Eastern Societies Research Articles

Antecedents of electric vehicle purchasing behaviors: Evidence from Türkiye

AbstractThe present study aims to determine the key antecedents that affect consumers' electric vehicle (EV) purchasing behavior. In this context, the study expanded the existing framework of TPB (attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control) by incorporating four new variables (product attributes, cognitive status, monetary incentive policies, and nonmonetary incentive policies). At this point, the study is of great importance in terms of understanding consumers' perspectives on EV purchasing behavior and to help policymakers, businesses, and marketers support sustainable production and consumption by creating effective strategies. In addition, this study conducted in Türkiye, which shares similar consumption behaviors with Middle Eastern, Asian, and European societies, provides valuable insights for a rapid transition to the adoption of EVs. In the study, data were collected from 390 respondents with the survey method and the collected data were analyzed using Smart PLS 4.0 and SPSS 26 statistical software. The findings showed that only attitude together with cognitive status, product attributes, and monetary incentives policy contribute to EV purchasing behavior. In light of these findings, it can be argued that there is a need to increase efforts to develop more positive consumer attitudes toward EVs, to enhance their cognitive status, and to promote product attributes to encourage the widespread adoption of EVs. At the same time, monetary incentives policies are an important element in the adoption of EVs and therefore policymakers need to make great efforts.

Material Affective Engagements: Examples from Ancient Mesopotamia

This article applies approaches from current emotion research on material affective scaffolds—objects made and used to enhance, and more generally transform, affective states—to the emerging field of study focusing on emotions in ancient Near Eastern societies. Its main goal is to extend the framework of 4E cognition—with its central notion that human cognition is embodied, embedded, enactive, and extended—to the realm of affective states, emphasizing that through our bodily interactions with material objects we transform not just our cognitive processes but also our emotions, moods, and so forth. Thereby, the present study seeks to contribute to the exploration of the relationships between sensory experiences, emotions, moods, and the material world by investigating the affective meanings that material things acquire through people’s entanglements with them. The study focuses on one particular class of objects—Mesopotamian amulets from the first millennium BC, which served as bodily adornments but were also understood to have the power to evoke affective responses through their activation in ritual performances. Referring to scholarly compendia in Mesopotamian cuneiform texts, this study demonstrates that these objects were recommended by healing experts to influence different affective states, both in oneself and others. It examines the connection between affective states and specific material features of the amulet components (consisting of minerals, metals, and plant and animal substances). Finally, Mesopotamian views of affective states and their management are compared with those of contemporary cognitive-affective science. This comparison shows that although there are some analogies, there are also important differences that depend mainly on different understandings of the human mind and agency. byUlrike SteinertJohannes Gutenberg University Mainzusteiner@unimainz.deandGiovanna ColombettiUniversity of ExeterG.Colombetti@exeter.ac.uk

Exploring Interpersonal Harmony: A Cross-Cultural Comparison between Eastern and Western Societies

The concept of interpersonal harmony exhibits distinct cultural nuances between Eastern and Western societies, shaped by factors such as cultural variances, historical contexts, and societal norms. The field’s current comprehension of these distinctions remains limited due to a focus on researching interpersonal conflict within Western societies, leaving the study of interpersonal harmony less informative. The present literature review analyzes research findings on interpersonal harmony within Eastern and Western cultural contexts to establish an understanding of the role of interpersonal harmony and the consequential impact on interpersonal relationships in different social contexts. This review highlights the role and effects of interpersonal harmony in Eastern societies, aimed at enhancing the understanding of interpersonal harmony regarding cultural influence.

Observations on Arrogance and Meaning: Finding Truth in an Era of Misinformation

Aim/Purpose: The paper discusses various factors contributing to disagreements, such as differing experiences, perspectives, and historical narratives, leading to disagreements within families and societies. It explores how beliefs, values, and biases feed into disagreements, with confirmation bias affecting decision-making and the media. Cultural values also play a role, showcasing conflicts between meritocracy and inclusivity in ethical decision-making. Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory highlights differences in value priorities between Western and Eastern societies. The impact of Western values like rationalism, freedom, and tolerance, under threat from Marxist illiberalism on campuses, is dis-cussed. The text also delves into disinformation, emotions in warfare, and the use of fake information and images for propaganda purposes. The need for diligent reporting to avoid spreading disinformation is emphasized, given its potential to create misconceptions and harm diplomatic relations.

