute. Median baseline brain-type natriuretic peptide level decreased from 416.9 pg/mL to 120.5 pg/mL after 1month. Treprostinil was associated with improved tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion Z-score, RV global longitudinal strain, RV free wall strain, LV eccentricity index, and LV diastolic and systolic dimensions, reflecting less compression by the RV, regardless of ultimate patient survival. No serious adverse effects were recorded. In neonates with CDH-PH, treprostinil administration is well tolerated and is associated with improved RV size and function.

Comparison between multimodality imaging approaches for measurement of the tricuspid annulus in severe tricuspid regurgitation

BackgroundTricuspid valve (TV) sizing is crucial for surgical or interventional procedures planning. Imaging TV is frequently challenging and often requires multimodal imaging techniques. Computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard for sizing. The authors compared measurements of the tricuspid annulus (TA) acquired using echocardiography and CT. MethodsThirty-six patients with severe symptomatic tricuspid regurgitation were included in this retrospective analysis. During mid-diastole, the maximal two-dimensional (2D) TA diameter was directly measured in multiple views using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Three-dimensional (3D) TA size was assessed using cross-sectional long-axis and short-axis diameters, areas, and perimeters measured in the projected plane. The TA diameter was quantified by the perimeter measured on the CT images (CT imaging_indirect) and compared with echocardiography measurements. Tenting height and tenting area were also measured using TTE at mid systole. ResultsThe long-axis dimensions measured using 3DTEE (3DTEE_direct) best correlated with the TA diameter (CT imaging_indirect) (R = 0.851, P = 0.0001) and the least discrepancies (difference 1.2 ± 2.4 mm, P = 0.012). The TA diameters quantified by the perimeters measured using 3DTEE (3DTEE_indirect) were smaller than the CT values (difference 2.5 ± 2.5 mm, P = 0.0001). The maximal dimensions directly measured by 2DTEE (2DTEE_direct) were modestly correlated with the CT values. Overall, the maximal dimensions by TTE_direct were less reliable than those by CT. TA eccentricity index correlated with the maximal tenting height and area. ConclusionThe patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation had a dilated and circular annulus. The long-axis TA dimensions (3DTEE_direct) were similar to the diameters (CT imaging_indirect).

Feasibility of Left Ventricle Lead Implantation in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Guided by Gated SPECT and Ventricular Remodeling.

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may benefit patients with advanced heart failure (HF). Abnormal eccentricity index by gated SPECT is related to structural and functional alterations of the left ventricle (LV). The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of LV lead implantation guided by phase analysis and its relationship to ventricular remodeling. Eighteen patients with indication for CRT underwent myocardial scintigraphy for implant orientation, and eccentricity and ventricular shape parameters were evaluated. P < 0.05 was adopted as statistical significance. At baseline, most patients were classified as NYHA 3 (n = 12). After CRT, 11 out of 18 patients were reclassified to a lower degree of functional limitation. In addition, patients' quality of life was improved post-CRT. Significant reductions were observed in QRS duration, PR interval, end-diastolic shape index, end-systolic shape index, stroke volume, and myocardial mass post-CRT. The CRT LV lead was positioned concordant, adjacent, and discordant in 11 (61.1%), 5 (27.8%), and 2 (11.1%) patients, respectively. End-systolic and end-diastolic eccentricity demonstrated reverse remodeling post-CRT. LV lead implantation in CRT guided by gated SPECT scintigraphy is feasible. The placement of the electrode concordant or adjacent to the last segment to contract was a determinant of reverse remodeling.

Comparative Study of Prism Octahedron Network via Eccentric Invariants

Topological indices are empirical features of graphs that characterize the topology of the graph and, for the most part, are graph independent. An important branch of graph theory is chemical graph theory. In chemical graph theory, the atoms corresponds vertices and edges corresponds covalent bonds. A topological index is a numeric number that represents the topology of underline structure. In this article, we examined the topological properties of prism octahedron network of dimension m and computed the total eccentricity, average eccentricity, Zagreb eccentricity, geometric arithmetic eccentricity, and atom bond connectivity eccentricity indices, which are used to utilize the distance between the vertices of a prism octahedron network.

