Eastern Washington University Research Articles

An Integrative Summer Field Course in Geology and Biology for K-12 Instructors and College and Continuing Education Students at Eastern Washington University and Beyond

For the last fifteen years, a small group of faculty members in the departments of geology and biology at Eastern Washington University in Cheney, WA have offered a seven to ten day interdisciplinary summer field course. The course is designed for college students, K-12 instructors, and for those seeking continuing education experiences. We have been successful in attracting students who take the course repeatedly and continue to draw a pool of new students by providing a different route each year within a 1280 km (800 mi) radius of our institution. Our academic expectations are rigorous and include reading assignments, pre-trip questions, field notebooks and journal entries as well as a research paper and follow-up post-trip questions all of which are designed to capitalize on the integration of the two disciplines. This field course is one way in which we get our students out in the field for a trip longer than a day trip or weekend trip to learn about the interaction of geology and biology on both small and large scales in the scenic Pacific Northwest. We suggest that this technique of integration may be applied to field courses at a variety of academic institutions and in any physiographic province provided that three critical aspects in the successful implementation of our approach are met: (1) Two (or more) faculty in different fields that are willing to work together during preparation and execution of the course; (2) A clear primary objective or overarching theme for the course that is well-defined and that lends itself to an integrative approach; and (3) A prominent National Park or significant geographic feature to enhance the interest in the course and to draw enrollments.

SRA: An online tool for spectral and roughness analysis of sound signals

SRA performs spectral and roughness analysis on user-submitted 250- to 1000-ms-long portions of sound files (.wav/.aif formats). Spectral analysis incorporates an improved STFT algorithm [K. Fitz and L. Haken, J. Aud. Eng. Soc. 50(11), 879–893 (2002)] and automates spectral peak-picking using the Loris open source C++ class library [Fitz and Haken (CERL Sound Group)]. Users can manipulate three spectral analysis/peak-picking parameters: analysis bandwidth, spectral-amplitude normalization, and spectral-amplitude threshold. Instructions describe the parameters in detail and suggest settings appropriate to the submitted files and questions of interest. The spectral values obtained from the analysis enter a roughness estimation model [P. N. Vassilakis, Sele. Rep. in Ethnomusicol. 12, 119–144 (2005)], outputting roughness values for each individual sine-pair in the file’s spectrum and for the entire file. The roughness model quantifies the dependence of roughness on a sine-pair’s (a) intensity (combined amplitude of the sines), (b) amplitude fluctuation degree (amplitude difference of the sines), (c) amplitude fluctuation rate (frequency difference of the sines), and (d) register (lower sine frequency). Presentation of the roughness estimation model and the online tool will be followed by a discussion of research studies employing it and an outline of future possible applications. [Work supported by DePaul University and Eastern Washington University. Programmed by K. Fitz.]

Research Corner Outcome Measures in Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy: Focus on the Heart Surgery Symptom Inventory (HSSI)

Department of Physical Therapy, Eastern Washington University, Spokane, WA Address correspondence to: Tanya Kinney LaPier, Department of Physical Therapy, Eastern Washington University, 310 N Riverpoint Blvd, Box T, Spokane, WA 99202 ([email protected]).

