Eastern Missouri Research Articles

Atractylocarpus costaricensis (C. Muell.) Bartr., New to North America North of Mexico, and Campylopus carolinae Grout, New to Florida

A collection from eastern Missouri originally determined as Campylopus flexuosus (Hedw.) Brid. was later determined by Frahm to be Atractylocarpus costaricensis (C. Muell.) Bartr. (Redfearn 27840-sMs, Mo, herb. J.-P. Frahm). This species, heretofore known from Mexico and Central America, occurred in Stoddard County, ca. 4 km SE of Bloomfield, NEI? sec. 1, T.25N., R.10E. It was growing on a log in a spring at the base of Crowley Ridge, an elevated strip of land that traverses the Southeastern Lowlands Region of Missouri. This ridge is noted for the presence of distinctly eastern or northeastern species such as Fagus grandiflora, Liriodendron tulipifera, Ilex opaca, Bartonia paniculata, Obolaria virginiana and Epifagus virginiana while the adjacent lowlands are occupied by plants characteristic of the Gulf Coastal Plain such as Taxodium distichum, Leitneria floridana, Carya aquatica, Trachelyspermum difforme, and Mikania scandens (Steyermark 1963). The area where A. costaricensis occurs is also the habitat for two bryophytes rare in Missouri, Riccardia palmata (Redfearn 1976) and Sphagnum fimbriatum (Redfearn 27822-sMs, Mo). Atractylocarpus costaricensis is an important addition to the list of bryophytes with tropical affinities that occur in the Interior Highlands, a list that includes such species as Hyophila involuta, Leucobryum albidum, Sematophyllum adnatum, Campylopus tallulensis, Thuidium minutulum, Syrrhopodon texanus, Hookeria acutifolia, Trichostomum mollissimum and Entodon macropodus. The presence of plants with tropical affinities in the Interior Highlands has been attributed to their being a part of the widespread Tertiary Flora that has survived in the Interior Highlands, later, in part, migrating onto the Coastal Plain (Sharp 1939; Steyermark 1959). On the other hand, the occurrence of Atractylocarpus costaricensis in Missouri may represent a case of longdistance dispersal since its habitat is along the well-known Mississippi flyway for migratory birds. Sterile plants of Atractylocarpus costaricensis are hard to distinguish from Campylopus species with ventral stereids in cross section of the nerve. However, the sporophytes being nearly always present will differentiate this species from other dicranaceous species by the straight, elongate setae and cylindric, erect capsules with peristome teeth divided nearly to the base (Fig. 1). Another collection, from Florida, was originally determined as Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. Frahm subsequently determined that it was misidentified and is, in fact,

High-resolution gas chromatography of the 22 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin isomers.

ABSTRACT The 22 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (TCDDs) were synthesized in microgram quantities by a simple pyrolysis procedure from different potassium chlorophenates. The separation of these TCDD isomers was studied on high-resolution glass capillary columns with different stationary phases (Silar 10c, OV-17, OV-101) and using mass spectrometric detection. Conditions were found that allowed the unambiguous assignment of many of these isomers, including the very toxic 2378-TCDD. The determination of the various TCDD isomers is illustrated in the analysis of samples from known contaminated areas in Seveso, Italy and in eastern Missouri, and the method is also applied to the analysis of fish from the Tittabawassee river in Michigan and fly ash samples from municipal incinerators in Switzerland.

Clustering Behavior of Hibernating Myotis sodalis in Missouri

Monthly censuses were carried out during the winter of 1975–76 at five Myotis sodalis hibernacula in eastern Missouri. The caves were of different types, but all exhibited mid-winter temperatures well below those of most other caves in the region. Early in the season when temperatures were uniform throughout the caves, bats roosted in high, deep cave sites. By mid-winter, temperatures were colder at sites near the cave entrances. Bats subsequently moved to these sites and formed larger clusters than they did at the warmer sites. The relationship between clustering behavior, rock temperature, and cave configuration is discussed.

Lead Contamination of Sycamore and Soil from Lead Mining and Smelting Operations in Eastern Missouri

AbstractLead concentrations of both plant tissue (Platanus occidentalis L.) and soils (total and available) were determined for various sampling locations within a 10‐km radius of two lead smelters and two lead mines located in eastern Missouri.Lead content of washed foliage ranged from 1.3 to 1,120 ppm, while values in twigs, which were generally lower, ranged from 1.8 to 320 ppm. Nitric acid‐extractable lead from soils ranged from 7 to 62,000 ppm while 3% acetic acid‐extractable lead varied from 1 to 20,400 ppm.Largest lead levels for both soils and plants occurred at the smelter sites. It appeared that both the chemical form, level, and particulate size of atmospheric lead and the nature of soil lead could play an important role in the uptake of lead by the plant tissue.

