Eating Attitudes Test Scores Research Articles

Evaluation of orthorexia nervosa tendency and fear of COVID-19 in university students receiving health education

Purpose This study aims to evaluate level of fear and the tendency toward orthorexia nervosa (ON) during the COVID-19 pandemic in the university students receiving health education. Design/methodology/approach A total of 765 students, consisting of 626 females (81.8%) and 139 males (18.2%) were included in the study. The demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26), Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and the tendency toward ON were assessed using an online questionnaire. Findings The FCV-19S scores differed according to gender and were higher in the female students (P < 0.001). In students with a high EAT-26 score, the tendency toward ON was higher (P < 0.001). According to estimated regression models, a unit increase of the FCV-19S scores led to a decrease of 0.10 points in the Orthorexia Nervosa Evaluation Scale-11 (ORTO-11) scores. It was determined that students with high FCV-19S scores had a tendency toward ON and increased EAT-26 scores (P < 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively). There was a weak negative correlation between the FCV-19S score and the ORTO-11 score (P < 0.001) and a weak positive correlation between the FCV-19S score and the EAT-26 score (P = 0.001). Originality In this cross-sectional study, it was determined that the fear of COVID-19 was related to an increase in the tendency toward ON and eating attitude in students receiving health education. Because of the fear and ON tendencies of students due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it would be beneficial to provide education on adequate and balanced nutrition during this period.

The Effects of Smartphone and Internet Gaming Addiction on Eating Attitudes Among University Students.

Objective Smartphone addiction is a public health problem increasing with the technologic developments. It particularly affects the university students negatively in terms of psychological, physical, academic achievement and social relations. This study aims to investigate the relation of eating attitudes between smartphone addiction and internet gaming disorder, also the relation of smartphone addiction with obesity. Methods This cross-sectional and prospective study is consisted of 358 volunteer university students. Socio-demographic data form, Short Form of Smartphone Addiction Scale (SF-SAS), Eating Attitude Test (EAT), and internet gaming disorder scale were administered to the participants. Results Mean age of the participants was 22.27±3.10 years and 59.8% (n=214) were female. In terms of the variables “body mass index, body weight, faculty of the student, economic status of the family, and the people they live with together” were significantly different from controls. Also “monthly mobile phone invoice, EAT score, SF-SAS scores” were statistically different. A significant difference was found among “body weight groups” in terms of both EAT score and SF-SAS. According to the linear regression model variables of “gender, smartphone addiction, and school year” were determined as the predictors for EAT. Conclusion Our current study has revealed the relation between smartphone addiction and eating attitudes, and obesity. Smartphone addiction may lead to an increase in body weight, by affecting eating attitudes. Therefore, the effect of eating behavior disorders in the emergence of the smartphone addiction should be considered. Multi-disciplinary solutions are required to prevent this addiction that may increase over time.

Besin Alımının Bir Belirleyicisi Olarak Dürtüsellik: Yeme Tutum ve Davranışlarındaki Rolüne Yönelik Kesitsel Bir Çalışma

Objective: This study aims to examine the possible relationships between impulsivity and eating attitudes and behaviors. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 129 female and 111 male participants, with a mean age of 34.50±12.14 years, were categorized as obese and non-obese according to their body mass index. They were subjected to the Barratt Impulsivity Scale 11, the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-Revised 21 and the Eating Attitude Test 26. Their impulsivity, eating attitudes and behaviors were compared, and possible relationships between impulsivity and nutritional behaviors were examined. Results: Emotional eating and uncontrolled eating scores of obese individuals were higher compared to those of non-obese individuals, and obese individuals showed a lower Eating Attitude Test score and level of cognitive restriction. No difference was observed in all subscales of Barratt Impulsivity Scale in obese and nonobese individuals. There were positive correlations between all subscales of Barratt Impulsivity Scale and uncontrolled eating score and emotional eating score. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that impulsivity is not higher in obese individuals, but that all sub-dimensions of impulsivity determined by Barratt Impulsivity Scale 11 are associated with uncontrolled and emotional eating behaviors. In the treatment of obesity, determining impulsivity levels and using approaches to reduce impulsivity may increase effectiveness and sustainability of treatment.