Prognostic Value of Transthoracic Echocardiography in Children With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

Background Transthoracic echocardiography is part of the regular follow-up protocol at most pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) centers. We aimed to develop a comprehensive and simple echocardiographic risk stratification for children with PAH. Methods and Results We included 63 children with PAH and a biventricular cardiac anatomy without relevant shunt lesions (60% female patients; mean age, 9.0years; 42 idiopathic PAH and 21 associated PAH) undergoing a standardized transthoracic echocardiographic assessment. The prognostic value of echocardiographic parameters was assessed using Cox proportional hazards survival analysis and recursive partitioning for classification tree methods. Over a median follow-up period of 4.0years, 17 patients died and 4 underwent lung transplantation. Various echocardiographic parameters were associated with the combined endpoint of death and transplantation on univariate analysis. On further analysis, right atrial area (z score) and left ventricular diastolic eccentricity index (LVEId) emerged as robust and independent predictors of transplant-free survival. Considering mortality alone as an end point, a combination of right atrial area, left ventricular diastolic eccentricity index, and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion were identified as independent predictors of outcome. Based on these parameters, we propose simple risk scores that can be applied at the bedside without computer assistance. CONCLUSIONS Echocardiographic parameters predict prognosis in children with pulmonary hypertension. A combination of widely available parameters including right atrial area, left ventricular eccentricity index, and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion emerged as risk stratifiers that await external validation but may assist clinicians determining the prognosis of children with PAH.

Pulmonary Hypertension and Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Neonates Treated with Diazoxide.

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of adverse outcomes, specifically pulmonary hypertension (PH) and suspected or confirmed necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and their associated risk factors, in neonates treated with diazoxide. A retrospective study in infants born ≥ 316/7 weeks and admitted between January 2014 and June 2020. Combined adverse outcomes possibly associated to diazoxide were PH (systolic pulmonary pressure of ≥40 mm Hg or an eccentricity index ≥1.3) and suspected or confirmed NEC (suspected: stop feeds and antibiotics and confirmed: modified Bell stage ≥2). Echocardiography data extractors were masked to infants' characteristics. A total of 63 infants were included; 7 (11%) with suspected and 1 (2%) with confirmed NEC. Of the 36 infants with an available echocardiography after initiation of diazoxide treatment, 12 (33%) had PH. All infants with suspected or confirmed NEC were males (p = 0.01), whereas PH occurred mostly in females (75%, p = 0.02). The combined adverse outcome occurred in 14/26 (54%) infants exposed to >10 mg/kg/day, compared to 6/37 (16%) exposed to ≤10 mg/kg/day (p = 0.006). This association remained significant after adjustment for sex, small for gestational age status, and gestational age at birth (odds ratio: 6.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.7-21.7, p = 0.005). Left ventricular dysfunction was found in 19 infants (30%) but was not discriminative for the combined outcome. PH and suspected or confirmed NEC were identified frequently in neonates treated with diazoxide. A total dose >10 mg/kg/day was associated with an increased occurrence of these complications. · PH and suspected or confirmed NEC were frequently found in neonates treated with diazoxide.. · A total dose >10 mg/kg/day was associated with an increased occurrence of these complications.. · Echocardiography screening should be considered in neonates exposed to diazoxide..

GPx3 deficiency exacerbates maladaptive RV remodeling in experimental pulmonary artery banding.

The stressed right ventricle (RV) is particularly susceptible to producing and accumulating reactive oxygen species, leading to extracellular matrix deposition and secretion of natriuretic peptides. The role of specific enzymes with anti-oxidative capacity, like Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3), in RV pathogenesis is currently unknown. Here, we employ a murine model of pulmonary artery banding (PAB) to study the role of GPx3 in isolated RV pathology. Compared to WT mice undergoing PAB surgery, GPx3-deficient PAB mice presented with higher RV systolic pressure and higher LV eccentricity indices. PAB-induced changes in Fulton's Index, RV free wall thickness, and RV fractional area change were more pronounced in GPx3-deficient mice compared to WT controls. Adverse RV remodeling was enhanced in GPx3-deficient PAB animals, evidenced by increased RV expression levels of CTGF, TGF-b and ANP. In summary, GPx3 deficiency exacerbates maladaptive RV remodeling and causes signs of RV dysfunction.

Tricuspid Valve Geometrical Changes in Patients with Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation: Insights from a CT Scan Analysis Focusing on Commissures.