Late Ordovician-Early Silurian Strata in Mid-Continent Area: ABSTRACT

Late Ordovician-Early Silurian strata extend from the Texas Panhandle across Oklahoma and Arkansas into eastern Missouri and Illinois. The sequence consists of upper and lower sections of organic-detrital limestone separated by calcareous shales (Sylvan, Cason, Maquoketa Shales); the limestones directly above the shales are commonly oolitic (Keel, Noix Formations). The carbonate rocks have a rich megafauna and microfauna, and the shales yield graptolites and chitinozoans. The Ordovician-Silurian boundary, as here defined, usually falls just above the oolite, but locally it occurs in the shale. The faunal and stratigraphic relations suggest continuous deposition through the oolitic beds, although there is substantial lateral gradation between shale and limestone. At most p aces, Late Ordovician (late Ashgillian) strata are overlain by Late Silurian (late Llandoverian) strata; earliest Silurian beds are poorly represented or absent. Physical evidence for an unconformity at this horizon is common, pointing to interruption in deposition accompanied, at least locally, by erosion. Late Ordovician glaciation reported from Africa and South America was possibly of sufficient magnitude to have caused an appreciable lowering of sea level; this could explain the absence of earliest Silurian strata. The Late Ordovician shales are almost devoid of benthic fossils, a condition that might have been caused by various factors including colder water; however, these shales are closely associated with organic-detrital limestones and oolites which bear a large, sessile and vag ant benthos, suggesting temperate to tropical waters. End_of_Article - Last_Page 410------------

Foraging Behavior and Nocturnal Activity Patterns of Missouri Bats, with Emphasis on the Endangered Species Myotis grisescens and Myotis sodalis

Foraging behavior of nine species of bats, especially Myotis grisescens and M. sodalis , was studied in eastern Missouri by observing 400 bats to which were affixed Cyalume chemical lights. Observers viewed the bats either from a helicopter or from widely-spaced stations on the ground. Individuals of M. grisescens foraged mostly over the water of streams with well-developed riparian vegetation. Helicopter observations indicated that M. grisescens distributed themselves along as much as 17 kilometers (km) of the river upstream and downstream from the roost cave. Myotis sodalis , however, foraged mostly under the forest canopy on ridges and hillsides. Foraging M. sodalis were not observed more than 2 km from the cave of release, because individuals were very easily lost from view in the dense forest in which they foraged. The other species foraged in a variety of situations, but sample sizes were small.

New Distributional Records for Three Species of Gammarid Amphipods

Nine species of the genus Gammarus are known from North America. Sympatric populations of Gammarus troglophilus Hubricht & Mackin, 1940, G. pseudo limnaeus Bousfield, 1958, and G. minus Say, 1818 occur in spring streams in southwestern Illinois and eastern Missouri. G. troglophilus has a somewhat well defined, restricted geographical range while ranges of G. minus and G. pseudo limnaeus are much broader. None of these recorded ranges extends into south western Tennessee, although G. minus minus exists in northwestern, central and eastern portions of the state (Holsinger, 1972). We herein report sympatric popu lations of these three species from three localities in Shelby County, Tennessee, well

Some Aspects of the Autecology and population Biology of Phacelia purshii

Phacelia purshii Buckl. is a winter annual; germination occurs in autumn and mature seeds are dispersed in late May and June. Seeds are dormant at maturity and afterripen during summer. Optimum temperature for germination of afterripened seeds is 30/15 C, and seeds germinate better in light (14-hr photoperiod) than in darkness. During annual population establishment in autumn seed germination rate greatly exceeds seedling death rate, but nevertheless many seedlings die during this period. In 1971 36.8% of the plants germinating in eight .04 m2 quadrats died during autumn, and only 29.3% survived to reproductive maturity. Seed production in the same plots ranged from 997 to 6100 in the spring of 1972. Not all the viable seeds at the population site germinate in a given year, and thus viable, ungerminated seeds are always present in the soil. INTRODUCTION Phacelia purshii Buckl. (Hydrophyllaceae), miami mist, is an annual plant species native to eastern United States (Constance, 1949, 1950). According to Constance, its range is from Pennsylvania and Maryland S to Georgia and Alabama and W to Illinois and eastern Missouri. In addition, it occurs in southeastern Minnesota (Gleason, 1952), Wisconsin and Oklahoma, and is occasionally adventive in New England (Fernald, 1950). The various habitats described for the species include Shaded banks, borders of woods, copses (Mohr, 1901), flood plains, banks and slopes of terraces of streams, ... along roadsides, and in clover fields (Deam, 1940), in deciduous (Constance, 1949), Rich woods, clearings, and fields (Fernald, 1950), <'Rich woods and thickets, usually alluvial soil (Jones and Fuller, 1955), Moist woods and fields (Strausbaugh and Core, 1958) and low, rich or alluvial sandy or gravelly soils bordering streams, alluvial thickets, open woodland, ledges and slopes along bluffs (Steyermark, 1963). In the Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucky, where we have studied the species, it grows in open woods and thickets, low meadows and fields, roadsides, railroad banks and powerline rights-of-way. The taxonomic and evolutionary relationships of Phacelia purshii have been rather thoro'ughly investigated (Constance, 1949, 1950; Gillett, 1964), but little attention has been given to the ecology of this species. In this article we describe the ecological life cycle of P. purshil and present data on the population dynamics of the species.