Le conseguenze sociali ed economiche dell’adozione nel periodo paleo-babilonese: un’analisi comparativa tra la Mesopotamia e l’Elam

For many centuries, the legal institution of adoption has been a social and economic device designed to protect the Ancient Eastern society. Thanks to a comparative analysis, which involved the collection, the classification and the cross-comparation of documents related to the practice of adoption, it was possible to retrieve information about the complexity of social and economic structures of the centres of Nippur and Sippar in Mesopotamia and Susa in Elam during the Old Babylonian period. The results shed a light on the flexible nature of this legal institution, through which the parties involved could obtain mutual benefits. The agreement, indeed, caused essential social and economic transformation for all parties involved.

Does one who obeys be at ease? Is the dieases of the eastern societies same?

President of Üsküdar University Psychiatrist Prof. Nevzat Tarhan answered those who wonder how the brutality in Palestine is reflected in society and the role of eastern societies for Haber 7.

Healing Loneliness Post-COVID-19: A Review of Multicultural Exploration of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy's Success in Western and Eastern Cultures

The global COVID-19 pandemic threatened physical health and triggered a surge in loneliness, particularly post-outbreak in Western and Eastern societies. This study explores the psychological implications and societal impact of loneliness in the era of widespread lockdowns, social distancing, and the new norm, including work-from-home practices. Loneliness, a distressing sense of isolation, intensified during the pandemic due to genetic, cultural, and digital factors linked to adverse mental and physical health effects. The research highlights loneliness as a buffer against social pain or a correlate of illness, and findings associate loneliness with age, relationships, and behavior.Comparatively, Eastern societies experienced heightened loneliness, driven by a cultural emphasis on collectivism and face-to-face interactions. Innovative adaptations, such as virtual gatherings and online communities, helped mitigate the psychological impacts of social distancing. Both Eastern and Western societies relied on the digital landscape—virtual events, online communities, streaming services, and online gaming—to combat loneliness and foster connection. Understanding and addressing loneliness are vital for promoting mental well-being and resilience in the evolving global landscape.

The Imperative for Arabic Language Proficiency among Foreign Workers in Gulf Countries and Strategies for Enhancement l Ahammiyyatu Itqan al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah baina al-‘Ummal al-Ajnabi fi Duwali al-Khalij wa Istiratijiyyatu Ta’ziziha

In both Eastern and Western societies, proficiency in the local language and an understanding of cultural nuances were traditionally considered essential prerequisites for employment. However, a marked deviation from this norm was evident in the Gulf states, where communication with foreign workers became sporadic and, in many cases, was limited to specific roles or enforced through punitive measures. This linguistic neglect perpetuated the erosion of Arab heritage, contributing to the gradual loss of identity. This research aimed to thoroughly analyze the importance of foreign workers in the Gulf countries mastering Arabic. It investigated the impact of neglecting this linguistic aspect and proposed viable solutions to encourage learning, thus contributing to the preservation and enhancement of cultural values, identity, and society in the Gulf region. Using a literature study methodology, the research drew on a variety of sources, including previous research, newspapers, expert studies, and reports. The findings of this research underscored the need for collaborative efforts among countries in the region, drawing inspiration from experiences in the East and West. An important solution identified was activating the principle of shared responsibility, which included the establishment of training centers for expatriates to acquire essential Arabic vocabulary. The implications of this research extended to the establishment of stronger communication links within the country, the creation of international bridges, and the opening of employment opportunities for Arabic language and literature experts.

Gender-based adjustment problems of divorcees in Hazara Division, Pakistan.

