Easy Magnetization Direction Research Articles

Enhancing magnetostriction in FeAl alloys via crystal growth orientation tuning by a trace amount of Pt doping

Iron-based cubic alloy systems opened the door to the development of magnetostrictive materials with moderate magnetostriction, low cost, and good mechanical properties. At the as-cast state, the grain growth orientation of these alloy systems is close to random, which deteriorates magnetostriction. Doping with certain elements can tune the growth orientation to enhance magnetostriction. However, the driving force for the crystal growth along preferential orientation is still not clear. Here in this work, revealed by density functional theory (DFT) calculation, Pt doping can tune the crystal growth direction of FeAl along <100> crystal direction (same as easy magnetization direction), which can be utilized to realize 90° domain-switching and thus magnetostriction is enhanced greatly. These are confirmed by experimental results. The magnetostriction increases from 29 ppm to 80 ppm, representing a 176% enhancement through doping with 0.4 at.% Pt. The maze magnetic domain structures, observed by magnetic force microscope, are also preferentially <100> oriented and feature stripes. In consideration of the similarity between this study and our previous study on FeGa alloy (C. Zhou et al., 2020), it can be expected that our methods can be extended to other magnetostrictive materials and help develop polycrystals with desired orientations.

Structure and magnetostriction in Nd0.25Tb0.3Dy0.45 (Fe0.9B0.1)1.93 compound

We investigate the structural, magnetic, and magnetostrictive properties of a Nd-containing Nd0.25Tb0.3Dy0.45(Fe0.9B0.1)1.93 (NTDFB) alloy. X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction analyses reveal that NTDFB exhibits a homogeneous Laves phase, contrasting with the multiphase nature of the boron-free counterpart. At room temperature, the spontaneous and saturation magnetostrictions of NTDFB are 2094 ppm and 1447 ppm, respectively, representing enhancements of 15.9% and 29.5% compared to boron-free samples. Another intriguing finding is that the introduction of Nd effectively alters the spin reorientation temperature of Terfenol-D (Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.93) and narrows the temperature span of easy magnetic direction (EMD) along < 100 > . NTDFB undergoes two spin reorientations, with the EMD transitioning from < 111 > to < 100 > at TSR1 173 K and from < 100 > to < 110 > at TSR2 92 K, contrasting with TSR1 245 K and TSR2 25 K of Terfenol-D. Additionally, the introduction of Nd into Terfenol-D effectively increases its magnetostriction coefficient,λ110 and λ100. As a result, NTDFB, with a raw material cost 80% that of Terfenol-D, exhibits magnetostriction values exceeding 1000 ppm from 300 to 20 K, indicating its cost-effectiveness and promising potential as a magnetostrictive alloy.

Magnetic properties of bamboo-like Ni-Zn-in nanowires using 3D-AAO templates

In this paper, using three-dimensional porous alumina (3D-AAO) as a template, Ni-Zn-In nanowires array with periodically changing diameters was successfully prepared by direct current electrodeposition method. The effect of deposition voltage on the morphology, crystal structure and magnetic properties of Ni-Zn-In ternary alloy nanowires was studied. The experimental results show that the diameters of the nanowires are 212 nm and 151 nm, and the periodic length is 800 nm, which matches the pore size of the phosphoric acid-etched 3D-AAO template. XRD results indicate that the crystal structure of Ni-Zn-In nanowires can be adjusted by the deposition voltage. The VSM results reveal that the Ni-Zn-In nanowires possess soft magnetic properties and significant magnetic anisotropy, with the easy magnetization direction parallel to the film. The nanowires deposited at −1.5 V exhibit the highest coercivity of 161 Oe and squareness of 0.045. Micromagnetic simulations show that the magnetization reversal mechanism of the Ni-Zn-In nanowires is localized nucleation mode.