Quantitative Environmental Analysis of Ste. Genevieve Limestone (Mississippian), Southern Illinois and Eastern Missouri

Discriminant analysis of Ste. Genevieve Limestone samples suggests that carbonate depositional environments may be conceptualized as shifting over an energy surface in response to changing energy conditions. Evolution of carbonate deposition through time, based on elasticity, seems to have followed at least five paths from smallest to greatest energy. Variation of mean values of elasticity and frequency of all measured organic and inorganic parameters define these paths and reflect energy changes which were not recognized initially in the microfacies except for the generation and distribution of oolites. In an earlier petrographic study, the Ste. Genevieve Limestone was found to be characterized by eight major microfacies. The data which defined these microfacies are now classified into 21 energy groups based on depositional textures, microfacies relations, and discriminant analysis. Discriminant analysis shows that elasticity measurements are better predictors of facies and energy criteria than are the combined parameters of elasticity and frequency which intuitively would be expected to be better. Frequency and elasticity values for the rock samples reflect fluctuations in composition through time and space within the limits of five major energy groups. Combined with microfacies categories and discriminant analysis they also define subgroupings within individual major energy groups and therefore more accurately record depositional environments than formerly has been possible. Percentages of sample abundances in the various recognized groups and subgroups are interpreted here as representing the optimum environmental energy paths during the evolution of Ste. Genevieve Limestone deposition.

Bryophytes of the Interior Highlands of North America XI. Additions to the Flora

Forty-one taxa are reported as new state records from Arkansas, Illinois, Missouri, and Oklahoma. The phytogeographic significance of new records from the Boston Mountains in Arkansas is discussed. In 1965 my studies on the bryophytes of southwest Missouri were expanded to include the entire Interior Highlands of North America. Resulting field studies in the Ozarks of southern Illinois, the St. Francois Mountains of eastern Missouri, and the Boston and Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma have provided a number of new state records for Arkansas, Illinois, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Many of these records are of phytogeographic significance. Of particular interest is the group of new records from Madison County in northwestern Arkansas, where in deep sandstone ravines containing relic mixed mesophytic forests of beech, sweet-gum, and umbrella magnolia, Bazzania trilobata, Bryoxiphium norvegicum, Campylostelium saxicolum, Hookeria acutifolia, and Rhytiadelphus triquetrus were found. The significance of these taxa in this partciular area is heightened by the fact that it is also one of the two known localities in Arkansas for both the filmy fern, Trichomanes boschianum (Clark 1962) and Lycopodium lucidulum (Bowers & Redfearn 1966). Furthermore, in similar habitats in the Boston Mountains, other significant taxa have been discovered such as Brothera leana, Neckera complanata, Syrrhopodon texanus, Rhabdoweisia denticulata, and Thamnobryum alleghaniense. Finally, a second station for Bryoxiphium norvegicum has been located in Newton County where French's shooting-star, Dodecatheon frenchii, heretofore considered an endemic of the southern Illinois Ozarks, was also discovered. The presence of the forementioned taxa in the Boston Mountains of northwest Arkansas is certainly additional evidence in support of the theory that the flora of the Interior Highlands was derived from the Arctotertiary Geoflora and has served as an important refuge and center of distribution of temperate plants during the Tertiary and the Pleistocene (Crum 1952). Voucher specimens for the taxa reported below have been deposited in the herbarium of Southwest Missouri State College and/or other herbaria as indicated. Unless otherwise noted, all collection

