Eastern Part Of Indonesia Research Articles

Severe Falciparum malaria in Samarinda, Indonesia

Background: Severe malaria remains a major health problem in Eastern part of Indonesia, although nationally malaria cases are decreasing. Delay in recognizing severe malaria cases and lack of knowledge and facilities contribute to high mortality rate of severe malaria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical apprearances and laboratory findings of severe falciparum malaria patients in Samarinda. Methods & Materials: This study was performed at Abdul Wahab Sjahranie General Hospital, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia from August 2011 to October 2013. Subjects were adult severe falciparum malaria patients. Antimalarial given were quinine infusion 10 mg/kg BW/8 hour for at least 48 hours, continued with oral antimalarial artemether-lumefantrine 4 tablets every 12 hour for 3 days when patients’ conditions improved. Results: There were 21 patients observed during this study, consisting of 17 males (81%) and 4 females (19%). All patients were referred from areas out of Samarinda. Patients’ ages were 13 to 56 years (mean age 34.1 years). The most common complications found were jaundice (57.1%), acute kidney injury (42.9%), cerebral malaria (33.3%). Moderate to severe anemia (Hb < 10 g/dl) was found in 47.6% of patients, only one patient had severe anemia (Hb < 5 g/dL). Mean Hb when admitted to hospital was 10.5 g/dL. Moderate to severe thrombocytopenia (platelet < 100,000/mL) was found in 90% of patients, with lowest platelet count 22,000/mL and mean platelet count when admitted was 79,000/ml. The highest total bilirubin level was 26.2 mg/dL and the highest serum creatinine level was 14 mg/dL. The majority of patients had 1 complication (57.1%), while patients with 2 and 3 or more complications were 33.3% and 9.5% respectively. Mortality was 28.6%, one patient was a first trimester pregnant woman. Conclusion: The most common complications of severe falciparum malaria in Samarinda are jaundice (57.1%), acute kidney injury (42.9%) and cerebral malaria (33.3%). Thrombocytopenia is found in almost all patients (90%) while anemia was found in a half of patients (47.6%). Mortality is 28.6%.

The Use of Artesunate Combination Therapy (Acts) and Long- Lasting Insecticidal Net (LLIN) in Low Endemic Area to Achieve Malaria Elimination in Indonesia

Malaria elimination in Indonesia was launched officially as a national program in 2008 following a commitment during the 60th World Health Assembly in 2007. Indonesia’s three major malaria elimination goals include: 1) An annual parasite incidence (API) below 1 per 1000 population 2) Absence of indigenous cases 3) Active surveillance. Another key component of Indonesia’s elimination strategy includes the use of artesunate combination therapy (ACT) in place of chloroquine, because of evidence for widespread resistance. Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the impact of a new policy in malaria treatment using ACT in place of chloroquine together with long-lasting insecticidal net (LLINs) in order to achieve malaria elimination in two low malaria endemic areas (where the API are ranging from 1 - 5 per 1000 population): in Sabang city in Aceh Province, located in the western part of Indonesia and in the Jembrana district, in Bali province located in the eastern part of Indonesia. Method: Epidemiological data were collected from health centers and district health offices from 2008 to 2011 using a standardized reporting form. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected. In-depth interviews with the authorities, health workers and other key informants such as village malaria volunteers, combined with direct observations were conducted in the two study areas. Result: In combination with LLINs and ACT beginning in 2008 there was decrease in the incidence of malaria in Sabang city from 3.7/1000 population in 2008 to 0.08/1000 population in the 2011, a decrease of almost 50 fold. No indigenous cases were found and a program of active surveillance is in place including surveillance immigrants to and from villages by local volunteers. Similarly in Jembrana district, since the widespread use of ACT and LLINs distribution there was a sharp fall in the incidence from 0.94/1000 population in 2008 to 0.05/1000 population in 2011, decrease of almost 20 fold over 3 years. An absence of indigenous cases reported and an active surveillance is in place by local volunteers. Conclusion: The combination of treatment activity used ACT and prevention used LLINs can reduce malaria even in low endemic. Active surveillance activity was required to ensure the absence of indigenous cases from the area. The model of malaria activities in Sabang city and Jembrana district can be implemented in all low malaria endemic areas in Indonesia in order to obtain the national goal of malaria elimination.