The association of obesity with eating disorders risk: online survey of a large cohort of Russian-speaking individuals seeking medical weight correction assistance

BackgroundEating Disorders pose a serious health risk to individuals. Often, eating disorder symptoms are overlooked when assessing obesity risk. The current cross-sectional study was focused on the search of association between disordered eating behaviors evaluated by Eating Attitudes Test 26 (EAT-26) and obesity in a large cohort of Russian-speaking adults seeking online assistance with medical weight correction.MethodsThe web-based cross-sectional study evaluated the data of online Eating Attitudes Test 26 (EAT-26) completed by 13,341 registered adult visitors of weight loss clinic website. The EAT-26 provides an overall score for potential eating disorders risk, as well as scores for three subscales: Bulimia, dieting, and oral control. Additional self-reported information about sex, weight, height, and age of respondents was used for analysis. The nonparametric analysis of variance and binominal logistic regression modeling were applied to search for an association between obesity and EAT-26 total score and subscales scores. The critical level of the significance was considered as α = 0.05.ResultsWomen (94%) had lower BMI values but higher EAT-26 total score than men, which was indicated as statistically significant by a Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test (Z = − 11.80, p < 0.0001). Logistic regression for the whole cohort revealed that Bulimia subscale score was associated with higher risk of obesity (OR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.02–1.05) whereas higher score of EAT-26 oral control subscale was associated with decreased risk of obesity (OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.91–0.95). Separate analysis for men and women showed that in men higher obesity risk was associated with higher oral control subscale scores (OR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.06–1.11); while in women both dieting and bulimia subscales scores were associated with higher obesity risk (OR = 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.03 and OR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.02–1.05, respectively). Older age was associated with obesity risk for both women and men.ConclusionsIn a large cohort of individuals seeking medical weight correction assistance, the risk of obesity was associated with the higher EAT-26 scores, age, and sex. Moreover, different eating disorder risk profiles were associated with obesity in men and women. Higher oral control subscale score was associated with decreased risk of obesity in women, but with higher risk in men. Older age was a shared obesity risk factor for both sexes. Therefore, the use of EAT-26 would facilitate individual diagnostic assessment for specific eating disorders in different sub-cohorts. Further assessment of separate EAT-26 subscales may be important to predict sex-/age-specific risks of obesity that implies their study in the future.Plain English summaryObesity is a significanthealth problem. Different factors (e.g. social, biological, and behavioral) areimportant for their successful treatment. Abnormal eating behaviors may be oneof the most likely predictors of increased body weight. This study aims todetermine whether there is a significant association between obesity and scoreson the eating behavior questionnaire-Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26)-in alarge cohort of adults seeking medical weight correction assistance at a privateweight loss clinic web-site. According to the study results, the associationwas shown for the male sex, older age, and higher Bulimia scores as measured onthe EAT-26. Moreover, different EAT-26 scales were associated with obesityrisks in women and men subgroups, while older age was a shared risk factor forobesity in both sexes. The findings may suggest sex-/age-specific diagnosticapproach and treatment strategies for individuals with obesity.

Association of overweight and obesity with the risk of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors among Bangladeshi university students

ObjectiveLittle is known about the relation between weight status and eating disorders symptomatology among Bangladeshi university students. Moreover, the sociocultural climate in Bangladesh has changed in ways that might increase young adults' vulnerability to eating disorder symptomatology. Therefore, this study explored disordered eating attitudes and behaviors among Bangladeshi university students, and their association with Body Mass Index. MethodThis cross-sectional study included 398 students from one Bangladeshi university [mean age = 21.12 and 50.25% women]. Anthropometric measures (height and weight) were collected in-person by study staff. Participants also completed the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26). The established EAT-26 cutoff score of ≥20 was used to identify participants as having elevated risk for disordered eating attitudes and behaviors. Participants' BMIs were classified according to World Health Organization guidelines. ResultOver one-fifth (20.4%) of students in the sample had EAT-26 scores ≥20 (17.2% male and 23.5% female). Students with BMIs classified as overweight or obese were more likely to have elevated EAT-26 scores (OR = 3.572[2.12–6.03], p < .001). A significant positive correlation was found between overweight/obesity, and disordered eating attitudes and behaviors (r = 0.41, p < .001). ConclusionThese findings suggest that additional research is needed to investigate eating disorder symptomatology in Bangladeshis. In particular, future studies should use longitudinal designs, and large and diverse samples.