Cardiac computed tomography (CT) provides important insights into the geometrical configuration of the tricuspid valve (TV). The purpose of the present study was to assess the geometrical changes of TV in patients with functional tricuspid regurgitation (TR) using novel CT scan parameters and to correlate these findings with echocardiography. This single-center study enrolled 86 patients undergoing cardiac CT and divided them into two groups according to the presence or not of severe TR (43 patients with TR ≥ 3+ and 43 controls). The measurements collected were as follows: TV annulus area and perimeter, septal-lateral and antero-posterior annulus diameters, eccentricity, distance between commissures, segment between the geometrical centroid and commissures, and the angles of commissures. We found a significant correlation between all annulus measurements and the grade of TR, except in regard to angles. TR ≥ 3+ patients had significantly larger TV annulus area and perimeter, larger septal-lateral, and antero-posterior annulus dimensions, as well as larger commissural distance and centroid-commissural distance. In patients with TR ≥ 3+ and controls, the eccentricity index predicted a circular shape and an oval shape of the annulus, respectively. These novel CT variables focusing on commissures increase the anatomical understanding of the TV apparatus and the TV geometrical changes in patients with severe functional TR.

Applications on Topological Indices of Zero-Divisor Graph Associated with Commutative Rings

A topological index is a numeric quantity associated with a chemical structure that attempts to link the chemical structure to various physicochemical properties, chemical reactivity, or biological activity. Let R be a commutative ring with identity, and Z*(R) is the set of all non-zero zero divisors of R. Then, Γ(R) is said to be a zero-divisor graph if and only if a·b=0, where a,b∈V(Γ(R))=Z*(R) and (a,b)∈E(Γ(R)). We define a∼b if a·b=0 or a=b. Then, ∼ is always reflexive and symmetric, but ∼ is usually not transitive. Then, Γ(R) is a symmetric structure measured by the ∼ in commutative rings. Here, we will draw the zero-divisor graph from commutative rings and discuss topological indices for a zero-divisor graph by vertex eccentricity. In this paper, we will compute the total eccentricity index, eccentric connectivity index, connective eccentric index, eccentricity based on the first and second Zagreb indices, Ediz eccentric connectivity index, and augmented eccentric connectivity index for the zero-divisor graph associated with commutative rings. These will help us understand the characteristics of various symmetric physical structures of finite commutative rings.

Changes in epicardial and visceral adipose tissue depots following bariatric surgery and their effect on cardiac geometry.

Obesity affects cardiac geometry, causing both eccentric (due to increased cardiac output) and concentric (due to insulin resistance) remodelling. Following bariatric surgery, reversal of both processes should occur. Furthermore, epicardial adipose tissue loss following bariatric surgery may reduce pericardial restraint, allowing further chamber expansion. We investigated these changes in a serial imaging study of adipose depots and cardiac geometry following bariatric surgery. 62 patients underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) before and after bariatric surgery, including 36 with short-term (median 212 days), 37 medium-term (median 428 days) and 32 long-term (median 1030 days) follow-up. CMR was used to assess cardiac geometry (left atrial volume (LAV) and left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV)), LV mass (LVM) and LV eccentricity index (LVei - a marker of pericardial restraint). Abdominal visceral (VAT) and epicardial (EAT) adipose tissue were also measured. Patients on average had lost 21kg (38.9% excess weight loss, EWL) at 212 days and 36kg (64.7% EWL) at 1030 days following bariatric surgery. Most VAT and EAT loss (43% and 14%, p<0.0001) occurred within the first 212 days, with non-significant reductions thereafter. In the short-term LVM (7.4%), LVEDV (8.6%) and LAV (13%) all decreased (all p<0.0001), with change in cardiac output correlated with LVEDV (r=0.35,p=0.03) and LAV change (r=0.37,p=0.03). Whereas LVM continued to decrease with time (12% decrease relative to baseline at 1030 days, p<0.0001), both LAV and LVEDV had returned to baseline by 1030 days. LV mass:volume ratio (a marker of concentric hypertrophy) reached its nadir at the longest timepoint (p<0.001). At baseline, LVei correlated with baseline EAT (r=0.37,p=0.0040), and decreased significantly from 1.09 at baseline to a low of 1.04 at 428 days (p<0.0001). Furthermore, change in EAT following bariatric surgery correlated with change in LVei (r=0.43,p=0.0007). Cardiac volumes show a biphasic response to weight loss, initially becoming smaller and then returning to pre-operative sizes by 1030 days. We propose this is due to an initial reversal of eccentric remodelling followed by reversal of concentric remodelling. Furthermore, we provide evidence for a role of EAT contributing to pericardial restraint, with EAT loss improving markers of pericardial restraint.