Puisi Lisan Masyarakat Banda Eli Ketahanan Budaya di Maluku setelah Perang Pala

This article asks the question how Banda displaced from the Banda Islands due to colonization of Banda by the VOC in 1621, maintain their existence as a sustainable cultural group. Banda communities play an important role in maritime commerce in the eastern part of Indonesia at the beginning of the colonial period. They survive as one cultural group in two villages on the islands of Kei. The traditional songs of the two villages center on the sea voyage. The argument is that Banda people are mobilized by oral traditions that reveal the kinship ties of Banda people with their partners in commerce in distant lands. Key-words: oral poetry, Banda Eli Communities, cultural resistance &nbsp;

Infection Prevention Behavior of Salon Service Giver in Region Semarang Municipality

Infectious disease ranks first in the cause of morbidity in the developing countries including Indonesia especially in the eastern part of Indonesia. One of theleading infectious disease is hepatitis B that ranks ninth in the most leading cause of death. There are various cause of the spread of the disease includinglack of understanding in the infection measures including by the service giver of salon. Infection prevention behavior was caused by its service salon. Thepurpose of this study was to know the behavior in preventing infection of salon service giver in Semarang municipality. The study was a cross sectionalstudy, the independent variables were age, education, knowledge, attitude, infrastructure, supervisor support, and attitudes of service giver friend. Whilethe dependent variable was the behavior in the infection prevention measures. The sample was 50 salon service giver conducted with a purposive samplingmethod. The data analysis used chi-square and logistic regression. The result showed that there was a relationship between age, education, service giverfriend and infection prevention behavior, but there was no relationship between knowledge, attitude, infrastructure, supervisor support and infectionprevention behavior. The most influencing factor in infection preventing behavior was partner support of salon service giver (p=0,0002;OR =45.5). It isrecommended that salon owner provide tools used in accordance with the requirements/number of customers and make sure that to always take steps toprevent infections such as using schort, gloves.

Studying Alcohol Use Prior to Sexual Intercourse Among Female Sex Workers in Eastern Indonesia

Researching female sex workers (FSWs) in Indonesia, where commercial sex tends to be hidden or undercover, is challenging but possible. This is even more challenging when it involves investigation of sensitive behaviors, such as their alcohol use, a known disinhibitor to risk behavior. The adoption of effective strategies is needed to increase response rates and improve data quality. This article describes procedures used to research FSWs’ alcohol use during commercial sex in the Eastern part of Indonesia. Challenges, lessons learned, and recommendations for best practices are discussed.

Toba Batak Progressivism and Language Maintenance

Tabs Batak people originate from Tapanuli, North Sumatra around Lake Toba. This tribe has their own language which is TB language. Compared with other tribes, TB people started their contact with other cultures later. The eastern part of Indonesia, fOr example, had been having contact with the Portuguese since the sixteenth century while the TB people only started in 1861. Later, the TB also had contact with the Dutch, the British and the Germans which resulted in the spread of Christianity amongst TB people. It was the missionaries or the Batak mission who first encouraged education amongst the TB because they wanted to encourage the TB to understand the Gospel. Thus, the formal education in the T8 areas started after the arrival of Christianity. Meanwhile, education brought by the Christian mission gave rise to the TB ambition towards progress or what they called Hamajuon Salak or 'Batak Progressivism'. These missionarires not only gave education in the TB areas but also sent the TB members overseas. Some researchers like Kruger and Peeeesen believe that TB people were cannibals in the past, even after the penetration of Christianity began. They suspected that missionaries like Lyman and Munson were eaten bv the TB (Pedersen, 1970).