The energy of 180° domain walls of uniaxial crystals with the different magnetocrystalline anisotropy type

The main aim of the present work is to analyze the magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA) energy function of uniaxial crystals and to derive analytical expressions for the domain wall (DW) energy taking into account two MCA constants. Thus, the article presents a detailed analysis of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy function of uniaxial crystals taking into account two MCA constants (K1, K2). The values of the MCA energy extremes and the position of the easy magnetization directions (EMD) and hard magnetization directions (HMD) were determined. The MCA diagram was plotted in “K1”-“K2” coordinates. Six types of MCA have been found for uniaxial crystals. Two of them are simple with one maximum and one minimum of the EA(θ) function, and four are complex with two absolute and one local extreme for each. It is shown that EA(K1, K2) function has the smallest difference between the maximum and minimum values equal to |K1|/4 and the smallest angle between EMD and HMD equal to π/4 when the K1 + K2 = 0 condition is met. Analytical expressions for the 180° Bloch domain wall energy surface density (γ) were derived for uniaxial crystals with each MCA type. It is found that the γ(K1, K2) function has a minimum, equal to γ=2A|K1| when the relation K1 + K2 = 0 between MCA constants is satisfied. The derived analytical expressions are useful for a detailed spin-reorientation transition analysis. To illustrate this, examples of the application of the obtained results to MCA analyses of real crystals and DW energy calculations are given.

Evolution of Crystallographic Texture and Its Impact on Magnetic Losses of Non‐oriented Electrical Steel

In this study, how crystallographic texture and changes in microstructure affect the magnetic properties of a semi‐processed non‐oriented (NO) electrical steel, which is investigated in its as‐received state and after heat treatment, is evaluated. Electron backscattered diffraction analysis shows the variation in texture with a crystallographic orientation changing from a predominance of γ and α fibers to a random one after heat treatment, with a significant increase in components with &lt;100&gt; directions in the sheet plane, which are desired for NO steels because they are parallel to the direction of easy magnetization. Heat treatment has also increased the average grain size of the samples from 18 to 128 μm. Magnetic properties are analyzed over a wide frequency range and induction, presenting different behaviors in permeability and magnetic loss for the samples before and after heat treatment. The components of total magnetic loss are also evaluated, and the hysteresis loss of heat‐treated sample decreases significantly. This demonstrates that heat treatment reduces microstructural imperfections, causing a decrease in hysteresis losses. Therefore, it is concluded that the improvement in magnetic performance observed with heat treatment has its origin in the increase in fiber components related to the &lt;100&gt; directions and a decrease in microstructural imperfections.

Effect of element doping on the structural stability, magnetic properties and electronic structure of SmCo5-based rare earth permanent magnets

Doping transition metals has been proven as an effective method to enhance the performance of Sm-Co based rare earth permanent magnets. However, due to the complex interactions involved, the specific effects on magnetic properties, atomic occupancy preferences and structural stability mechanisms are still to be further investigated. In this study, we systematically investigated the influence of various transition metal dopants on the structural stability, magnetic properties and electronic structure of SmCo5 rare earth permanent magnet using first-principles calculations. Our calculations show that Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn elements preferentially occupy the 3 g site, while Sc and Zr tend to occupy the 1a site, and Fe elements have a preference for the 2c site. Regarding structural stability, doping with Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Zr all contribute to enhancing structural stability, while Ti and V doping exhibit adverse effects. Magnetic calculations indicate that doping with Mn and Fe significantly increases the total magnetic moment of the SmCo5 system. Notably, at a high doping concentration of 60 at%, the Ni and Zn-doped systems exhibit an exceptionally large magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy Additionally, a change in the magnetic easy axis direction occurs when the doping concentrations of Cr, Fe, Cu and Zn reach 60 at%, 40 at%, 40 at% (and 60 at%), 40 at% (and 60 at%), respectively. Our work provides important theoretical guidance for further optimizing the performance of Sm-Co based rare earth permanent magnets.