Hands

Hands Gastón Baquero (bio) Translated by Greg Simon (bio) and Steven F. White (bio) Are you blind to the fact that God gave you those hands? I'm asking you again. —Vicente Huidobro I would like to cut off your hands with a golden saw. Or perhaps it would be best to leave them alone And enclose your body in a wall of cement, With only two exact holes For you to stick out your hands and flap them Like a dove's wings or like prisoners of an implacable king. Your hands would be delicious, cooked with tender asparagus, Turning a golden brown in an oven of devotion and homage; Your hands served up by maidens with their hair in green nets, Carved by Trimalchion, with sapphire forks. Because, after all, one needs to expect destruction, Destroying all we love as we see fit: And if your hands are the most beautiful parts of your body, Why should we allow them to grow old and perish, Vine-like, horrifying hands of ancient generals or magistrates? Let us proceed in a timely way and with caution: a fine dusting of saffron, Some teaspoons of perfumed Arabian oil, And the fire, fire that sanctifies, fire perpetuating beauty. And then your lovely hands, recovered for the ages, Basted and flavored with sherry. Let us eat and save them from death! Let us eat and sing! Are you blind to the fact that God gave you those hands? You must be. That is why I implore you to visit the executioner, tomorrow, at exactly six o'clock, And allow him to lop off your prodigious hands: for they shall be saved. There will be an altar for them, and a chorus of our laughter will rise. We will laugh at the gods and their useless mirth. Gastón Baquero Gastón Baquero (1916-1997) was born in Banes, which is now part of the province of Holguin in Cuba. In spite of the rural poverty in which he was born and reared, he was educated as an agronomist before becoming a journalist and poet. Shortly after the Cuban Revolution began, he left the island nation for Spain, where he lived until his death in Madrid in 1997, having published several collections of essays, as well as eight volumes of poems. The Angel of Rain, a selection of his poetry in English translation by Greg Simon and Steven F. White, will be published this summer by Eastern Washington University Press. Greg Simon Greg Simon, a native of Minnesota, has published translations of poetry from the work of Spanish, Portuguese, German, and Russian writers. He is the co-translator, with Steven F. White and Christopher Maurer, of Federico García Lorca's Poet in New York (FSG, 1988). Simon is currently an associate editor with Trask House Books and The Salt River Review. He lives in Portland, Oregon. Steven F. White Steven F. White, a professor of modern languages and literature at St. Lawrence University, has edited and translated anthologies of contemporary poetry from Nicaragua, Chile, and Brazil. He is author of Modern Nicaraguan Poetry: Dialogues with France and the United States (1993) and five books of poems, including Landscape with One Candle and Assyrian Bees (1995), published in a bilingual edition in Brazil, and Fire that Engenders Fire (2000), published in bilingual edition in Madrid. He is a corresponding member of the Nicaraguan Academy of the Language and an advisory and contributing editor of Callaloo. Copyright © 2006 Charles H. Rowell

Electronic Journals in Aggregated Collections

Abstract Patrons in academic libraries want convenient 24-hour access to full-text journals in a rapid, convenient manner. They want “anytime, anywhere” access to information and they do not want to enter a library to obtain it. This article describes how Eastern Washington University Libraries provide access to full-text journals through several collections.