Divorce is one of the harshest realities in Eastern societies worldwide because it is an intact component of the elementary social institution of the family. Grievously, divorce rates are escalating with profound ramifications for divorcees in Asia, including Pakistan. Therefore, exploring the challenges after divorce with gender-based dimensions in the Pakistani context was necessary, particularly in Hazara Division. The study followed a pragmatic approach through snowball sampling and recruited 75 respondents. The data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using IBM SPSS 25. For descriptive statistics, frequencies of quantitative responses were determined using percentages, means, and standard deviations. Then Chi-Square Test of Independence, Principal Component Analysis, and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance were performed to find an association between the dependent and independent variables. Results demonstrated that most divorcees face children-related issues followed by economic, social, and psychological issues that impede post-divorce adjustment of divorcees. Results showed that the immaturity of divorcees and gender-specific violence specifically for women make it challenging for them to cope with the situation and impede their growth after divorce. Results revealed that more than half of women and a few of men have custody of children after divorce; however, fight over custody of children is another major cause of delayed adjustment. Results presented that gender significantly influences women's intensity of post-divorce adjustment constraints. Therefore, it is concluded that regardless of gender, ongoing conflicts with ex-spouses or in-laws made the post-divorce adjustment of divorcees difficult. Divorcees are in a constant tug-of-war between fighting internal dilemmas, pursuing individualistic ideals, and fulfilling societal norms, values, and expectations. This battle complicates and prolongs their adjustments after divorce. The study suggests that institutional, psychosocial, and family support is critical to proactively relieve divorcees from resources and their children.

How Advertisements Affect Consuming Decisions of Buyers

In todays rapidly evolving market, understanding consumer psychology is crucial for businesses to effectively promote their products and entice customers to make purchases. Building upon the analysis conducted by Balci and the fifteen other articles on market psychology, this article delves deeper into the various components of advertising, methods of promotion, and the effectiveness and practicality of product promotion in different contexts. Moreover, it explores how visuals, sounds, and celebrity endorsements influence consumers desire to purchase, and how cultural differences between Eastern and Western societies shape consumers perception of products. The power of visuals in advertising cannot be underestimated. Marketers have long understood the impact of visually appealing advertisements on consumers decision-making processes. Visual stimuli can evoke emotional responses, which in turn influence consumers desire to purchase a product. The combination of visuals and sounds can create a powerful sensory experience, making the advertisement more memorable and persuasive.

Frontier Orientalism in D.A. Milyutin's Descriptions of the North Caucasus in the 1840s

The article delves into the analysis of Orientalist conceptions put forth by the Russian military scholar, D. A. Milyutin, in his narrative about the peoples of the North Caucasus. This study is anchored in “postcolonial critiques”, a lens extensively applied by international researchers to evaluate the actions of European powers in global peripheries. The aim of this research is to introduce the hitherto overlooked unpublished manuscripts of D. A. Milyutin into academic discourse. Specifically, this focuses on his descriptions of Kabarda and Chechnya, which form the foundation for analyzing the scholarly issue discussed.
 The paper reveals that, when describing local populations, Russian military scholars actively leaned on Orientalist conceptions. They not only furnished those conceptions with empirical data but also interpreted them in context of the realities faced on the Russo-Caucasian frontier. Assertions that juxtapose Europe with the East, the interplay between the scholarly study of the region and its governance structure, and notions about the inherent stagnation of Eastern societies, as well as the belief in the necessity of external control for the development of Eastern communities, are all echoed in D. A. Milyutin’s works. Concurrently, his rendition of pan-European thoughts introduces a unique “frontier Orientalism”. This perspective captures descriptions of the militarized lifestyle of local residents, their raiding habits along the Line, and provides reasoning for the extended duration of Russian military engagements in the ethnic territories of the Caucasus.
 This article is tailored for a diverse range of scholars, as well as anyone with a keen interest in the intellectual history of the Caucasus and the evolution of socio-political thought in the mid-19th century Russian Empire.

The Comparison of Eastern and Western Societies Attitudes Towards Offering Sex Education in Schools

Sex education is considered as a rather sensitive topic in school worldwide, and differs in various aspects. It involves policies of governments, devoted resources, social norms, education of teachers, depth of content and feedback from students. Eastern countries and regions are more conservative. Though policies have been revised on supporting sex education in school and effort on balancing resources have been made, there are still difficulties to overcome. For instance, violating social norms, educating teachers to know the strategies on giving sex education and being provided with feedback from students in order to improve tactics used. Western countries are generally more open to sex education in school, resources have been devoted into it and policies have been made decades ago. Though it is controversial on which kind of sex education is most suitable for students, governments would listen to feedback from students and teachers on their advices. This paper provides with detailed conclusion on the above-mentioned points comparing between Eastern and Western aspects on teaching sex education in school.