Boundary-induced phase in epitaxial iron layers

We report on the discovery of a boundary-induced body-centered tetragonal iron phase in thin films deposited on MgAl2O4 (001) substrates. We present evidence for this phase using detailed x-ray analysis and density functional theory calculations. A lower magnetic moment and a rotation of the easy magnetization direction are observed, as compared with body-centered cubic iron. Our findings expand the range of known crystal and magnetic phases of iron, providing valuable insights for the development of heterostructure devices using ultrathin iron layers. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Intrinsic and extrinsic relaxation mechanisms for controlling spin current intensity in Fe 100−x Co x /Ta bilayers

Controlling the damping parameter in metallic ferromagnetic thin films is a key step for spintronic applications in which spin currents are generated by spin pumping. The coexistence of two states with low and high damping constant values would allow to obtain states of high and low spin current intensity, respectively. We have fabricated Fe 100−x Co x /Ta (with nominal x = 0, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35) bilayers in which the Fe 100−x Co x layers grow epitaxially and the Ta layer is polycrystalline. We have found the coexistence of Gilbert damping and two magnon scattering mechanisms linked to a sign change in the magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant that allows the manipulation of low and high intensity states of the measured inverse spin Hall effect voltage. Bilayers with lower Co concentrations ( x⩽ 25%) present different relaxation mechanisms (isotropic Gilbert damping and two magnon scattering) and an extra ferromagnetic resonance linewidth broadening produced due to mosaicity. Bilayers with Co concentration x> 25% present a dominating Gilbert damping for all directions in the film plane. However, in this concentration range the damping constant is anisotropic and when the magnetic field is applied along the hard magnetization direction α increases ∼420% with respect to the value obtained for the easy magnetization direction. Coexistence of isotropic Gilbert damping and two magnon scattering generated spin currents 2.5 times larger when the field is applied along the hard magnetization axis compared to the value observed in the easy magnetization axis. Thesefindings make the Fe 100−x Co x /Ta system an excellent candidate for spintronic device applications.

Spin reorientation in GdMn2(Ge1-xSix)2 compounds

Structure and magnetic properties of layered GdMn2(Ge1-xSix)2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) compounds were studied. All the compounds crystallize in the tetragonal ThCr2Si2-type structure. It was shown by magnetization measurements at low temperature on quasi-single crystals that, with increasing Si concentration, the easy magnetization direction reorients from the c-axis to the basal plane. The spin reorientation occurs via an angular phase. A model of three magnetic sublattices coupled by negative intersublattice exchange interactions was used to describe the field dependences of the magnetization. For GdMn2Ge2 and GdMn2(Ge0.9Si0.1)2 in the fields applied along the c-axis, seven different magnetic structures were predicted, including two angular structures considered for the first time. The model explains formation of angular magnetic structures in zero field in GdMn2(Ge1-xSix)2 system by taking into account magnetic anisotropy of Mn sublattices with a positive anisotropy constant K1 and negative K2.

〈111〉-orientation growth of Tb-Dy-Fe alloys induced by high magnetic fields during directional solidification

The 〈110〉 and 〈112〉 directions are the preferred growth directions of the magnetic phase in Tb-Dy-Fe alloys, but the 〈111〉 direction is the easy magnetization axis direction, and the 〈111〉-oriented alloy exhibits superior magnetostrictive behavior. In this study, Tb-Dy-Fe alloys with 〈111〉 orientation were prepared by directional solidification (i.e., the master alloy was completely melted) under high magnetic fields. The competition between the preferred growth direction and the easy magnetization direction was resolved, leading to enhanced magnetostrictive properties. During the initial solidification stage, the magnetic torque induced the 〈111〉 orientation in the magnetic phases generated by direct precipitation of the liquid phase and pseudo-eutectic reactions to rotate in the direction of the magnetic field. In the subsequent competitive growth process, 〈111〉-oriented grains grew parallel to the magnetic field direction under the influence of magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy. This work enriches the theory of magnetic orientation during directional solidification, providing novel insights into the preparation of highly oriented functional materials.

Electronic, magnetic and universality properties of room-temperature antiferromagnet Fe[formula omitted]O[formula omitted] monolayer