First Panel: Reclaiming American Indian Studies

First Panel:Reclaiming American Indian Studies Elizabeth Cook-Lynn (bio), Tom Holm (bio), John Red Horse (bio), and James Riding In (bio) Introduction by James Riding In Let me make a few introductory comments about what I see as important about American Indian studies and about this conference. Many of us in attendance today are committed to the development of AIS as a discipline, not as a stepchild of anthropology, history, English, social work, or sociology, among others. Our status as members of distinct political entities and the future of our respective nations is too significantly great to accept the practices, theories, methodologies, and canons of others. We cannot forsake meaningful service to our nations. American Indian studies must never function as the handmaiden of colonialism. The intellectual information we gather, analyze, and synthesize must be for the collective purpose of defending sovereignty, lands, economic well-being, human rights, and religious freedom of our peoples and our nations. Our careers in academia in any event are secondary to this goal. Colonialism has branded indigenous peoples with a mark of inferiority. Put another way, we have blocked the colonizers' progress, or Manifest Destiny, and their claims of preemptive rights given to them by their Creator to the lands and resources of our peoples. Unfortunately this attitude of the colonizer has resulted in such destructive policies as forced removals, coercive assimilation, and genocide. The Supreme Court continues to draw on imperialistic legal theories and discourses [End Page 169] to render decisions that adversely affect our land claims, sovereignty, and religious freedom. These factors demanded action. Beginning in the 1960s, intrepid Indians on many campuses, carrying the torch of indigenous empowerment, strove to establish American Indian studies as an autonomous discipline devoid of control and domination by other disciplines. Despite facing liberal and conservative paternalistic racism and being relegated to a marginalized status, they persevered. We all owe those brave individuals a debt of gratitude for their unswerving commitment and sacrifices to the development of AIS and to the survival of Indian peoples as culturally distinct, sovereign entities. Their message, that we must decolonize ourselves, our communities, academia, and mainstream society, resonates loudly today. We have a growing number of intellectuals, many of whom are in this room today, following the vision of decolonization of AIS and the decolonization of ourselves. The struggle to develop AIS in that model is ongoing. This forum holds a promise for furthering this dream. Our first panelist, Elizabeth Cook-Lynn, is a professor emerita of English and Native American studies at Eastern Washington University. She is a writer, a poet, and a member of the Crow Creek Sioux tribe. Her books include Anti-Indianism in Modern America: A Voice From Tatekeya's Earth, and Why I Can't Read Wallace Stegner and Other Essays: A Tribal Voice. Elizabeth Cook-Lynn I'm very happy to be here. As you know, Dr. Riding In is the new editor of the Wicazo Sa Review, the source of the topic that we're discussing at this consortium gathering, "Who Stole Indian Studies?" We publish twice a year, and we think that we publish the quintessential important texts in Indian studies. You know that Indian studies is probably the important intellectual effort in this country in the latter part of the twentieth century. And it took us a long time to get here. Those of us who have been in boarding schools, those of us who read history books such as Frederick Merk's History of the Western Movement without one mention of the tribes, know that we have come a long way. I'm very much impressed with the young Indian scholars that I'm seeing, who are committed to working with their tribes. And my hope is that, when we talk about the issues that we have at a meeting like this, we don't forget we have come a long way. Nearly eight decades after the passage of the Indian Reorganiza-tion Act by the U.S. Congress, American Indians remain among the most rigidly colonized people in any democracy. And we have taught ourselves to be bureaucrats on every reservation. I don't say this with any...

An Origin Story

When the first issue of the Wicazo Sa Review was sent out from my office at an unassuming state university in Washington state, Eastern Washington University, in 1984, no one knew what to expect. Would we find readers? Would the academic world accept us, our contentions and ideas, in a scholarly publication dedicated to the idea that Indian First Nations are sovereign nations with long, arduous, and difficult histories embodying the alternative story of America? That our futures are held in the principles of sovereignty and indigenousness, not assimilation and colonization? We had no way of knowing, but our founding editors Dr. William Willard (Cherokee), Dr. Beatrice Medicine (Lakota), Roger Buffalohead (Ponca), and myself (Dakota Santee) had agreed to begin. Everything had to begin, the Native scholar N. Scott Momaday had written some years before in his classic The Way to Rainy Mountain, and the subsequent story of how the Kiowas emerged from a hollow log into the geography of the northern plains was being read by everyone in Indian Country. Indeed, stories are everywhere in Indian lore. How does anything happen? How do a People converge on the landscape? How do stories begin? How do we today say the world began? Who are we and what is our vision, our imagining of ourselves? Whose vision is given credibility? This brief emergence story told here about the beginnings of the Wicazo Sa Review: A Journal of Native American Studies tells about a vision a P

Research Corner The Framework of a Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Case Report

Distinguished Professor, Department of Physical Therapy, Eastern Washington University, Spokane, WA Address correspondence to: Tanya Kinney LaPier, PT, PhD, CCS Distinguished Professor, Department of Physical Therapy, Room 270 D-Box T, 310 North Riverpoint Blvd., Eastern Washington University, Spokane, WA 99019, (509) 368-6623 FAX ([email protected]).