A cross-sectional study on the perceived barriers to physical exercise among women in Iraqi Kurdistan Region

BackgroundLimited research has investigated the barriers to physical exercise among women in Iraqi Kurdistan Region and other similar Muslim and Middle Eastern societies. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of perceived barriers to physical exercise among women and examine the associations of these barriers with the participants’ sociodemographic characteristics.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan Region, from December 2022 to January 2023. A self-administered online survey was designed using Google Forms. A convenience sample of 500 women and girls aged 18–65 years was selected for the study. A questionnaire was designed for data collection, including a list of 21 potential barriers to physical exercise developed based on literature review and experts’ opinions. The barriers were divided into three categories: interpersonal (8 barriers), social environment (8 barriers), and built environment factors (5 barriers). The participants were asked to indicate for each potential barrier whether it was “not really a barrier, somewhat a barrier, or a very important barrier.“ The statistical package for social sciences was used to estimate the prevalence of different barriers and assess their association with sociodemographic characteristics using the Chi-square test.ResultsThe prevalence of physical inactivity among the study participants was 68.2%. The most prevalent interpersonal barriers to physical exercise included lack of time (47.4%), followed by fatigue (24%), and cost (22.4%). Regarding social environment factors, work (30.6%), harassment outside (22.2%), not having a friend or family member accompanying (19%), and not being allowed by family (15.4%) were the most prevalent barriers to physical exercise. Lack of footpaths, cycle lanes, or parks (34.4%), limited accessibility of gyms or other exercise facilities (25.8%), and environmental pollution (21%) were the most prevalent built environment factors as barriers to physical exercise.ConclusionWomen in Iraqi Kurdistan Region experience many barriers to physical exercise. Women require family and social support and awareness about exercise benefits to overcome interpersonal and social environment barriers to physical exercise. Built environment factors are very important barriers and can be reduced by taking appropriate action and adopting necessary policies to provide the required infrastructure and facilities for physical exercise.

Multi-analytical characterisation of red colouration on decorated ostrich eggshells from the Middle Bronze Age in Bahrain

In the early 1960s, a Danish archaeological team excavated a group of mounds in Bahrain dating back to 2000 BCE. Among their finds were fragments of decorated ostrich eggshells that displayed rectangular engravings as well as red colouring on the outer surface and a uniform red tint on the inner surface. The unpigmented natural colouration of ostrich eggs is the result of adaptations to prevent overheating in the arid habitat, and therefore, the red hue was artificial. The aim of this research was to characterise this colouration. Elemental analysis revealed low iron content, ruling out the use of iron-rich pigments such as ochre, while analysis by molecular spectroscopy could not detect any compounds besides the characteristic constituents of the calcareous eggshell. Thermal experiments on modern eggshells, combined with chiral amino acid analysis, indicated that the red colour on the archaeological samples could have been due to exposure to moderate temperatures. This investigation provides valuable insights into the art and cultural practices of ancient Middle Eastern societies during the Middle Bronze Age, contributing to our knowledge of prehistoric archaeology.

'Coming out'/self-disclosure in LGBTQ+ adolescents and youth: International and Indian scenario - A narrative review of published studies in the last decade (2012-2022).

People who identify themselves as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and others (LGBTQ+) go through a process of self-exploration and self-identification during adolescence, and the process resolves when one decides to self-disclosure. The experience of 'Coming Out' (CO) can be positive, leading to acceptance and a feeling of liberation, or it can be harmful, leading to stigma, humiliation, and discrimination, subsequently leading to significant psychological distress. This study was to do a narrative review on the studies published in the area/topic of CO in youth in the last decade (2012-2022) and to look for factors that act as barriers and facilitators of CO. Additionally, we have tried to look for differences in CO in LGBTQ+ adolescents and youth in the Western world vis-a-vis Indian/Eastern societies. An extensive literature search in electronic databases, PUBMED, Web of Science, EMBASE, Medline, Scopus, and search engine 'Google Scholar' using specific search terms and assessment of all published articles until 20th May 2023 was done. Twenty-three studies were found eligible for data extraction, which discussed the problems faced during the CO process. Most of the studies are from developed countries, and only one is from India. Eleven were qualitative studies, 11 were cross-sectional studies, and one was a case study. The qualitative studies focused on generating themes of CO along with various issues/problems faced by the participants. The cross-sectional studies mainly explored parental reactions, stigma, parental support, psychological distress, and perceived stress in the participants. Major themes emerging from the qualitative studies were the experience of prejudice from various strata of society, such as parental, societal, racial, cultural, and religious factors that lead to problems of hiding, internalized homophobia, and anticipatory rejections that put this population under extreme conditions. Limited research is available from Eastern societies. More recently, the new generation of adolescents has taken the help of social media platforms for self-disclosure. CO is an elaborate multi-step process that considers the presence of parental/family and societal support, cultural/traditional values, and several psychosocial factors that determine the degree of positive outcomes. Emerging data indicated an improved trend of adolescents deciding to come out to families or in online platforms, both of which are associated with challenges, more in eastern collectivistic societies and developing countries.