The relationship between university students' childhood traumas and their body image coping strategies as well as eating attitudes

BackgroundThis study examined the relationship between university students' childhood traumas and their body image coping strategies as well as eating attitudes. MethodsThis cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational study was conducted with 654 students who were selected from 6240 university students enrolled during the spring semester of the 2017-2018 academic year and determined using the stratified and simple random sampling method. Introductory Information Form, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Body Image Coping Strategies Inventory (BICSI), and Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) were used. The reliability coefficients of the scales were 0.93, 0.82, and 0.85, respectively. The data were evaluated using number-percentage distributions and the relationships between the variables were examined using correlation analysis. ResultsOf the students, 56.7% were female. Their mean age was 20.71 ± 1.54. The mean CTQ score (41.14 ± 15.98), BICSI score (71.33 ± 10.32; max.: 116), and EAT score (19.61 ± 14.60) were below average. The study found a low, positive correlation between the CTQ total and subscale mean scores and the BICSI avoidance subscale mean score as well as the EAT mean score (p < 0.05). ConclusionsFew university students reported childhood traumas. Most students referred to positive coping using rational acceptance tendency against body image threats and problems, had low tendencies toward negative eating attitudes, and had no risk for an eating disorder. However, the students with a history of childhood trauma coped with body image threats and problems mostly using an avoidance tendency and had negative tendencies toward eating attitudes.

Results of an Online Survey about Food Insecurity and Eating Disorder Behaviors Administered to a Volunteer Sample of Self-Described LGBTQ+ Young Adults Aged 18 to 35 Years

BackgroundThere are few published studies addressing food insecurity and eating disorders in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning (LGBTQ+) individuals. ObjectiveThe primary objective of this study was to describe the proportion of food insecurity and eating disorder behaviors in a volunteer sample of LGBTQ+ individuals aged 18 to 35 years. DesignThis study was a cross-sectional analysis of questionnaire data collected from 253 participants between March 2018 and March 2019. Participants and settingTo be included in the study, participants had to be aged 18 to 35 years and identify as being LGBTQ+. Main outcome measuresFood security score, Eating Attitudes Test score, Eating Disorder Examination Self-Report Questionnaire score, anxiety score (Beck), and depressive symptoms score. Statistical analyses performedThe χ2 test was used to analyze the categorical outcomes. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare continuous variables across gender identity groups. All P values < 0.05 were taken as statistically significant. ResultsThe proportion of participants identifying as a woman, trans male, gender nonconforming, and a man were 39%, 24%, 24%, and 13%, respectively. Food insecurity was reported by 54.4% of respondents with trans males reporting the highest proportions (64.8%). High levels of depressive symptoms were reported by 68.2% of men, 89.8% of women, 91.4% of trans males, and 95.5% of gender-nonconforming respondents (P = 0.009). High anxiety was reported by 20.5%. Eating Disorder Examination Self-Report Questionnaire scores were significantly higher (P < 0.001) compared with a community-based sample. The eating disorder behavior most frequently reported by respondents was binge eating. Only 4.3% reported having sought treatment for an eating disorder. ConclusionsMembers of the LGBTQ+ community are at greater risk for food insecurity, eating disorders, and depression, particularly those who identify as trans males. These findings denote the need to focus future research efforts on effective prevention and treatment strategies that are specific to sexual and gender identity groups within the LGBTQ+ community.

Vegetarian and omnivorous diets: A cross-sectional study of motivation, eating disorders, and body shape perception

