Eastern Oceania Research Articles

Global Potential Geographical Distribution of the Southern Armyworm (Spodoptera eridania) under Climate Change.

The southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania), a polyphagous crop pest native to tropical America, has been found in Africa (2016) and India (2019), causing defoliation and damage to the reproductive structures of cassava, soybean, and tomato. The damage caused by this pest to crop systems has raised concerns regarding its potential risks. Therefore, we predicted the potential geographical distribution of S. eridania under climate change conditions using 19 bioclimatic variables based on an optimized MaxEnt model. The results showed that annual precipitation (bio12), mean temperature of the warmest quarter (bio10), and precipitation of the driest month (bio14) were important bioclimatic variables influencing the potential distribution. The prediction showed that the suitable habitat area was approximately 3426.43 × 104 km2, mainly concentrated in southern North America, South America, western Europe, central Africa, southern Asia, and eastern Oceania. In response to global climate change, suitable habitats for S. eridania will expand and shift to higher latitudes in the future, especially under the SSP5-8.5 scenario. Because of the current devastating effects on crop production, countries without S. eridania invasion, such as the European Union, Southeast Asian countries, and Australia, need to strengthen phytosanitary measures at border ports to prevent the introduction of this pest.

Population-Genetic History of China in the Context of the East Asian Population History

The territory of modern China was a zone of active population transformations from the time of its occupation by human species. There was the formation zone of the progenitors of all Mongoloid populations associated with the eastern trunk of non-Africans. The most ancient group is associated with the population of Tianyuan cave (田園洞). The basal steam split, after Tianyuan branch separation into two clusters of southern and northern populations. The north groups formed a gene pool base for the modern population of the northern half of China, Japan, Korea, as well as Mongolia, Siberia, and America. The southern groups formed a gene pool core for the population of Indochina, Indonesia, eastern Oceania. From the beginning of the Neolithic era, two-way interaction begins between both groups. During the agricultural spread, people from the region of the upper Yellow River actively settled in Tibet, the southwestern provinces of China, the lower reaches of the Yellow River, forming the basis of the gene pool of modern Tibetans, other Tibetan-Burmans and progenitors of the Han. Also, the migrants from the valley of Yellow River influence the population of the western Liao River, associated with another subgroup of the northern Mongoloid cluster. And the basin of this river, this population inhabits the Korean Peninsula, and from there to the Japanese archipelago. In historical time, especially in the Jin, Tang and Song eras, the penetration of northerners south of the Yellow River intensified. It absorbs local groups and affects the gene pools of local Sino-Tibetan and Hmong-Mien groups that have escaped assimilation. At the same time, the southern groups of Han Chinese also receive a noticeable admixture from the southern Mongoloid groups of the southern cluster. The arrival of the Han Chinese probably causes the outflow of part of the Tibeto-Burman groups to northeast India. The invasions of the steppe nomads did not change the gene pool of China. On the contrary, the resettlement of Han farmers in the steppe left a noticeable admixture in the population of Mongolia from the Xiongnu era to the present. Thus, the population of China since ancient times has not only a turbulent internal population history but had been influencing since the earliest epochs to rest of the population of the Inhabited parts of the World like Siberia, both Americas, India, South-East Asia and Oceania.

The Global Potential Distribution of Invasive Plants: Anredera cordifolia under Climate Change and Human Activity Based on Random Forest Models

The potential distribution of the invasive plant Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) Steenis was predicted by Random Forest models under current and future climate-change pathways (i.e., RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 of 2050s and the 2070s). Pearson correlations were used to select variables; the prediction accuracy of the models was evaluated by using AUC, Kappa, and TSS. The results show that suitable future distribution areas are mainly in Southeast Asia, Eastern Oceania, a few parts of Eastern Africa, Southern North America, and Eastern South America. Temperature is the key climatic factor affecting the distribution of A. cordifolia. Important metrics include mean temperature of the coldest quarter (0.3 °C ≤ Bio11 ≤ 22.9 °C), max temperature of the warmest month (17.1 °C ≤ Bio5 ≤ 35.5 °C), temperature annual range (10.7 °C ≤ Bio7 ≤ 33 °C), annual mean air temperature (6.8 °C ≤ Bio1 ≤ 24.4 °C), and min temperature of coldest month (−2.8 °C ≤ Bio6 ≤ 17.2 °C). Only one precipitation index (Bio19) was important, precipitation of coldest quarter (7 mm ≤ Bio19 ≤ 631 mm). In addition, areas with strong human activities are most prone to invasion. This species is native to Brazil, but has been introduced in Asia, where it is widely planted and has escaped from cultivation. Under the future climate scenarios, suitable habitat areas of A. cordifolia will expand to higher latitudes. This study can provide a reference for the rational management and control of A. cordifolia.