Moving Toward Collaboration

Summary Traditionally, organizations serving children and families have focused service delivery by available funding stream criteria. Federal funding streams supported fragmented services by tightly channeling monies to specific programs for specific needs. The intensity of providing and improving the delivery of services has overshadowed building connectedness across organizations and systems. Service has been the major goal and intense effort has gone into maximizing opportunities and measuring effects through service frequency. Over the past several years, new funding incentives have provided the opportunity for new collaboratives. This article describes an innovative collaboration between the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare (IDHW) and Eastern Washington University (EWU) and the unique directions and support that a university/agency partnership can provide for both organizations. Key features of this collaboration include shifts in funding and staffing strategies that contributed to more flexible services and increased levels of collaboration between IDHW, EWU and other community and state organizations and institutions. This article describes how funding can be viewed as a tool to increase the level of collaboration between systems, thus potentially leading to a breakdown of the traditional service delivery system. Finally, this article describes how an agency/higher education partnership played a key role in documenting the success of a school based program in meeting the emergency assistance needs of children and families, and how program evaluation, like funding requirements, can provide a supportive role in building collaborative relationships.

Dreaming of Gold, Dreaming of Home: Transnationalism and Migration between the United States and South China, 1882-1943

Journal Article Dreaming of Gold, Dreaming of Home: Transnationalism and Migration between the United States and South China, 1882–1943 Get access Dreaming of Gold, Dreaming of Home: Transnationalism and Migration between the United States and South China, 1882–1943. By Hsu Madeline Yuan-yin. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000. xx + 271 pp. Illustrations, maps, tables, notes, bibliography, index. $45.) Liping Zhu Liping Zhu Eastern Washington University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Western Historical Quarterly, Volume 33, Issue 1, Spring 2002, Pages 71–72, https://doi.org/10.2307/4144728 Published: 01 February 2002

<sc>Darren Staloff</sc>. <italic>The Making of an American Thinking Class: Intellectuals and Intelligentsia in Puritan Massachusetts</italic>. New York: Oxford University Press. 1998. Pp. xv, 276. Cloth $45.00, paper $19.95

Darren Staloff. The Making of an American Thinking Class: Intellectuals and Intelligentsia in Puritan Massachusetts. New York: Oxford University Press. 1998. Pp. xv, 276. Cloth $45.00, paper $19.95 Staloff Darren. The Making of an American Thinking Class: Intellectuals and Intelligentsia in Puritan Massachusetts. New York: Oxford University Press. 1998. Pp. xv, 276. Cloth $45.00, paper $19.95. J. William T. Youngs J. William T. Youngs Eastern Washington University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 106, Issue 1, February 2001, Pages 159–160, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/106.1.159a Published: 01 February 2001

Well-Rounded Figures

Yves Nievergelt (ynievergelt@ewu.edu) completed his diploma in mathematics from the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (Switzerland) in Decemberof 1976, then earned a Ph.D. in several complex variables under the guidance of James R. King at the University of Washington in 1984. Since 1985, he has been teaching complex analysis and numerical analysis at Eastern Washington University, where he likes to emphasize the precise connections and mutual influences between real applications and abstract theories in mathematics.

Close Range: Wyoming Stories

Journal Article Close Range: Wyoming Stories Get access Close Range: Wyoming Stories. By E. Annie Proulx. Watercolors by William Matthews. New York: Scribner, 1999. Cloth $23.50. Paul Lindholdt Paul Lindholdt Eastern Washington University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, Volume 8, Issue 1, Winter 2001, Pages 247–248, https://doi.org/10.1093/isle/8.1.247 Published: 01 January 2001

The Chinese in Vancouver, 1945-80: The Pursuit of Identity and Power

Journal Article The Chinese in Vancouver, 1945–80: The Pursuit of Identity and Power Get access The Chinese in Vancouver, 1945–80: The Pursuit of Identity and Power. By Ng Wing Chung. (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1999. xii + 201 pp. Illustrations, maps, tables, glossary, notes, bibliography, index. $75.00, cloth; $29.95, paper.) Liping Zhu Liping Zhu Eastern Washington University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Western Historical Quarterly, Volume 32, Issue 1, Spring 2001, Pages 84–85, https://doi.org/10.2307/3650840 Published: 01 February 2001

Writing From a Sense of Place

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsPaul LindholdtPaul Lindholdt is an assistant professor of English at Eastern Washington University in Cheney.