The previously reported X2O3 (X=V, Cr, Mn, Ta) monolayers crystallize in a honeycomb–kagome (HK) structure and are found primarily to be ferromagnetic Chern insulators with remarkable quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) properties. However, in this study, it was found that the HK Fe2O3 monolayer exhibits antiferromagnetic semiconducting properties suitable for advanced spintronics applications. Through first-principle calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we show that the Fe2O3 monolayer has good energetic, mechanical, and dynamic stability. We further evaluate the magnetic anisotropy energies (MAE) of the Fe2O3 monolayer and find that it prefers the out-of-plane easy axis magnetization direction with a sizeable MAE value of 248.75 μeV per Fe atom. Moreover, by performing Monte Carlo (MC) simulations based on the 2D classical anisotropic Heisenberg model, we predict a Néel temperature of 631.7(5) K for the Fe2O3 monolayer. We demonstrate that the Fe2O3 monolayer belongs to the 2D Ising-like universality class based on the estimated critical exponent ratios of magnetic susceptibility, magnetization, and the exponent of the correlation length. Our findings demonstrate that the Fe2O3 monolayer can be a suitable candidate for future antiferromagnetic spintronic device applications, especially in ultra-high data processing and storage, due to the coexistence of AFM and semiconducting properties.

Ferroelectric control of ferromagnetism in CrTeI/In2Se3 heterostructure: A first-principles study

Ferromagnetic/ferroelectric heterostructures provide an effective avenue for designing new functional materials with novel properties by combining the advantages of different materials. In this context, we investigate systematically the structure, electronic properties, and ferromagnetism of CrTeI/In2Se3 heterostructures using the first-principles calculations. Through the incorporation of the ferroelectric In2Se3, we modulate the magnetocrystalline anisotropy, exchange interactions, Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, and other key magnetic parameters of the ferromagnetic CrTeI. Consequently, the easy magnetization direction can be reorientated from in-plane to out-of-plane by switching the electric polarization direction. The enhancement of ferromagnetic coupling and the weakening of antiferromagnetic coupling raise the Curie temperature significantly. Simultaneously, the modulation of the magnetic parameters refines the conditions for forming skyrmions in the heterostructures. The findings in this work hold reference value for understanding the ferroelectric control of ferromagnetism and benefit the applications of two dimensional magnetic materials in spintronics.

A structural study and some magnetic properties of the (Sc,Nb)Fe2 series of compounds

We report on the effects of Nb for Sc substitution on the structural and magnetic properties of the Sc1-xNbxFe2 series of compounds by means of scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, X-ray powder diffraction, and magnetic measurements. The study focus on hexagonal P63/mmc crystal symmetry structure of the ScFe2 phase retained along the series. Whereas the unit cell is found to decrease regularly upon increasing the niobium content the magnetic properties are found to evolve in a non monotonous manner. A drop of the magnetization and Curie temperature is observed upon substitution, the highest TC being 530 K. Indeed, it is shown that Nb for Sc substitution induces dramatic changes of the magnetic properties such as a strong decrease of the ordering temperature and significant reduction of the spontaneous magnetization for Nb content above x=0.2 and 0.1, respectively. The highest magnetization is found for the Sc rich side with values of about 2.6 µB/f.u. corresponding to 1.3 µB/Fe atom. Moreover, compounds with x=0.75 and 1 are no longer exhibiting ferromagnetic order even at 2 K. The easy magnetization direction of Sc1-xNbxFe2 series of compounds is determined to be along the c-axis at room temperature.

Generation of highly anisotropic physical properties in ferromagnetic thin films controlled by their differently oriented nano-sheets

We fabricated ferromagnetic nano-crystalline thin films of Co, Fe, Co–Fe and Co-rich and Fe-rich, Co–MT and Fe–MT (MT = transition metal), constituted by nano-sheets with a controlled slant. Visualization of these nano-sheets by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) showed typically tilt angles ≈56° with respect to the substrate plane, and nano-sheets ≈3.0–4.0 nm thick, ≈30–100 nm wide, and ≈200–300 nm long, with an inter-sheet distance of ≈0.9–1.2 nm, depending on their constitutive elements. Induced by this nano-morphology, these films exhibited large uniaxial magnetic anisotropy in the plane, the easy direction of magnetization being parallel to the longitudinal direction of the nano-sheets. In the as-grown films, typical values of the anisotropy field were between Hk ≈ 48 and 110 kA/m depending on composition. The changes in the nano-morphology caused by thermal treatments, and hence in the anisotropic properties, were also visualized by HRTEM, including chemical analysis at the nano-scale. Some films retained their nano-sheet morphology and increased their anisotropies by up to three times after being heated to at least 500 °C: for example, the thermal treatments produced crystallization processes and the growth of CoV and CoFe magnetic phases, maintaining the nano-sheet morphology. In contrast, other annealed films, Co, Fe, CoZn, CoCu… lost their nano-sheet morphology and hence their anisotropies. This work opens a path of study for these new magnetically anisotropic materials, particularly with respect to the nano-morphological and structural changes related to the increase in magnetic anisotropy.