PESANTREN DAN PENGEMBANGAN KURIKULUM KEWIRAUSAHAAN: Kajian Pesantren Roudahtul Khuffadz Sorong Papua Barat

AbstractPesantren is a unique instrument of Indonesian educational system.Environmental adaptations enhance pesantren to modify institutionalchange and development. Therefore, this research will explore howpesantren widen the curriculum in term of enterprenurship. This studywas conducted in pesantren Roudhotul Khuffadz. It is located in Sorong,West Papua province, eastern part of Indonesia. In depth-interview andnon participant observation were attended in collecting data. In term ofefforts to identify data validity, the research was extended from threemonths to six months. The study shows that the pesantren RoudhotulKhuffadz was presented many examinations and discussion in developingits curriculum. In addition, they decided to empower curriculum withentrepreneurship aspects. This decision was concluded to extend localneeds and students skills in enlarging their opportunities after schoolage. Finally, this study recommends identifying socio-cultural inpesantren environment in order to understand curriculum improvement.

A description of Ternate Malay

Ternate Malay is a local variety of Malay in Ternate, a small island in the Maluku Utara province in eastern Indonesia. The majority of speakers live in Ternate town, where it serves as mother tongue as well as a means of communication between people of various ethnic and linguistic backgrounds. In the last few decades there is a growing scholarly interest in local Malay varieties, particularly in the eastern part of Indonesia. This article is a short description of Ternate Malay based on the idea that words in Ternate Malay receive their meaning in the combination with other words and that the linguistic context as well as the non-linguistic situation in which they occur, determine the most suitable interpretation of utterances. It is shown how certain words facilitate the determination of the interpretation.

A description of Ternate Malay

Ternate Malay is a local variety of Malay in Ternate, a small island in the Maluku Utara province in eastern Indonesia. The majority of speakers live in Ternate town, where it serves as mother tongue as well as a means of communication between people of various ethnic and linguistic backgrounds. In the last few decades there is a growing scholarly interest in local Malay varieties, particularly in the eastern part of Indonesia. This article is a short description of Ternate Malay based on the idea that words in Ternate Malay receive their meaning in the combination with other words and that the linguistic context as well as the non-linguistic situation in which they occur, determine the most suitable interpretation of utterances. It is shown how certain words facilitate the determination of the interpretation.

Distribution of D543N NRAMP1 polymorphism in tuberculosis patients from Kupang, east region of Indonesia

Background: Natural resistance associated macrophage protein (NRAMP) is a proton/ divalent cation transporter which play a roll in iron trafficking in the phagosomes. Variations in NRAMP1 gene have been reported to be associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) because Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb), the causative agent of TB, compete with its host to uptake iron for its metabolism. The study aimed to describe the polymorphism ofNRAMP among TB patients in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara. Methods: This is a case-control study, cases were pulmonary TB, new patients, aged 15-55 years with sputum smear positive for acid fast bacili. Control were surrounding neighbours without symptoms and history of TB. All demographic information and blood sampie were taken for polymorphism. PCRJRFLP method was performed to explore whether single nucleotide polymorphism D543N of NRAMP1 gene is associated with susceptibility to TB. Results: The study involved 64 pulmonary TB patients and 51 healthy controls. We observed a significant different in the distribution of NRAMP1 genotypes frequencies between TB patients and healthy controis (p = 0.014). Moreover, D543N polymorphism gave significant association only in male subjects. Though the numbers of the subjects are limited, D543N NRAMP1 polymorphism in endemic region in Kupang, the eastem part of Indonesia, seems to be associated with the susceptibility to TB. This is in contrary to studies reported in other part of Indonesia: i.e from west part (Jakarta, Bandung) and central part (Makassar). The population from Kupang may similar genetic background as African population, as Mycobacterium infected in population from Kupang is mostly Mycobacterium africanum. Increasing the number of subjects may enhance the power of the study and possibility to meet Hardy- Weinberg Equilibrium to detect the true associations of this polymorphism in susceptibility to TB. Conclusion: There was a significant difference of polymorphism NRAMPl which more pronounced among male subjects, however this has not yet fulfilled the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium. Keywords: D543N NRAMP1 polymorphism, eastern part of Indonesia, Kupang, tuberculosis

Identifikasi Bencana dan Evaluasi Pencapaian Tujuan Pembangunan Millenium di Nusa Tenggara Timur