Basement in the Continental Interior of the United States: ABSTRACT

Buried basement rocks of the central United States are mainly plutonic granitic rock, mafic and felsic metamorphic rock, and diabase. Rhyolite, granitic rock, and gabbro-diabase form a discontinuous belt from eastern New Mexico to eastern Missouri. The 0.5 b.y. rocks in the Wichita Mountains, Oklahoma, are the result of the last major igneous event. The Ouachita structural belt is the southern limit of petrographic knowledge of plutonic rocks. None of these rock groups bears a simple relationship to basement topography and isotopic age. The Black Hills uplift-Cambridge arch-Central Kansas uplift is underlain dominantly by metamorphic rock with ages ranging from 1.7 b.y. in the north to 1.2 b.y. in the south. Siouxia arch contains 1.4 b.y. granitic and metamorphic rock. Nemaha uplift is underlain by 1.2-1.5 b.y. granite. Diverse rock types of 1.2-1.4 b.y. underlie Amarillo uplift and Red River-Matador arch. Several large gravity anomalies correspond to major basement structures. The Williston basin is bounded on the south and west by a series of major west- and northwest-trending gravity anomalies and on the east by a belt of south-trending gravity anomalies extending from Canada into the central Dakotas that coincides with the boundary between the 2.5 b.y. Superior and the 1.7 b.y. Churchill Provinces of the Canadian Shield. The Sioux formation (minimum age 1.2 b.y.) lies along the west-trending anomaly in southeastern and central South Dakota. Keweenawan basaltic and sedimentary rock coincides with the mid-continent gravity anomaly and extends nearly continuously from Lake Superior to northeastern Kansas. The prominent gravity feature along the Red River-Matador arch coincides with the boundary between 1.2-1.4 b.y. rocks in the central United States and the 1.0 b.y. rocks in Texas. End_of_Article - Last_Page 539------------

Petrology and Sedimentation of the Upper Cambrian Lamotte Sandstone in Missouri

ABSTRACT The Upper Cambrian Lamotte Sandstone of Missouri is a time-transgressive marine orthoquartzite sandstone containing arkose sandstones and conglomerates in its lower part. In the outcrop area in southeastern Missouri, minor feldspathic quartzose sandstones occur throughout the formation and dolomitic and glauconitic sandstones occur at and near the top. The Lamotte Sandstone and its equivalents were deposited on a peneplaned Precambrian surface which sloped to the east-northeast in Missouri and to the south in southern Wisconsin and Minnesota. The sandstone thickens from less than 100 ft in western Missouri to 400-500 ft in eastern Missouri. Cross-bedding data obtained on the outcrop area show that the currents which deposited the orthoquartzites flowed to the south, whereas those whic deposited most of the arkoses flowed to the north. These arkoses were derived from the tourmaline-poor igneous rocks of the adjacent St. Francois Mountains. Feldspathic quartzose sandstones were formed by reworking of arkosic detritus and mixing with well-rounded quartz sand. The orthoquartzite sandstones are a mixture of minor first and dominant second cycle components. The non-opaque heavy mineral suite of the orthoquartzites is composed of well-rounded zircon and tourmaline, the latter exhibiting some abraded overgrowths, and only minor amount of angular heavy minerals. Well-rounded quartz is abundant and a few grains have abraded overgrowths. Tourmaline-bearing Precambrian sandstones in the Lake Superior region were probably the principal sources. Other Precambrian rocks in hat area and in Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, and South Dakota dakota may have supplied additional detritus.

The Genus Sinella Brook (Collembola: Entomobryidae) in Nearctic Caves1

The nine species known to occur in Nearctic caves are keyed and seven of these are described and illustrated. The other two are edaphic forms, rarely found in such situations. Except for S. cavernarum (Packard) ( = Entomobrya lucifuga Folsom), which ranges from Pennsylvania to eastern Missouri, each truly cave-dwelling species has a very limited known distribution within an overall area extending from western Virginia to the Mississippi River and from south-central Indiana to northern Alabama. New species are: S . alata , S . avita , S . barri , and S . krekeleri . S. cavernarum var. basidens Bonet is raised to specific status, and Parasinella Bonet is synonymized under Sinella Brook.

Circumstantial Evidence Indicating a Population Shift of the Lizard Lygosoma, in Eastern Missouri

Circumstantial Evidence Indicating a Population Shift of the Lizard Lygosoma, in Eastern Missouri

Ecological Conditions Accompanying Loess Deposition in the Great Plains Region of the United States

There has been lack of agreement concerning the ecological conditions of loess deposition in the central Great Plains region. Data from the molluscan faunas and the physical nature and distribution of the deposits are reviewed. They indicate that the surface of deposition was well vegetated with forest conditions along the eastern Missouri Valley and a grass cover on the western plains; the climate was somewhat more moist, and the temperature (although slightly cooler, on the average) had less severe extremes than at the present; and the primary source of the silt was in the outwash-carrying valleys during an episode of continental glaciation.