Vegetarianism, which is increasingly widespread in Western societies, is underpinned by various motivations (ethical, environmental, health concerns …) and the question of its association with eating disorders continues to divide the literature.This cross-sectional study aimed to explore and compare eating motives/attitudes and bodily preoccupations of vegetarian and omnivorous participants from the general population. Forty-nine vegetarians and 52 omnivores, aged between 18 and 70 years, completed a battery of questionnaires including sociodemographic characteristics, Body Mass Indexes (BMI - current, ideal, lifetime lowest, and lifetime highest), the Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ), the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), and the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ).Compared to omnivores, vegetarians reported lower current (p = .017), ideal (p = .009), and lifetime lowest (p = .005) BMIs, more motivations related to health (p = .001) and natural content (p < .0001), but less weight control motivations (p = .015). While no differences were observed in EAT-26 scores, vegetarians had lower BSQ total scores (p = .043), and lower scores on the Body Dissatisfaction related to Lower body parts (p = .025) and Unsuited Cognitions and Behaviors (p = .015) subscales compared to omnivores. Separate gender comparisons revealed that these differences existed only among women. Hierarchical regressions revealed that the natural content motivation was the strongest positive statistical predictor of the vegetarian group (Expβ = 1.18, p = .002), while the weight control motivation was a negative statistical predictor (Expβ = .710, p = .023).Results demonstrated that vegetarians expressed motivation for a healthy and natural diet, and were less concerned about controlling their weight than the omnivores. Vegetarian women had lower BMIs but expressed fewer psychological concerns associated with eating disorders than omnivorous women. Vegetarian diets appeared to be associated with health benefits and less body and weight concerns, particularly among women in the general population.

Can personality traits, obesity, depression, anxiety, and quality of life explain the association between migraine and disordered eating attitudes?

Few studies have explored the coexistence of migraine and disordered eating attitudes. Furthermore, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine and disordered eating attitude comorbidity are not clearly understood. This study aimed to investigate the association between migraine and disordered eating attitudes in relation to personality traits, obesity, quality of life, migraine severity, depression, and anxiety. This study included 91 patients with episodic migraine and 84 healthy control subjects. Self-report questionnaires were used to evaluate anxiety, depression, migraine-related disability, personality traits, quality of life, and eating disorders. The Eating Attitude Test (EAT) showed disordered eating attitudes in 21 patients (23.1%) in the migraine group and eight patients (9.5%) in the control group. Migraine-related disability, anxiety, depression, neuroticism, and quality of life scores were significantly worse in migraine patients with disordered eating attitudes compared to migraine patients without disordered eating attitudes. In migraine patients, eating attitude test scores were positively correlated with migraine-related disability, anxiety, depression, and neuroticism scores, and negatively correlated with quality of life scores. The association of migraine and disordered eating attitudes was shown to be related to depression, anxiety, quality of life and personality traits and may also indicate a more clinically severe migraine. To the best of our knowledge, there is no literature study that deals with all these relevant data together. However, neuropsychiatry-based biological studies are required to better understand this multifaceted association.

Eating disorders in patients with irritable bowel syndrome

IntroductionEating disorders (ED) constitute an important group of conditions that commonly occur in adolescents. Gastrointestinal complaints are frequently reported in ED patients. Few studies assessed the association of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with ED. The aim of the current study is to determine the prevalence of ED in a group of IBS patients and compare it with a healthy control group and assess the relationship of IBS sub-types, it's duration and severity with ED. Patients and methods100 IBS patients diagnosed according to the Rome-IV criteria and a control group consisting of 100 healthy adults, between 18 and 65 years old, were enrolled in this study. Sub-type, duration and severity of IBS were determined. All participants were requested to fill questionnaires to screen for ED. Results200 subjects participated in the study. 118(59%) were female and 92(41%) were male. The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) score was significantly higher in the IBS group (Odds ratio: 5.3 CI 95%:4.3–9.3; p<0.001). The number of subjects with EAT score >30 was significantly higher in the IBS group (p<0.001). EAT scores were significantly higher in female IBS patients and in younger patients (p=0.013 and p=0.043; respectively). No significant association between the IBS sub-type and EAT score was found (p>0.05). However, IBS severity and duration positively correlated with EAT scores. DiscussionED should be considered in the management of IBS patients. Since many psychological factors can exacerbate IBS symptoms a multidisciplinary approach consisting of medical and behavioral therapeutic modalities should be employed for a better management of these patients.

Are eating disorders associated with bipolar disorder type I? Results of a Lebanese case-control study.

To assess the association between disordered eating and bipolar disorder (BD). A case-control study, conducted between April and September 2018, enrolled 50 patients and 50 controls. Higher eating attitude test scores were significantly associated with the presence of BD. This association remained after the introduction of other factors (marital status, family history of BD, shopping and gambling addictions, sleep quality, and insomnia severity) that were also associated with the presence of BD. This study suggested that eating disorders are associated with BD type I, independent of mediating factors. Health care providers should consider pharmacological or psychotherapeutic interventions that could treat both syndromes sparingly.