Computer Literacy and the Library: A New Connection

At Eastern Washington University, integrating basic library skills has become part of a unique computer literacy program stemming from a general education (GE) reform. The new GE curriculum has been designed to prepare students with writing, mathematics, and computer literacy skills. The computer literacy courses teach basic computer skills as well as how to access and use electronic information resources. The instructional services librarian, in cooperation with the computer literacy director, designed a lecture and lab assignment covering the components of the library’s information system, Griffin. Seven 50‐minute lectures were provided. After lecture, students were given a library assignment to complete. Pretests and post‐tests were used to evaluate students’ learning. Relationships between lab assignments and lecture attendance to post‐test scores also were analyzed. In this article, Fenske examines the development and design of the instructional program, the assessment of students’ learning, and the overall effectiveness of the program.

Ancient Egyptian: A linguistic introduction By Antonio Loprjeno (review)

462 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 74, NUMBER 2 (1998) can create empathy and narrative ambiguity. In Ch. 7, David Lee argues 'how . . . linguistic choices take us beyond the visual perception of a detached observer —narrator to interpretation and evaluation' (1 13) toan interestedparticipator. MichaelToolin's focus in Ch. 8 concentrates on various aspects of language in a short story that utilizes various words, phrases, and verbal staging 'and the absence of other, "expectable" locutions' (127). Ch. 9, by Paul Simpson and Martin Montgomery, gives the reader a model of narrative structure that can be studied to see changes in the point of view that can be brought about through translation from one medium to another —for example, narrative to film—which can have radically different characterizations. On the contextual level, the attention ofthe authors in the next group of essays focuses on an analysis of textual features. In Ch. 10, Irene R. Fatrley uses literary devices that lend themselves to narration: '[she] discusses a wide range of these devices, including methods of narration (omniscient narration, alternation narration, between narrative and dialogue , interior monologue) shifts of style, textual cohesion, figurative language, ellipsis and ambiguity ' (165). Chs. 11 and 12 combine mutual concern for greater critical awareness. Ch. 1 1, by Paul Werth, attempts to discover deictic space and the interpretation ofprose (181). Werth takes the simple premise that the reader can conceptualize the background of any novel or story and project a where, when, and who in the story. Werth takes this a step further by 'applying] the theory of text worlds to the fictional universe projected in novels and short stories' (181). In Ch. 12, Sara Mills concerns herself with narrative schemata: that part of the reader that can identify with what is familiar and allows the reader to follow a 'well-trodden pathway ' and identifies the 'narrative within the ideological complexes like sexism' (218). The main thrust of her essay is a focus on feminist text analysis and what this type of analysis can do when faced with sexist texts. David Birch ends this book with an essay that finds a need for closer attention to political dimensions within discourse by targeting communication ; he argues that this is contingent upon values people assign to meanings. The intention of this book is to offer an intensive introduction to literary stylistic criticism, for senior high school students of English, undergraduate students of English language and literature, applied linguistics , and upper intermediate and advanced students of English as a second or foreign language as the targeted audience (5). Here, I have some reservations . Although the chapters have a preface, as well as suggestions by the authors to instructors to use assignments with 'suggested further reading' and group work, I do not believe that the context of current academic learning at the high-school level adequately prepares students for this type of discourse. I would, however, highly recommend it for composition , linguistics and literature instructors and graduate students and advanced students of English as a second or foreign language as well as advanced linguistics students. The book also contains a detailed index, full glossary , and suggestions for further reading. [Teri M. Shaw, Eastern Washington University.] Ancient Egyptian: A linguistic introduction . By Antonio Loprjeno. New York: Cambridge, 1995. Pp. xx, 322. Cloth $59.95, paper $19.95. In Ancient Egyptian, Loprieno 'address[es] the interdisciplinary interests of linguists and Egyptologists ' (xi), an aim which has been systematically ignored by other published scholars in recent years. He states that 'the main goal ofthe book is to provide the linguistic audience with an introduction to the historical grammar of Ancient Egyptian . . . [and] to reach the numerically much smaller public of Egyptologists interested in linguistic issues' (xi), a feat which L performs well. The treatise is broken into seven parts: Ch. 1, "The language of Ancient Egypt' (1-10), offers an introduction to the Hamito-Semitic language family, of which ancient Egyptian is a part, as well as a brief look at Egyptological linguistics, covering: (1) the Berlin School and Egyptian morphology, (2) the fixing of the canon with A. H. Gardiner, (3) H. J. Polotsky 's 'Standard Theory' of Egyptian syntax—which L stipulates has confined the field...