Trees as bioindicators of hillslope degradation by debris flows and dangerous rockfalls along the Lefthand Canyon, Colorado Front Range

AbstractTrees provide important ecosystem services such as hillslope stabilization from landslides and rockfall protection, and may also be useful indicators of likelihood of those events in the future. Anatomical changes of tree wood are caused by various physical and biological phenomena. There are several geomorphic processes that change tree‐ring characteristics, including hillslope movement, and if detectable, these changes may be used as bioindicators of terrain surface stability. This type of proxy data is vital to places that lack systematic monitoring infrastructure. In the present study, we have evaluated the effects of a heavy rainfall that happened on 11–13 September 2013 in the Colorado Front Range (CFR), which triggered more than 1300 debris flows. We intensely studied one large debris flow that was triggered in the region and the surrounding trees. We explored potential tree‐based records of hillslope instability including compression wood and the method of eccentricity index of tree rings prior to the 2013 event. In addition, the response index was correlated with daily precipitation totals of the previous and current year in a moving window mode. We also evaluated rockfall patterns to explore the frequency and spatial distribution of tree‐scar‐based records. Our primarily goal was to test the method in dry climate conditions and to reconstruct possible soil instability episodes and rockfalls that led to hillslope degradation and tree mortality. In this study, we aimed to fill a significant knowledge gap on debris flows and rockfalls frequency in a dry montane forest system. We were able to distinguish 5 years of increased response index (&gt;25% of trees recording slope instability): 1955 (30%), 1982 (27%), 2002 (27%), 2006 (31%), and 2009 (26%). A spring and early summer season daily precipitation totals of the previous year and summertime daily precipitation totals of the current year explained part of the response index variability. Significant correlation coefficients were up to 0.27. Almost 30 historical rockfall events were dated but only one coincided with an earthquake. In total 138 scars visible on growing trees were mapped. Some of them were found even 3.1 m above the ground level. We conclude that trees can be effective bioindicators of hillslope instability related to debris flows and rock falling. However, extreme climate events such as heavy rainfall causing a high number of debris flows can be difficult to predict based on the method adopted in the present study.

Total eccentricity index of graphs with fixed number of pendant or cut vertices

The total eccentricity index of a connected graph is defined as sum of the eccentricities of all its vertices. In this paper, we give the sharp upper bound on the total eccentricity index over graphs with fixed number of pendant vertices and the sharp lower bound on the same over graphs with fixed number of cut vertices. We also provide the sharp upper bounds on the total eccentricity index over graphs with s cut vertices for \(s=0, 1, n-3, n-2\) and propose a conjecture for \(2\le s\le n-4\).

Comparative Study of Planar Octahedron Molecular Structure via Eccentric Invariants

A branch of graph theory that makes use of a molecular graph is called chemical graph theory. Chemical graph theory is used to depict a chemical molecule. A graph is connected if there is an edge between every pair of vertices. A topological index is a numerical value related to the chemical structure that claims to show a relationship between chemical structure and various physicochemical attributes, chemical reactivity, or, you could say, biological activity. In this article, we examined the topological properties of a planar octahedron network of m dimensions and computed the total eccentricity, average eccentricity, Zagreb eccentricity, geometric arithmetic eccentricity, and atom bond connectivity eccentricity indices, which are used to determine the distance between the vertices of a planar octahedron network.

On eccentricity-based topological indices of line and para-line graphs of some convex polytopes

Graph theory has been studied different areas such as mathematics, information and chemistry sciences. It is about descriptors in quantitative structure property relationship (QSPR) and quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) studies in the chemical network. Let G = (V(G), E(G)) be a graph without directed and multiple edges and without loops. A lot of topological indices have been defined for QSPR/QSAR studies. There are several types of these indices such as degree-based indices, eccentricity-based indices, and so on. The eccentricity-based topological indices are very important QSPR/QSAR studies, also recently these indices have been studied in many papers. In this paper, some eccentricity-based topological indices namely the connective eccentricity index xce(G), the eccentric connectivity index xc(G), the modified eccentric connectivity index xc(G), the total eccentricity index x(G), the Zagreb eccentricity indices M*1(G), M**1(G), M*2(G), the average eccentricity index avec(G), the eccentricity based geometric-arithmetic index GA4(G) and new version of ABC index such as ABC5(G) have been computed for line and para-line graphs of some convex polytopes Dn, Qn and Rn which are geometric graphs.

Prevalence and Characteristics of Symptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerotic Plaques in People Residing at Middle and High Altitudes: A Preliminary Study.