Eastern Society in the Context of Leonid Solovyov's Work "The Tale of Hodja Nasreddin: Disturber of the Peace"

Устные рассказы, легенды, мифы, анекдоты и сказки, которые являются важными элементами фольклора, передаваемые из уст в уста, важны тем, что они отражают опыт и сущность общества. Задача фольклора, не только делиться этим опытом, но и осведомлять людей о проблемах общественного порядка и показывает персонажей фольклора в качестве примера. Рассказы о Ходже Насреддине, одного из важных фольклорных фигур Востока, занимают интересное место, как и во всей мировой литературе, так и в русской. Многие писатели представляют русскому миру свои взгляды на насреддина ходжа, которого в них произведениях считают восточным героем, через его анектоды и различные рассказы, передаваемые из поколения в покеление. В этом контексте роман “Возмутитель спокойствия” из дилогии “Повесть о Ходже Насреддине” также Леонида Соловьева, хорошо знающего Восток, его общество, традиции и фольклор, является важным произведением в русской литературе, которое ставит Ходжа Насреддина на позицию главного героя. Основой повести Соловьева является ум и честность Насреддина, его борьба за справедливость, и его хитрости, направленные на порядок и его нарушения. Темой нашей работы являются: Ходжа Насреддин, которого Соловьев считает своего рода героем восточного народа, спасение жителей Бухары, родного города Насреддина, от зла, а также структура восточного общества, подвергавшегося деспотизму и вынужденной уплате налогов.

Ethnic Minorities in Advertising

The literature on diversity suffers from several shortcomings, leading to conflicting views or unjustified beliefs about ethnic minorities in advertising. Evidence is needed to show whether advertising has indeed become more ethnically diverse over time, whether any cultural differences exist, and whether ethnic diversity in advertising in new media differs from that in traditional media advertisements. Building on extant research and social role theory, this study provides two empirical studies, a meta-analysis and content analysis, and questions commonly held beliefs in the diversity literature. The findings show that any increase in ethnic minority representation in advertising is fully captured by the fact that ethnic minorities in the general population have increased and that relevant changes have occurred only in Eastern societies where the overrepresentation of the white minority has decreased. Ethnic minorities are well represented in online and TV media but not in print media. Except for the product use of ethnic minority endorsers, stereotyping prevails and barely differs between old and new media. These findings have implications for both researchers and advertisers.

Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Prevention Among Chinese American Women: A Qualitative Descriptive Study.

Physical inactivity is a modifiable behavioral risk factor for breast cancer. Chinese American women have an increased breast cancer incidence and a low prevalence of meeting physical activity (PA) recommendations, yet little is known about their knowledge and experience regarding PA and breast cancer prevention. Given the significant cultural differences between Eastern and Western societies, effective interventions to promote PA among Chinese American women require understanding their knowledge levels regarding PA in breast cancer prevention and their PA experiences through a cultural lens. This qualitative descriptive study used virtual semi-structured individual interviews to explore Chinese American women's knowledge and perception of PA, their understanding of the role of PA in breast cancer prevention, and influence of culture and acculturation on PA experience. Twenty-one Chinese American women residing in eight states were interviewed. Using thematic analysis, four themes emerged: A limited appreciation of the preventability of breast cancer, variability in PA perception, Chinese culture norms and lifestyles influencing PA behavior, and the influence of the process of acculturation on PA behavior. Chinese American women had a limited understanding of PA in breast cancer prevention. Chinese culture, lifestyles, and traditional Chinese medicine positively and negatively influence Chinese American women's PA behaviors. When exposed to American culture, Chinese American women tended to adopt new PA behaviors, including increasing leisure-time PA while decreasing occupation- and transportation-related PA. Interventions to increase PA and reduce breast cancer risk among Chinese American women should address cultural factors and acculturation along with education and behavioral change strategies.