Notes on a Herpetological Collection from the Middle Mississippi Valley

The herpetological fauna of the region within a hundred mile radius of the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers is especially rich both in number of species and number of individuals. Here southern forms ranging up the valley of the Mississippi come in contact with closely-related northern and western subspecies to produce many interesting variants. This is truly a land of challenges and surprises for the herpetologist. During the summer of 1946, the writers made three trips into the southwestern part of Illinois, collecting chiefly in Jackson, Union, and Alexander Counties. In the summer of 1947, we again visited this area and continued southwestward into Missouri and the northeast corner of Arkansas. We recorded 38 species of reptiles and 18 species of amphibians and were able to obtain preserved specimens of most of the forms seen. The so-called Illinois Ozark region of western Uni6n and Jackson Counties has long been a favorite collecting area for herpetologists. For a detailed study of the topography and herpetofauna of this region, the reader is referred to the admirable paper of Cagle (1942:164-200). Additional references will be found in the bibliography. In brief, this country is characterized by moderately high, deeply dissected sandstone ridges terminating along the valley of the Big Muddy River in precipitous bluffs. The lowgrounds are swampy and subject to frequent flooding. Wolf Lake, which will be referred to frequently in the following pages, is located in the western part of Union County and extends from the town of Wolf Lake north almost to the point where the Big Muddy turns west before emptying into the Mississippi. The lake is very narrow, and the patches of open water are rarely as much as fifty yards in width. Its east bank closely parallels the rocky ridge that forms a soutlhward extension of the bluffs of the Big Muddy. On the west, it is bordered by a belt of dense hardwood swamp, some of which is fairlv dry during the summer. The lake is apparently spring-fed and, according to residents, maintains a fairly constant level. The lowgrounds teem with frogs; while the rock ledgeswamp association is very favorable to certain snakes, especially the cottonmouth, Agkistrodon piscivorus. The eastern Missouri Ozark countrv of Wayne County is higher and drier than that of southern Illinois. Altitudes in excess of 1220 feet are reached on some of the ridges. The uplands are wooded and rocky; highi cliffs border the larger streams. The streams themselves are clear and spring-fed with little or no marginal swamp. The river swamp, typical of the larger southern stream valleys, has its beginnings in the lowgrounds of extreme southwestern Indiana. It is charac378

The Ozark earthquake of October 8, 1946

On October 8, 1946 an earthquake was felt throughout an area of about 25,000 square miles in eastern Missouri, western Illinois, and northwestern Kentucky. The data obtained from 691 questionnaires returned show that: (1) The shock was felt over a wide area but was not of destructive intensity; (2) the felt area as a whole was almost circular in shape; (3) the region of stronger intensities was eccentric to the total felt area, being toward the south; (4) near the epicenter the earthquake noises were described as sharp and of short duration while at greater distances the noises were described as rumbling and of long duration. The epicenter determined from seismographic data is in southeastern Iron County about midway between the towns of Chloride and French Mills, Missouri (37°28′N, 90°34′W; H = 01h12m02.5S U.T.). This point is roughly 50 miles northwest of the New Madrid seismic district. The epicenter is in the vicinity of the Hogan fault which is postulated as delineating the southwest side of the structural block of the St. Francois Mountains (the major structural and physiographic unit of the northeastern Ozark Highlands).

Proceedings of Local Branches, Society of American Bacteriologists, Eastern Missouri Branch

Proceedings of Local Branches, Society of American Bacteriologists, Eastern Missouri Branch

Proceedings of Local Branches, Society of American Bacteriologists, Eastern Pennsylvania, Ohio, Washington, Southern California, Eastern New York, Indiana, Central New York and Eastern Missouri Branches

Proceedings of Local Branches, Society of American Bacteriologists, Eastern Pennsylvania, Ohio, Washington, Southern California, Eastern New York, Indiana, Central New York and Eastern Missouri Branches

Proceedings of Local Branches of the Society of American Bacteriologists, Eastern Pennsylvania, Washington, Indiana, Missouri Valley and Eastern Missouri Branches

Proceedings of Local Branches of the Society of American Bacteriologists, Eastern Pennsylvania, Washington, Indiana, Missouri Valley and Eastern Missouri Branches