Regional development in the eastern part of Indonesia has not yet sufficient to achieve the aspect of Millennium Development Goals. At the aftermath of sustainable development ratification, three major concepts of social, economic and environmental pillars should be equally translated into the planning agenda. Unfortunately, the methods to analyze the environmental condition have not yet developed in the Indonesian planning culture. This article aimed at the development of the environmental method analysis using the identification of hazard and evaluation of the millennium development goals in the case study area of East Nusa Tenggara. The development of the methods destined to empower the local potential sector. The methods applied the desk study, simple statistical methods and simple matrices to construct the list of priority of problems, and development programs. The result of the research revealed that in East Nusa Tenggara had been experiencing a very low social welfare distribution. Flooding and clean water services were at the same time need to be managed properly to support human development in the frontier region. By strengthening identification towards hazard, and achievement monitoring of MDGs, it is expected that the area soon experience better environmental, social and economic development strategy.

REVIEW OFCHROMITE DEPOSITS OF INDONESIA

Chromites (Fe,Mg)Cr O is an oxide mineral in spinel group. It is one of metallic mineral which classified in to alloy and ferro alloy metallic mineral group along with iron, nickel, titanium, manganese, cobalt, and bauxite. Chromites is the only ore mineral of metallic chromium and chromium compounds and chemicals. Because of this fact, chromites and chrome ore are used synonymously in trade literature. It is used for refractory material, because it has high heat stability. In Indonesia, chromites deposits are widely distributed in the eastern part of Indonesia, which rich in metal bearing ultramafic to mafic intrusive especially in South Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, Halmahera, Gebe, Gag, Waigeo, and Papua. These deposits are resulted from weathering of ophiolite rocks as part of the Pacific plate.

GUA-GUA HUNIAN PRASEJARAH DI PULAU ROTE, INDONESIA TIMUR

This article is written based on the results of several archaeological investigations carried out by the National Research and Development Centre of Archaeology in prehistoric caves, in the Rotendao Regency on the Island of Rote, the Province of East Nusa Tenggara between 2006 - 2009. The investigations were focused on Mbia Hudale, Bafak, and Bote caves which are assumed to have prolific archaeological remains. Excavations on these caves reveal traces of human occupation dated back to Late Pleistocene - Holocene epoch. This is evident in the abundance of cultural remains found in these sites, such as plain and decorated potteries, mollusk shells, jewelry (beads) made of shell, lithic stone flakes and blades, as well as faunal remains. Not a single human bone was found during the excavations. Furthermore, archaeological surveys conducted in this area have identified 18 potential caves and rockshelters, as well as a Palaeolithic opensite which are scattered within 8 districts. The results of the researches suggest that prehistoric caves in the Island of Rote are potential and prospective in illuminating prehistoric human migration and cultural processes that took place in the eastern part of Indonesia during Late Pleistocene until Holocene epoch.

A review of the genus Paranisitra Chopard (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Eneopterinae)

The genus Paranisitra is redescribed. Its species are reviewed. Two new species of the genus are described from the Philippines (P. maculata sp. nov.) and the eastern part of Indonesia (P. diluta sp. nov.).

Allele frequency of CODIS 13 in Indonesian population

Since the first application of DNA technology in 1985 in forensic cases, and the acceptance of this technology in 1988 at court, the DNA typing is widely used in personal identification, parentage cases and tracing the source of biological samples found in the crime scene. The FBI on 1990 had recommended the forensic labs to used 13 loci of Short Tandem Repeats (STR), known as CODIS 13, as the loci of choice for forensic use. The research on the population DNA database on these loci is extremely important for calculating the Paternity Index as well as Matching Probability for forensic application of DNA technology. As many as 402 unrelated persons, consisted of 322 from western part of Indonesia and 80 from eastern part of Indonesia, were chosen as the respondents of this research, after signing the informed consent. The peripheral blood sample was taken using sterile lancets and dropped onto FTA classic cards. The DNA was extracted by FTA purification solution (3×) and TE −1 (2×), and amplified by PCR mix, either Cofiler or Profiler Plus (Perkin Elmers), followed by sequencing using ABI Prism type 3100 Avant Genetic Analyzer. The analysis showed that the alleles frequencies of Indonesian is specific, different with the other Asian populations with some specific alleles and microvariant were found.