Gen Z and the flight shame movement: examining the intersection of emotions, biospheric values, and environmental travel behaviour in an Eastern society

Using the norm activation model (NAM), our research delves into the impact of environmental concerns, and environmental self-assets on environmentally responsible travel behaviour (ENVRB), and the role of affective constructs (love for nature [LNA], respect for nature and flight shame) on travelling behaviour among Generation Z in India. Through a prediction-oriented and exploratory approach using partial least squares–structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), our study reveals strong effects of environmental concerns and self-assets on responsible travel behaviour, and the mediating role of LNA in these relationships; the mediating role of respect for nature was insignificant. Furthermore, flight shame emerges as a strong predictor of responsible travel behaviour, mediating the transition from love and respect for nature to responsible travel behaviour. Our findings underscore the importance of emotional factors such as love and respect for nature in promoting sustainable consumer behaviour. We emphasise the need for tailored sustainable tourism initiatives to overcome emerging economies’ cultural patterns and psychological barriers. The findings suggested that nurturing a deep love and respect for nature and promoting environmental self-assets and concerns are crucial for successful sustainable tourism initiatives among Gen Z. Avenues for future research are also discussed.

Leone Ceatani’nin Varaka b. Nevfel, Abdullah b. Cahş, Zeyd b. Amr ve Osman b. Huveyris Adlı Hanifler Hakkındaki Görüşleri

With the birth of Islam and the influence of other religions around it, there were those who opposed it. Islam has imposed itself on the world and brought peace and justice to the regions where it spread. In the following times, such an acceptance of Islam could not be accepted by members of other religions, especially Christians. The Westerners, who could not achieve the desired goal against Muslims in the Crusader attacks, changed their tactics and chose to weaken Islam, misrepresent it, and break it from its historical truth. With this, baseless allegations were made about the religion and its primary source, the Qur’an and its prophet, the Prophet Muhammad, and perception studies were initiated within this framework. Within the scope of these studies, many orientalists were trained in Western countries. These people, who carried out research in political, economic, and cultural fields, especially in Islam, were supported by the state they were affiliated with and produced many studies on the values of Eastern societies. Leona Ceatani from Italy was included in these studies in the West with his work titled Annali Dell’Islām. In this work, Ceatani distorted the basic principles of Islam and reached some conclusions of his own. As stated in Mustafa Asım Köksal’s refutation, in Ceatani’s work titled History of Islam, he made heavy accusations against our religion, our Prophet, and the Companions. In addition, the translation and presentation of Ceatani’s work as a reliable source caused some unrest in the public opinion of the newly established Republic of Turkey, and falsifying information about the Prophet, the Qur’an, and Islam was put forward. Ceatani, in his History of Islam, refers to the Hanif religion and its adherents and claims that these people were not Hanifs. The most important belief of all prophets during their prophethood was the belief in tawhid. Although the prophets differed in the system they applied during their mission of notification, their main duty was their determination in the belief of tawhid. Prophet Abraham, the sign of the belief in tawhid, has an important place in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, and the term “Hanif” is used for him in the Qur’an. Hanifism expresses the principles common to the messages of all prophets. In the Qur’an, the word “Hanif” is used against idolatry and against the corrupted belief in the tawhid of Jews and Christians. It is stated that there were people in Arabia who adopted the religion of Abraham before the Prophet Muhammad’s message. It has been observed that these people had moved away from the religion of Prophet Abraham in Arabia and questioned this situation. According to the sources, these people did not commit polytheism, rejected the wrong beliefs and customs of the tribe they belonged to, and thought of the existence of a single Creator by retreating in seclusion away from the oppression of their tribes. In this study, we have examined Ceatani’s evaluations of Hanīfiyyah and the Hanifs known in our sources, such as Waraga b. Nawfal, Abdullah b. Jahsh, Zayd b. Amr and Uthman b. Huwayris, according to Islamic sources and found that he has wrong assumptions about this subject.