Disordered eating attitudes among Iranian university students of medical sciences: The role of body image perception.

Disordered eating attitudes and behaviors have become an issue of worldwide concern. This research was designed to investigate the role of body image satisfaction in the relationship with eating attitudes among students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in Iran. In this cross-sectional study, 385 Qazvin university students of medical sciences were recruited by randomized stratified sampling in 2014. The students completed a three-part questionnaire (socio-demographic, Eating Attitudes Test and Body Shape Questionnaire) in their classrooms. We used hierarchical generalized linear models to identify variables significantly associated with Eating Attitudes Test scores. The mean age of the students was 21.80 ± 2.98 years. Mean scores for the Eating Attitudes Test and Body Shape Questionnaire were 66.75 ± 29.8 and 11.86 ± 10.97 respectively; 18.5% of students had a score of 20 and above (≥ 20) that indicated disordered eating attitudes or as being at risk of eating disorders. In the multiple regression model, the Eating Attitudes Test was related to screening body image dissatisfaction (β = 0.122, P < 0.001). Body mass index was negatively related to the Eating Attitudes Test score (β= -0.488, P < 0.016), and diet was significantly correlated with an increased Eating Attitudes Test score (β = 5.803, P < 0.001). The risk of eating disorders is relatively high among Iranian university students. It can be a warning to health policy makers and should be the focus of special attention. In the present study, the most important factor related to abnormal eating attitudes was body image dissatisfaction. Regarding the complexity of the causes of eating disorders, various preventive and therapeutic interventions are necessary to avoid the dissemination in society of an idealized view of excessive thinness and further unfavorable outcomes in college students.

Adolescents and young women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea: is it time to move beyond the hormonal profile?

To ascertain the role of deranged eating behaviours (DEBs) in the development of functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea (FHA) and the reciprocal role of psychopathological traits on both disorders. A prospective case-control study was conducted spanning the period January 2016 to April 2018. Forty-one consecutive FHA females and 86 healthy controls were recruited. We assessed the DEBs and other FHA predisposing factors via self-reported questionnaires. Possible correlations amongst the variables were examined using the Spearman's correlation coefficient (rho), whilst multivariate logistic regression was carried out to identify independent predictors of DEBs. Mean scores on Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) were significantly higher in females with FHA (p < 0.0001). Women with FHA were characterised by significantly higher scores at the sub-scale items of dieting (p = 0.03) and bulimia and food preoccupation (p < 0.001) compared to healthy controls. Significant difference was also observed between the mean scores of the two groups in all other questionnaires: State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory (STAI) (p < 0.0001), Multidimensional Body-Self-Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) (p < 0.0001) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) (p = 0.004). EAT-26 scores were positively correlated with scores on STAI (ρ = 0.26, p = 0.04), MBSRQ (ρ = 0.79, p < 0.0001) and IPAQ (ρ = 0.35, p = 0.03). High scores on IPAQ and STAI were correlated with a 12.2-fold (p = 0.008) and 4.3-fold (p = 0.04) increased risk for high scores on EAT-26 respectively. DEBs may occur in FHA populations at a higher frequency compared to the general population. Anxiety and overweight preoccupation may underlie and independently contribute to development and maintenance of both DEBs and FHA. This evidence may have future implications for both screening and interventions that target DEBs and other psychological factors.

The Evaluation of Eating Attitudes in Patients with Sarcoidosis

Objective: The aim of this present study was to investigate the eating attitudes of sarcoidosis patients. Method: 50 patients with sarcoidosis and 45 healthy individuals without chronic disease were included to study. All participants evaluated for metabolic syndrome (MetS) according to National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria. Eating Attitude Test (EAT) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were applied to all participants. All participants evaluated for metabolic syndrome (MetS). The cut-off scores of the tests were 30 for BDI and 17 for BDI. Results: When sarcoidosis cases and control group were evaluated according to EAT and BDI cut-off scores; it was found that the prevalence of deterioration in eating behavior was higher in patients with sarcoidosis than healthy controls but the prevalence of depression was not higher (p=0.018, p=0.874 respectively). We found that total EAT scores were significantly higher in sarcoidosis patients who has MetS. MetS(-); EAT: 15±7, MetS(+); EAT: 27±10 p&amp;lt;0.001. Conclusion: This study is important to show connection between the sarcoidosis and disordered eating attitudes. It is not adequate to establish the presence of comorbidities alone. Defining risk factors leading to comorbidities is also important in patients with sarcoidosis. If causative factors are detected, controlling them by a multidisciplinary approach will prevent the onset of comorbidities and also provide satisfactory management of sarcoidosis.