This study aims to determine how atherosclerotic plaque prevalence and characteristics vary between individuals residing year-round at middle and high altitudes who have intracranial atherosclerotic disease. We conducted a retrospective analysis of patient data from our hospital, focusing on individuals with cerebrovascular symptoms who underwent high-resolution vessel wall imaging (HR-VWI). Patients who had lived at an altitude of <2500 meters for an extended period were classified in group A (n = 91), while those residing at an altitude of ≥2500 meters were placed in group B (n = 75). We examined the differences in plaque prevalence and characteristics between these two groups. The detection rate of basilar artery plaque was higher in group A compared to group B (16% vs. 7.6%, p = 0.036). Conversely, the detection rate of anterior cerebral artery plaque was significantly lower in group A than in group B (4% vs. 11.8%, p = 0.016). The eccentricity index (EI) was greater in group B than in group A (0.72 ± 0.11 vs. 0.68 ± 0.12, p = 0.012). The prevalence of intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) was lower in group B than in group A (39.5% vs. 58.7%, p = 0.002). IPH prevalence was lower in patients residing at high altitudes than in those residing at middle altitudes. However, patients living at high altitudes had a higher EI compared to those residing at middle altitudes. These findings underscore the presence of disparities in the prevalence and characteristics of intracranial atherosclerotic plaques between individuals residing at medium and high altitudes. It is essential to account for these distinctions when diagnosing plaques.

FRACTAL VERSION OF ZAGREB ECCENTRICITY INDEX

In this paper, we introduce the fractal version of Zagreb eccentricity index which is a singular integral of the eccentricity squared in terms of self-similar measure. Based on the geometric characteristics of the farthest point, we calculate the fractal version of Zagreb eccentricity index on the (3,1) flower fractal to be [Formula: see text] by using the technique of finite pattern.

ZAGREB ECCENTRICITY INDEX OF LEVEL-n SIERPINSKI GASKET

In this paper, we investigate the Zagreb eccentricity index of the level-[Formula: see text] Sierpinski gasket [Formula: see text]. Based on the self-similarity and finite pattern, we compute the Zagreb eccentricity index of [Formula: see text] which is the integral of square of eccentricity in terms of the self-similar singular measure.

Indeks Eksentrisitas Zagreb Pertama dan Kedua Graf Koprima dari Grup Matriks Upper Unitriangular atas Ring Bilangan Bulat Modulo Prima

The coprime graph of a group G is a graph Γ_G with G is its set of vertices and any two distinct vertices are adjacent if and only if their order are relatively prime. Let p be a prime number, then G_p denotes the multiplicative group of 2×2 upper unitriangular matrices over ring of integers modulo p. The purposes of this research are to study the coprime graph Γ_(G_p ) and find the first and the second Zagreb eccentricity indices of Γ_(G_p ) for p≥3. The results of this research are as follows. First Zagreb eccentricity index of coprime graph Γ_(G_p )isE_1 (Γ_(G_p ))=4p-3. Second Zagreb eccentricity index of coprime graph Γ_(G_p )isE_2 (Γ_(G_p ))=2p-2.

On the Structural Properties and Some Topological Indices of Young-Fibonacci Graphs

In this paper, we study Young Fibonacci graphs Gn, a special family of graphs that are constructed with the help of integer partitions. Young diagrams are also used in the construction of graphs. The family of graphs is rich in structure. Thus, we investigate various properties of the family of graphs which include degree based structure and topological in-dices. Topological indices like Zagreb Index, Wiener Index, Randic Index and Connective Eccentricity Index of these graphs are computed. We also study the eigenvalues and energy of the graph.

​Relationship of Phytochemical and Seed Characteristics of Indonesian Soybean Varieties

Background: Soybean phytochemicals possess antioxidants that are associated with numerous benefits to human health, therefore, the seed quality and the beneficial content must be considered. This study aimed to assess the relationship between phytochemicals and seed characteristics of Indonesian soybean varieties. Methods: A total of 20 soybean varieties were studied on the seed characteristics (eccentricity index, flatness index and weight). This study was conducted in 2021 at the University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia. The whole soybean seeds were extracted to determine the values of crude protein, oil content, total phenol, total flavonoid and antioxidant activity. Result: Four soybean varieties, namely Detam 1, Detam 2, Dering 1 and Grobogan, contain a moderately high amount of crude protein and oil and are prominent in phytochemicals and antioxidant activity. In addition, the correlation analysis indicated that the level of antioxidant activity is correlated with total phenol, total flavonoid and seed size.