Microstructure, microchemistry, and micro-magnetism of Dy grain boundary diffused (Nd, Ce)–Fe–B magnets

The microstructure of (Nd, Ce)–Fe–B sintered magnets with different diffusion depths was characterized by a magnetic force microscope, and the relationship between the magnetic properties and the local structure of grain boundary diffused magnets is discussed. The domains perpendicular to the c-axis (easy magnetization direction) show a typical maze-like pattern, while those parallel to the c-axis show the characteristics of plate domains. The significant gradient change is shown in the concentration of Dy with the direction of diffusion from the surface to the interior. Dy diffuses along grain boundaries and (Dy, Nd)2Fe14B layer with a high anisotropy field formed around the grains. Through in-situ electron probe micro-analysis/magnetic force microscopy (EPMA/MFM), it is found that the average domain width decreases, and the proportion of single domain grains increases as diffusion depth increases. This is caused by both the change of concentration and distribution of Dy. The grain boundary diffusion process changes the microstructure and microchemistry inside the magnet, and these local magnetism differences can be reflected by the configuration of the magnetic domain structure.

Texture Intensity in Grain-Oriented Steel in the Main Stages of the Production Cycle

Grain-oriented electrical steel (GOES) has been used for many years for application in transformed cores due to its excellent magnetic properties. Magnetic properties are strongly influenced by obtaining a texture with a certain orientation (110) [001] for BCC structure. This is related to the easy direction of magnetization [001]. So far, the main research has been focused on obtaining a strong texture in the last stages of the process. The aim of the present study was to additionally trace textural changes for a slab after the continuous casting (CC) process and for a sheet after the hot rolling process. The scope of such an analysis has not been conducted before. With regard to the state after continuous casting (CC), the texture was related to measurements of the anisotropy of Barkhausen magnetic noises and the macrostructure of the slab. Based on the X-ray diffraction examinations that compared the texture intensity calculated from the texture coefficient of the slab, the hot rolled steel and the final product of grain-oriented electrical steel contained 3.1% of Si. The studies performed with the material taken from three different production steps showed high differences in the values of textural intensity indicating the occurrence of a crystallization texture, especially in the area of the columnar crystal zone; textural weakness after the hot rolling process and high texturing in the final product for textural components corresponding to the desired Goss texture.

Giant enhancement of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and Curie temperature in BiTeI/MnSe2 heterostructures

We study the magnetic properties of the monolayer MnSe2 and the bilayer BiTeI/MnSe2 heterostructures using the first-principles calculations. Results show that the monolayer MnSe2 is a half-metal ferromagnet with room Curie temperature and in-plane magnetic anisotropy. The magnetic anisotropy energy originates mainly from the Se atoms. Introduction of strain, especially interlayer coupling in BiTeI/MnSe2 heterostructures make the easy-magnetization direction rotate from in-plane to out-of plane and give rise to a substantial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. In addition, the exchange interactions are enhanced, and a strong Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction is introduced in the BiTeI/MnSe2 heterostructures, which promotes the Curie temperature significantly. The findings in this work provide a way to improve the magnetic properties of two-dimensional magnetic materials and point to the application of the monolayer MnSe2.