INTEGRASI EKSPOR KOPRA MAKASSAR DI ANTARA KONTINUITAS DAN DISKONTINUITAS A. Rasyid Asba

The study on Macassar Copra to date has not got much concern from Indonesian Historians, though it is realized that the commodity was the urgent in the world trading. This study constitutes a contribution to complement the shortcoming in this field, that is, in special manner, by spotlighting the integration of the islands in the eastern part of Indonesia, their relation with both Macassar and the world market. The focus of this study was the export of Macassar copra while its period limit was within 1883-1958. In this study, Macassar copra export was divided into two development stages. First, the expansion period and the second was contraction period. During the expansion period, the export of Macassar copra indicated a bright and amazing progress, while the contraction period showed the decline, vague and hopeless.

Teaching triage in post graduate emergency courses

The geography and topography of Indonesia has created many rural and remote areas. This condition has hindered the national rural electrification program. Therefore photovoltaic technology is a most feasible option to provide an alternative source of energy in areas where conventional grid electrification is a major issue. Various photovoltaic systems ranging from solar home systems, photovoltaic pumping systems for drinking water, TV repeaters, public health centers, and more recently, solar boat systems have been installed in Indonesia.The strategy for implementing renewable energy systems, especially photovoltaic systems in Indonesia, is determined into three phases as follows: the first phase is a demonstration program, the second phase is a multiple demonstration program and then the third phase is the dissemination program.The one million rural solar home systems program was started on 2nd June 1997 using the AusAid soft loan fund. The target of this program is to electrify rural and remote areas, to increase the living standard of rural communities, to strengthen the participation of Cooperative Village Unit (KUD) for managing SHS rural electrification program, to establish testing facilities for photovoltaic modules and balance of systems, and to support the development of photovoltaic related industries in Indonesia.To date more than 25,000 SHS have been installed in 190 villages in the eastern part of Indonesia and the installation of 36,400 will be achieved by the end of 1999.

地質調査総合センターによる「遠隔離島小規模地熱の探査に関する研究協力」の総括

地質調査総合センターによる「遠隔離島小規模地熱の探査に関する研究協力」の総括

The strategy of photovoltaic technology development in Indonesia

The geography and topography of Indonesia has created many rural and remote areas. This condition has hindered the national rural electrification program. Therefore photovoltaic technology is a most feasible option to provide an alternative source of energy in areas where conventional grid electrification is a major issue. Various photovoltaic systems ranging from solar home systems, photovoltaic pumping systems for drinking water, TV repeaters, public health centers, and more recently, solar boat systems have been installed in Indonesia. The strategy for implementing renewable energy systems, especially photovoltaic systems in Indonesia, is determined into three phases as follows: the first phase is a demonstration program, the second phase is a multiple demonstration program and then the third phase is the dissemination program. The one million rural solar home systems program was started on 2nd June 1997 using the AusAid soft loan fund. The target of this program is to electrify rural and remote areas, to increase the living standard of rural communities, to strengthen the participation of Cooperative Village Unit (KUD) for managing SHS rural electrification program, to establish testing facilities for photovoltaic modules and balance of systems, and to support the development of photovoltaic related industries in Indonesia. To date more than 25,000 SHS have been installed in 190 villages in the eastern part of Indonesia and the installation of 36,400 will be achieved by the end of 1999.

The detection antibody of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in pig sera in Eastern part of Indonesia

Since the early 1980's, a new and highly contagious disease syndrome of pigs, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), has been spreading through major pig producing areas in the world . It is suspected that the disease has occurred in Indonesia.To confirm the presence of PRRS infection in Indonesia, a serological survey in pig was conducted between 1993 and 1995 in some areas in Eastern Indonesia to detect antibodies against PRRS virus using ELISA test . The results indicated that a total of 822 pig sera were tested and 8% of these sera had antibodies against PRRS virus . Pig sera which were collected from slaughter house in Jakarta showing the highest prevalence (30%) of reactor. However, there was no antibody was detected from pig sera originated from Irian Jaya since 1993 . Key words: PRRS, prevalence, ELISA test, antibody