Stepping stones to Hawaii: a trans‐equatorial dispersal pathway for Metrosideros (Myrtaceae) inferred from nrDNA (ITS+ETS)

AimThe majority of Hawaii's plants are derived from the south and west of the Pacific rim, suggesting that at least some of the founders have crossed the climatic discontinuity at the equator. However, the pathways of these dispersal events are not well understood. We sought to elucidate such a pathway for the plant genus Metrosideros Banks ex Gaertn., which appears to have colonized Hawaii from New Zealand.LocationWe have previously analysed the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of nrDNA for thirty‐six taxa of Metrosideros subgenus Metrosideros distributed across Melanesia and Polynesia. Further we collected two taxa from the Austral and Marquesas Islands.MethodsPhylogenetic analysis was undertaken using both the ITS and external transcribed spacer (ETS) regions of nrDNA for twenty‐three taxa from Polynesia and East Melanesia.ResultsThe increased resolution achieved by combining ETS data with that of ITS allowed discrimination of two subclades in eastern Oceania. One subclade groups all the Hawaiian taxa together with M. collina (J. R. & G. Forst.) A. Gray from the Marquesas Islands.Main conclusionsFrom an origin in New Zealand, the woody angiosperm Metrosideros is likely to have crossed the equator to Hawaii using a staging point in the remote Marquesas Islands. Colonization of Hawaii by the wind‐borne seed of these plants has been achieved against the flow of the prevailing Trade winds north of the equator. A possible climatic mechanism for this dispersal is described.

Zoogeography of the shorefish fauna of Clipperton Atoll

One hundred and fifteen species of fishes (14 oceanic, plus 101 shore and nearshore species) are known from Clipperton Island, a small, remote coral atoll in the tropical eastern Pacific (TEP). This fish fauna includes only ∼ 14% of the region's shallow-water species, and also is depauperate relative to the fish faunas of other isolated tropical islands. The island's isolation, small size, reduced habitat diversity, and oceanic environment contribute to this paucity of species. Fifty-two species at Clipperton can be identified as TEP; these include 37 widespread species, six species shared only with the Revillagigedo Islands [the nearest (950 km) offshore shoals], and eight endemic to Clipperton. Endemics species apparently have a mix of west and east Pacific origins. Sixty-three species are transpacific; they include three new records (of Naso surgeonfishes) that maybe vagrants recruited > 4,000 km from Oceania. Clipperton is situated at the juncture between the TEP and Oceania. Its fish fauna contains about equal numbers of TEP and transpacific species. This faunal structure reflects the relative influence of surface currents from Oceania and the TEP. Although most of Clipperton's transpacific shorefishes are widespread in eastern Oceania, the Clipperton fauna has specific affinities to the fauna of the Line Islands, which are located within the main eastbound current from Oceania. Clipperton may therefore be a major stepping stone for dispersal between Oceania and the remainder of the TEP. About 50% of the non-oceanic, tropical transpacific fishes occur there, and at least 75 % of those species apparently have resident populations at the island.

Kingship and hierarchy: Transformations of polities and ritual in eastern oceania1

(1994). Kingship and hierarchy: Transformations of polities and ritual in eastern oceania. History and Anthropology: Vol. 7, No. 1-4, pp. 109-131.

Revision of the Indo-Pacific Labrid Fish Genus Wetmorella

The Indo-Pacific labrid fish genus Wetmorella, a relative of Cheilinus, consists of two species of small cryptic reef fishes: W. nigropinnata (Seale) and W. albofasciata Schultz and Marshall. W. philippina Fowler and Bean, W. ocellata Schultz and Marshall, and W. triocellata Schultz and Marshall are junior synonyms of W. nigropinnata. Both species are characterized by pale bars, an ocellated black spot in the dorsal and anal fins, and a black spot covering most of the pelvic fins. Body depth, length of longest dorsal- and anal-fin spines, length of paired fins, and details in color pattern are useful characters in separating the species. Both of these wrasses are widely distributed from East Africa to eastern Oceania, but only W. nigropinnata extends its range into the Red Sea and only W. albofasciata occurs in the Hawaiian Islands. Geographic variation of W. nigropinnata is discussed. T HE labrid fishes of the genus Wetmorella are restricted to the Indo-West-Pacific region, ranging from East Africa to the islands of eastern Oceania. They are small reef fishes (largest specimen, 65 mm standard length) which are cryptic in their habits. Most specimens have been collected with ichthyocides without previous awareness of their presence in the reefs.

Adoption in Eastern Oceania. Edited by Vern Carrol. Association For Social Anthropology In Oceania, Monograph No. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1970. 422 pp. References, $10.00.