The eating attitudes in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Aim Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients show multiple physiological deficits and several neuropsychological comorbidities. The aim of this study was to investigate the eating attitudes in OSAS patients. Material and methods Polysomnography records of 157 were performed. Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were applied to all participants. Results The mean age of the 157 individuals included in the study was 47.2 ± 11.4 (18–76) years and 36% (n = 56) of the individuals were female and 64% (n = 101) were male. When the patients were ranked according to the severity of OSAS, 38.2% (n = 60) were severe, 20.4% (n = 32) were moderate, 24.2% (n = 38) were mild, and 17.2% (n = 27) were OSAS negative. There was a significant difference in terms of the age-and-BMI-adjusted EAT score according to OSAS severity (p = .042). There was a significant difference in the age-and-BMI-adjusted value of the EAT according to the presence of OSAS (p = .011). After controlling age and BMI, no significant correlation was found between the EAT and the BDI (r = 0.012, p = .890) in patients with OSAS while there was a significant positive correlation EAT and the BAI (r = 0.177, p = .046). Conclusions Considering the association of OSAS with psychiatric disorders, the presence of eating disorders (EDs) becomes an important and special topic. Treatment of patients with OSAS should not only aim to improve the patient’s sleep apnea, but also to improve the patient’s quality of life by evaluating the patient’s psychological and physical functions.

Investigating the Relationship between Eating Attitutes, Parental Bonding Styles and Body Mass Index

Amaç: bu çalışmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerinde yeme tutumları, ebeveyn bağlanma tarzları ve vücut kitle indeksi arasındaki ilişkisinin incelenmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırmada, rastgele yöntemi ile seçilmiş 431 üniversite öğrencisine demografik bilgi formu, Ebeveyn bağlanma ölçeği (ABBÖ) ve Yeme Tutum Testi (YTT) uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Yeme bozukluğu riski gösteren öğrencilerinin oranı %7,9 (n:34) olarak bulunmuştur. YTT toplam puanlarının cinsiyet açısından anlamlı bir şekilde farklılaşmadığı görülmüştür. Anneden algılanan ilgi/kontrol ve VKİ değerleri YTT toplam puanları ile ilişkili bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte, üniversite öğrencilerinde VKİ, vücut ağırlığından memnuniyetsizlik, kilo koruma çabası, diyet yapma sıklığı, diyetisyene başvurma, spor salonuna gitme, fastfood yememe, daha önce yaşanmış yeme bozukluğu davranışları ile yeme bozukluğu arasında anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Araştırma sonuçlarının psikoterapötik etkileri olabileceği, tedavide yer verilmesi ve muhtemel müdahalelerin hazırlanmasında yol gösterici olabileceği düşünülmüştür.

Is Ramadan fasting correlated with disordered eating behaviours in adolescents?

ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the cross-sectional relationship between Ramadan fasting as a spiritual factor with prolonged hunger and disordered eating behaviors. The study was conducted in June 2016 (11th–29th days of Ramadan) and consisted of 238 fasting and 49 non-fasting adolescents. Risk of disordered eating was evaluated using the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) and Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 (TFEQ-R18). Body image dissatisfaction was rated with Stunkard’s Figure Rating Scale (FRS). Nutritional status was assessed using a 24-hour dietary recall. There was no significant difference between energy intake, EAT-26 and TFEQ-R18 scores (except the emotional eating sub-scores) between the groups. FRS revealed that the comparisons of their “ideal” and self were not significantly different between the groups whereas the gap between the figures they think healthy and closest to self was significantly higher amongst non-fasting adolescents. Two-hundred and two (97.5%) adolescents reported fasting for religious purposes whereas only 8 (3.4%) for losing weight. The EAT-26 total scores were in the pathological range in 39 (16.8%) adolescents who fasted for religious purposes. This study suggests that motivation of adolescents to fast during Ramadan was due to spiritual decisions rather than weight control or other factors and Ramadan fasting was not correlated with disordered eating behaviors or body image dissatisfaction.