Sediment in Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho

The authors gratefully acknowledge the help given by Yves Nievergelt, professor of mathematics at Eastern Washington University, in the preparation of this material.

GIS, Cartography, and Geography: The View From the Other Side

162 APCG YEARBOOK • VOLUME 60 • 1998 GIS, Cartography, and Geography: The View From the Other Side S t a c y W a r r e n Eastern Washington University I n RECENT YEARS, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has become one of the most intellectually stimulating topics of geographic discussion. Traditional concern over its method and application has broadened to include critical evaluation of its role in geography and, more broadly, in society. The extremes of debate make for entertain­ ing reading, from Openshaw’s (1991) claim that GIS will put our contemporary Humpty Dumpty-like fractured geography back to­ gether again, to Smith’s (1992) accusation that GIS was responsible for the deaths of 200,000 Iraqis during Desert Storm. Almost every­ one has an opinion about GIS, in spite of the fact that many have never actually used it. The debate has polarized into defenders (characterized, some­ what unfairly, as representing positivist epistemologies) and critics (characterized, also somewhat unfairly, as representing postmodernist social theories). By the early 1990s, the divisions were well recog­ nized and the National Center for Geographic Information Analysis (NCGIA) initiated efforts to open dialogue between the two sides with organizations such as the Friday Harbor meetings and, more recently, Initiative 19. The 1997 APCG plenary session panel is the latest manifestation of the desire to build comprehensive understand­ ing, bringing together GIS luminary Michael Goodchild, social theory luminary Nick Entrikin, and me. Not yet being an established luminary of anything, at least not to my knowledge, I was curious as to what I could offer to this panel. As I sat in the conference room at Spokane’s Ridpath Hotel listening to Goodchild and Entrikin speak, it occurred to me that my presence on the panel represented the view from the other side, or, more accurately, from many other sides simultaneously. Goodchild President’s Plenary Session: GIS and Geography 163 and Entrikin hail from large, powerful universities; their geography programs are heralded internationally. My university, Eastern Wash­ ington University—though a vibrant and exciting place in its own right—is a regional comprehensive university with a small under­ graduate geography program. My experiences as the facilitator of our GIS program strongly suggest to me that geographers outside of the Santa Barbaras and UCLAs face a different set of issues regard­ ing implementation and teaching of the subject. Further, the other two participants fit neatly into one side of the GIS debate or the other; I, on the other hand, am situated somewhere in between. I have been exposed to too much social theory to take GIS at face value, yet I have done too much hands-on GIS to take the GIS critiques at face value either. Finally, on both sides of the debate there is a sense of rapid evolution, whether technological or epistemological. Geo­ graphic activities previously central to the discipline become recast as antiquated traditions, perhaps relegated to a section in History and Philosophy of Geography courses. In this essay, I want to try to re­ cast the emergence of GIS in the context of institutional change, and examine how GIS’s impact on the discipline builds on a mundane, everyday basis. Thus, from my “view from the other side,” I hope I can offer observations that will help bridge the gaps. The result of the panel and the discussion that followed it was an invigorating re-examination of not just the state of GIS but also the state of GIS criticism and the role of geographers in GIS’s evolution. In this paper, I present and expand on some of the ideas crystallized at the conference. I write in the first person, seeking to draw the reader into the environment fostered at the session. I address three major themes: GIS and its critics; GIS as an institutional activity; and the broader emergence of what, borrowing from Donna Haraway, I term “cyborg geography.” I begin by situating GIS within the ev­ eryday, to make a fundamental introductory point: GIS, like all technology, is socially constructed and its impact is played out in the lives of real people, living in real places. 164 APCG YEARBOOK • VOLUME 60 • 1998 GIS and Everyday Life...