Adoption in Eastern Oceania. Edited by Vern Carrol. Association For Social Anthropology In Oceania, Monograph No. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1970. 422 pp. References, $10.00.

: Adoption in Eastern Oceania . Vern Carroll.

: Adoption in Eastern Oceania . Vern Carroll.

Review: Adoption in Eastern Oceania

Review: Adoption in Eastern Oceania

Adoption in Eastern Oceania

Adoption in Eastern Oceania

Adoption in Eastern Oceania.

Adoption in Eastern Oceania.

Nonunilineal Descent and Contextual Definition of Status: The Kwaio Evidence

American AnthropologistVolume 70, Issue 1 p. 82-84 Free Access Nonunilineal Descent and Contextual Definition of Status: The Kwaio Evidence1 ROGER M. KEESING, ROGER M. KEESING University of California, Santa CruzSearch for more papers by this author ROGER M. KEESING, ROGER M. KEESING University of California, Santa CruzSearch for more papers by this author First published: February 1968 https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1968.70.1.02a00080Citations: 14 1 Field work on Malaita was carried out from December 1962 to November 1964 and in July and August 1966. Both trips were supported by the U.S. Public Health Service. Support for analysis of the field data was provided by the Social Science Research Council and a Ford Foundation International-Comparative Grant. This paper in substantially its present form was read at the annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Pittsburgh, November 1966. AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. References Cited Barnes, J. A. 1962 African models in the New Guinea highlands. Man 62: 5– 9. Fortes, M. 1953 The structure of unilineal descent groups. American Anthropologist 55: 17– 41. Fortes, M. 1959 Descent, filiation, and affinity: a rejoinder to Dr. Leach. Man 59: 193– 197, 206–212. Goody, J. R. 1961 The classification of double descent systems. Current Anthropology 2: 3– 25. Keesing, R. M. 1965 Kwaio marriage and society. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University. Keesing, R. M. 1966a Kwaio kindreds. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 22: 346– 353. Keesing, R. M. 1966b Kwaio descent groups. Offset monograph. Center for South Pacific Studies. University of California, Santa Cruz . Keesing, R. M. 1967a Statistical and decision models of social structure: a Kwaio case. Ethnology 6: 1– 16. Keesing, R. M. 1967b Kwaio fosterage. Presented at symposium of Association for Social Anthropology in Eastern Oceania, March 1967. Forthcoming in Adoption in eastern Oceania. V. Carroll, ed. Keesing, R. M. 1967c Shrines, ancestors, and nonunilineal descent in Malaita. Presented at annual meeting of American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., December 1967. Schneider, D. 1965 Some muddles in the models: or, how the system really works. In The relevance of models in social anthropology. M. Banton, ed. Association of Social Anthropologists Monograph, 1: 25– 85. Citing Literature Volume70, Issue1February 1968Pages 82-84 ReferencesRelatedInformation

INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH ON POLYNESIAN ORIGINS

Introduction : The Modern Problem of Polynesian Origins Recent archaeological work by Beyer in the Philippines, Suggs and Golson in Polynesia and others in intermediate regions, has raised in a new form the old question of the origins of the Polynesians. Linguistics has long had an obvious interest in the question. Linguists have sought to claim autonomy for their own discipline. In the Pacific field the result has been chaotic : quot homines, tot sententice remains the verdict. In view of the work being done by archaeologists, showing better approach to unanimity, it may now be time for linguistics to enter the field afresh by approaching the problem in a somewhat new way, as participant in an interdisciplinary study. There are many facets to this approach. The first is a new analysis of the reconstructed Austronesian vocabulary provided by Otto Dempwolff,2 and this paper begins from those results. In what follows, however, no attempt has been made to assess the phonetic correctness of Dempwolff's reconstructions. That is part of the research needed. Dyen3 has laid the foundations of this revision. Nor have other words been added to Dempwolff's lists of reconstructions, though it is certain that such additions can validly be made : the author did this himself in his Linguistic Position of South-eastern Papua (Sydney, 1943). In Dempwolff's vocabulary, a total of 724 words out of some 2,000 reach eastern Oceania, representing approximately 36% of the vocabulary. Of these words 308 are recorded by Dempwolff as not occurring east of Fiji. These may therefore be regarded as in a special sense Melanesian (MN). The remaining 416 are divided into two sub-groups. The first 141 (33-9%) are recorded as not appearing in Melanesia. They may be called specifically Polynesian (PN). The second subgroup contains a larger number of words 275 (66 -i%) which are found by Dempwolff in Sa'a (South-eastern Solomon Islands) and/or (Bau) Fijian as well as in his PN. The total of the 416 are therefore PN. Of course, it must be realized that knowledge of all these languages is still imperfect, especially of the Melanesian languages. These figures might be altered