Assessment of Dietary Intake and Eating Attitudes in Recreational and Competitive Adolescent Rock Climbers: A Pilot Study

The dietary intake and eating attitudes of adolescent climbers has not previously been studied. To fill this knowledge gap, we administered three surveys to 22 rock climbers (13 males, 9 females, age 14.2 ± 1.9 years): climbing ability, three-day dietary recall, and Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26). The majority (82%) of climbers did not meet their target energy intake (target = 2,471 ± 493 kcal·day−1; actual = 1,963 ± 581 kcal·day−1) (p = 0.003) and 86% of climbers consumed below their target carbohydrate intake (target = 283 ± 67 g·day−1; actual intake = 226 ± 72 g·day−1) (p = 0.009). Average dietary protein intake was 95 ± 51 g·day−1, with the majority of climbers meeting their target intake of 88 ± 21 g (p = 0.580). Seventy-three percent of climbers consumed below their target dietary fat intake (target = 90 ± 21 g·day−1; actual = 69 ± 20 g·day−1) (p = 0.001). Average EAT-26 scores were 5.3 ± 4.1, indicating minimal risk of disordered eating attitudes/behaviors. There were no significant differences in boulderers vs. top rope climbers for energy/macronutrient intake, BMI, and EAT-26 score. There were no associations between energy intake and EAT-26 score (R2 = 0.245, p = 0.271) or climbing ability and EAT-26 score (R2 = p = 0.217). These data suggest that, with the exception of dietary protein intake, adolescent climbers fail to meet target dietary intakes, and exhibit minimal risk of disordered eating.

Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Emotional Eater Questionnaire (EEQ-TR).

In this study, we aimed to translate the Emotional Eater Questionnaire (EEQ) to Turkish and investigate the reliability and validity of the Turkish version. The participants, consisting of 749 undergraduate students majoring at nursing or midwifery, completed on the EEQ and the Oxford Happiness Scale (OHS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Orthorexia Nervosa-11 Scale (ORTO-11), the Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale (ZCBS) and the Eating Attitude Test (EAT). An internal consistency coefficient of 0.84 was computed for the entire scale which, similarly to the original scale, demonstrated a three-factor structure, namely, "Disinhibition", "Type of food" and "Guilt". All corrected item-total correlations were above 0.34. The EEQ score showed negative correlations with the OHS score at a low level (r=-0.15, p<0.001), and the EAT score at a moderate level(r=-0.33, p<0.001); and positive correlations with the BDI score (r=0.16, p<0.001) at a low level and the ZCBS score at a moderate level (r=0.36, p<0.01). The variance analysis demonstrated significant differences in the EEQ scores of the normal-weight, overweight and obese students [F(2.712) =11.17, p<0.001, η2 = 0.03]. EEQ Turkish version seems to have sufficient internal consistency which supported its reliability as well as the construct validity. Our data provided additional support for the validity of the EEQ for assessing the emotional overeating tendency among the Turkish university students.

Eating disorders and associated risk factors among Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal university preparatory year female students in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Objectives:To estimate the prevalence of eating disorders among Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University (IAU) in Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, female students and to investigate the associated factors.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted at IAU, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in 2016 with 670 participants. Data was collected by self-administered questionnaires, including the Eating attitude test 26 (EAT-26) and the sociocultural attitudes toward appearance questionnaire (SATAQ-4). Eating behavior questions were asked to determine whether the respondents should seek evaluation for an eating disorder (ED) from a professional.Results:Eating attitude test 26 results showed that 29.4% of participants were categorized at a high level of concern for an ED, and 45.5% were categorized as at risk of having problematic feeding behaviors. Of the participants who scored above 20 on the EAT-26, 60.7% demonstrated high-risk feeding behavior attitudes, and approximately 11.5% who scored a body mass index (BMI) classified as underweight or very underweight required referral to a psychologist. A significant relationship was found between family stress to lose weight and EAT-26 scores above 20. The media was also found to represent external influence to lose weight.Conclusion:This study concluded that early detection of EDs or problematic feeding behaviors and attitude is vital to minimize the risks to physical health and well-being of the sufferers’ experiences.