Report on the Sixtieth Annual Meeting

REPORT ON THE SIXTIETH ANNUAL MEETING Spokane, Washington September 10-13, 1997 After 3 years of whining by our California colleagues about the lack of an annual meeting invitation by a “northern institution,” East­ ern Washington University stepped boldly into the breach and hosted the 1997 convocation at the Ridpath Hotel in beautiful downtown Spokane. Although the bright promise of financial support by the university failed to materialize (owing to a severe fiscal crisis—sound familiar?) and APCG members from more southerly latitudes stayed away in droves, the meeting was an experiential—if not financial— success. A grand total of 104 registrants overcame the limitations of time and distance to participate: 59 full registrations, 35 students, and 10 spouse/others. The meeting kicked off on Wednesday night with a reception featuring Washington wines, cheeses, fruits, and vegies, followed by a stirring opening address by Phil Wagner, professor emeritus at Simon Fraser University, whose topic was “Borders” (and not just the ones on the ground...). Thursday was devoted entirely to field work, as EWU geographers and planners spent the day introducing APCG members to the highlights of the Inland Empire. Dick Winchell led an all-day trip to the Colville Indian Reservation and Grand Cou­ lee Dam, while Susan Bradbury and Linda Yeomans burrowed through the urban delights of central Spokane. Dale Stradling’s group explored the geomorphology of Spokane County’s Channelled Scablands , and once again Dale’s powerful description of the prehistoric Lake Missoula Flood caused him to have to deny having been an eyewitness to the events. Bob Quinn and Mike Folsom led two sepa­ rate wetlands excursions, both of which focused on ecological and growth management issues. The field experiences were capped on Thursday night with an outdoor salmon barbeque at Riverfront Park. 187 188 APCG YEARBOOK • VOLUME 60 • 1998 A total of 44 papers were presented— 17 of them by students— during the day on Friday and on Saturday morning, ranging across the entire spectrum of geographical topics. A President’s Plenary Session on “GIS and Cartography” was hosted by President Joan Clemons on Saturday, featuring cartographic luminaries Michael Goodchild, Nick Entrikin, and Stacy Warren. Portland State Univer­ sity geographers also organized a panel on “Teaching Geography in the Changing University,” which was well attended. Other highlights of APCG ’97 included the Womens Network Luncheon, the Depart­ ment Chairs Luncheon, and of course, the Friday night Presidential Banquet. Joan Clemons’ presidential address, “Emerging from Sew­ age and Waste: The Postmodern Landscape,” was a fascinating and beautifully illustrated exploration of topics not ordinarily dealt with right after dinner. While attendance at this year’s meeting was significantly down, owing perhaps more to core-periphery issues than to the attractive­ ness of the host city, some interesting patterns nonetheless emerged. As usual, California led the roster with 35 participants, followed by Oregon and Washington with 22 each. These were followed by Brit­ ish Columbia with seven, Arizona with four, Nevada with two, and Alaska with one. Incidentally, the return of our Canadian colleagues to the APCG fold after a long absence is to be noted. Most major research universities in the APCG turf zone were represented; even the University of Washington managed to send four graduate stu­ dents after being savaged in this report so often over the past decade! (We can only wonder how much closer to Seattle we would have to hold the meeting to get a faculty member...). The mileage award this year was a tie between Roger Pearson of Alaska-Fairbanks and Jim Nemeth of Toledo. While it would be nice to conclude that the 1997 Spokane meet­ ing was a big moneymaker for the APCG, it simply could not happen with such a small attendance, an urban hotel venue, and a lack of host university financial support. Looking on the bright side, a great Annual Meeting Report 189 time was had by all, new friendships were formed and old ones re­ newed, and we all learned something...and that’s what it’s all about. Dan Turbeville Eastern Washington University ...