Magnetic Anisotropy Tailoring by 5d-Doping in (Fe,Co)5SiB2 Alloys

Band-structure calculations were performed using the spin-polarized relativistic Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker (SPR-KKR) band-structure method, determining intrinsic magnetic properties, such as magnetic moments, magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy (MAE), and Curie temperatures, of Fe5−x−yCoxMySiB2 (M = Re, W) alloys. The general gradient approximation (GGA) for the exchange–correlation potential and the atomic sphere approximation (ASA) were used in the calculations. Previous studies have shown that for Fe5SiB2, the easy magnetization direction is in-plane, but it turns axial for Co-doping in the range 1 &lt; x ≤ 2.5 (y = 0). Furthermore, studies have shown that 5d-doping enhances the MAE by enabling the strong spin–orbit coupling of Fe–3d and M–5d states. The aim of the present theoretical calculations was to find the dependence of the anisotropy constant K1 for combined Co- and M-doping, building a two-dimensional (2D) map of K1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 1. Similar theoretical 2D maps for magnetization and Curie temperature vs. Co and M content (M = W and Re) were built, allowing for the selection of alloy compositions with enhanced values of uniaxial anisotropy, magnetization, and Curie temperature. The magnetic properties of the Fe4.1W0.9SiB2 alloy that meet the selection criteria for axial anisotropy K1 &gt; 0.2 meV/f.u., Curie temperature Tc &gt; 800 K determined by the mean-field approach, and magnetization µ0Ms &gt; 1 T are discussed.

First-principles prediction of the two-dimensional intrinsic ferrovalley material CeX2 (X=F,Cl,Br)

Two-dimensional (2D) ferrovalley semiconductor materials with intrinsic spontaneous valley polarization offer new prospects for valley electronics applications. However, there are only a limited number of known promising candidate materials, which are in urgent need of expansion. In particular, the room-temperature 2D ferrovalley materials are still lacking. In this study, we predicted novel 2D ferromagnetic CeX2 (X=Fe,Cl,Br) monolayers by using first-principles calculations. The monolayer CeX2 is a bipolar magnetic semiconductor with robust dynamical and thermal stabilities, and easy magnetization direction is in the plane. Due to the simultaneous breaking of both inversion symmetry and time-reversal symmetry, the monolayer CeX2 is exhibiting a spontaneous intrinsic valley polarization when magnetized along the out-of-plane z direction. Interestingly, monolayer CeBr2 is a spontaneous intrinsic ferrovalley material with a room temperature of 334 K and an obvious valley splitting of 32 meV. Due to the non-zero valley-contrast Berry curvature, monolayer CeBr2 is a candidate materials for realizing the anomalous valley Hall effect under a suitable applied electric field. Our study provides a theoretical reference for the design of valley electronic devices with anomalous valley Hall effect based on hole-doped CeX2.

Effect of Mo in-situ alloying on microstructure and magnetic properties of (NiFeMo)100−xMox alloy

This study aimed to modulate the magnetic properties of selective laser melting NiFeMo alloy. This was achieved via the controlled addition of Mo elemental in-situ alloying content to change the tissue morphology and crystal structure of SLM-formed (NiFeMo)100−xMox alloy (x = 0 wt%, 0.25 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 0.75 wt%, 1.0 wt%, 1.25 wt%, 1.5 wt%, 2.0 wt%). The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), DC B-H hysteresis tester, and transmission electron microscopy (Titan-G2) indicate that all samples are predominantly face-centered-cubic (FCC) γ- (Ni, Fe) solid solutions and typical soft-magnetic hysteresis line features. However, the lattice parameter a of γ- (Ni, Fe) decreased and then increased with increasing Mo content. When the added Mo content is 0–1.25 wt%, the Mo particles inside the (NiFeMo)100−xMox alloy become nucleation sites, creating a diffusive metallurgical behavior with the Ni and Fe elements, and preventing the growth of columnar crystals, leading to the reduction of LAGBs density and the enhancement of the {111} texture orientation in the easy magnetization direction, increasing Bs and the decrease of Hc of the NiFeMo alloy. At the Mo content of 1.25 wt%, the soft magnetic properties were optimal, with Bs and Hc being 0.704 T and 17.31 A/m, respectively. Conversely, when the added Mo content was 1.5–2.0 wt%, the solubility of Mo elements in the γ- (Ni, Fe) solid solution was limited, which resulted in the occurrence of metallurgical defects within the organization such as unfused Mo particles, unfused areas, and porosity. Moreover, when the added Mo content increased to 2.0 wt%, the {111} lattice spacing in the easy magnetization direction increased by 0.2261 nm compared to the NiFeMo alloy, and the average lattice distortion Δε increased to 0.16%, causing a decrease in the soft magnetic performance of the (NiFeMo)98Mo2 alloy, with Bs reducing to 0.6666 T and Hc increasing to 23.44 A/m.