Eastern Literature Research Articles

THE DYNAMICS OF SEMANTICS AND SYMBOLS IN ART HISTORY: A PHILOSOPHICAL AND AES- THETIC PERSPECTIVE

Intentionality in human consciousness and activity necessitates the creation of messages for one- self and others, forming and transforming meanings that drive a unique dynamic in world understanding through associated symbols. The aim of this study is to identify the peculiarities of interpreting the mean- ings of symbols as represented in artistic thought through works of art and literature. To achieve this goal, hermeneutic and philosophical-aesthetic research methods were employed. The article examines the historical dynamics of meanings and symbols within various domains of ar- tistic culture. To this end, the nature of understanding the world through symbols and their meanings is de- fined, based on a generalized paradigm of approaches to the issue. In particular, the classification of mean- ings and symbols proposed by G. Frege and Y. Lotman is utilized, along with the characterization of the process of evaluating meanings through the content of objects and phenomena, their evaluation as sym- bols by E. Husserl and F. de Saussure, and the methodology for forming meanings based on the ideas of N. Chomsky and others, grounded in the identification of the characteristic features of the development of art through artistic thought. The potential for the self-realization of beauty through symbols in applied aspects of art, including painting and literature, is also considered. Additionally, the relationship between meaning and symbol in the concept of the beloved’s beauty in Eastern literature is analyzed. Conclusions are drawn that the dynamics of the evolution of art forms, genres, and directions are re- flected in the symbolic representation of meanings. For example, in painting, this is reflected in changes in the nature of the material used, its application, and the development from depicting the human figure to nature (together or separately), followed by the abstraction of images while preserving content in a sym- bolic form. The symbolic systems of each direction in painting differ from one another precisely in the na- ture of abstraction and the artistic embodiment of meaning. In terms of the potential for symbolization and the embodiment of meanings, the conventionality of signs in painting and literature rivals the symbolic sys- tem of language. The analysis of a specific concept, particularly the beauty of the beloved in Eastern litera- ture, revealed a close connection between the choice of symbol and the social environment, as well as the poet’s perception, meaning the aesthetic significance of this concept is supplemented by certain values re- flecting the social norms of a specific period. Furthermore, as we approach modern times, the influence of “icons” expressing many aspects of life becomes more pronounced, which also affects the nature of the de- piction of the qualities of the concept under consideration.

ქართული და ევროპული განმანათლებლობა

All scientists, who research The Georgian Enlightenment are inte­rested for the similarities and the differences of the Georgian and the European Enlightenment. The Late Revival was the transition period of the West Euro­pean culture. It was the middle period of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. Thus, this was the main reason of diversity of many styles of art and lite­rature. Some of them – the Baroque and the Classicism were the rep­resentations of the Late Revival and the other part was the result of the new epoch – The Enlightenment. The Georgian literature was developed side by side to Eastern lite­rature and European literature. For the development of the Georgian lite­rature was important the Eastern literature as well as the European litera­ture, but in the different epochs the influence was larger or smaller. According to this the Georgian literature of XVI-XVIII ages, which is named by Korneli Kekelidze as the Georgian Revival, was influenced by Eastern literature, but the Christianity was the main reason of the strong connection with Western and European lite­ra­ture and the representation of it was the Georgian Baroque (M. Nach­­khebia), and the Georgian Enlightenment (R. Baramidze, I. Ratiani). The central figure of the Georgian Enlightenment was David Gura­mishvili. He was a great representative of the Georgian Enligh­tenment as well as Georgian kings – Vakhtang the VI, Teimuraz the first, Archil – who were great poets too. The main quality of the literature of the European and the Georgian Enlightenment is democratization of literature and poetry. It should be no­ted that Davit Guramishvili was very closely connec­ted with democra­tization of Georgian poetry. David Guramishvili has widened and deepened the national-popular traditions of Geor­gian poetry. His poetry expresses folk wisdom, spread as aphorisms in his ,,Davitiani”. The ideal of the European Enlightenment is the reasonable gentleman who will express himself well in the commonplaces of the day, but will not bore others with his own special learning. The Classicism and The Baroque were well established in Europe. The most important theoretical work of the epoch of Neoclassicism in Europe was the Art of Poetry, published in France in 1647 by Boileau. This theoretical treatise remains one of the most famous works of criticism ever written. As long as the neoclassical doctrines ruled the world of letters, Boileau’s name was supreme. According to Boileau’s theory, truth and beauty are one. The poet uses his reason to discover truth in nature. It is plain that what Boileau means by nature is human nature and that he believes that this is best portrayed in the classics. The advice to study nature ends up by being the advice to study the classics. The most popular poets and writers of the Georgian Revival, Georgian Baroque, Georgian Classicism and Georgian Enlighten­ment didn’t write theoretical treatises, philosophical doctrines and theoretical letters, but their works and their poetry includes their ideas and philosophical, ethical, cos­mological and sicio-political views. That is why we can talk not only about similarities, but also about differences of Georgian Enlightenment and European Enlightenment. The main likenesses of the Georgian Enlightenment and the European Enlightenment are the creative methods – these are rationalism and the principle of the historicism, which is developed as the principle of the realism. The main difference of the Georgian Enlightenment and the European Enlightenment is the attitude to Christianity and the Church. The writers and the poets of the Georgian Enlightenment were not aggressive to Christianity and the Church.

The impact of nasimi's ethical-didactic and philosophical views on personality development

The article examines and determines the influence of the poet's ethical, didactic and philosophical views on the formation of personality and their role in shaping the worldview of schoolchildren. The research established that the poet, who spoke against oppression, submission and falsehood, teaches the younger generation – students to defend their honor and dignity on the path of their beliefs. Teaching Nasimi's poetry in schools of general education plays a significant role in shaping the personality of today's youth. In this article, I analyzed Nasimi's works from a scientific and pedagogical perspective and concluded that the poet's moral-didactic views, which foster various positive moral qualities in individuals, have played an important role in the spiritual upbringing of many generations and continue to do so today. Nearly all of his works stand out not only for the poet's moral and ethical qualities but also for their scientific intellect, deep thought and remarkable courage, relying on folk sayings, folklore examples and the ideas of previous great thinkers. Overall, in the teaching of literature, alongside introducing national examples, it is also necessary to familiarize pupils with works that celebrate universal values when appropriate. This is highly important for personality development and moral enrichment. The principle of moral purity in Nasimi's poetry is the foundation of his ethical and didactic views. A significant part of his work consists of the laws of wisdom, justice, peace, truth, and values. Nasimi, who provides a sound explanation of religious ethics, highlights the problems that arise from human desires and ignorance. According to the poet, all problems stem from ignorance and a person must continuously learn and guide their lifestyle correctly. In this regard, along with teaching I. Nasimi’s legacy in secondary schools, the promotion of his works is also very important. The process of explaining and teaching the arabic and persian words, religious-political issues and historical expressions of that era used in his ghazals, as well as providing commentary and explanations, finds its place in the promotion efforts. This helps create an understanding of the art of words for children who show an interest in creativity. We know that the concept of personality is one of the most important categories in modern psychology. A person is both a biological and a social being, constantly acting as a synthesis of the various characteristics of the broader social system. The structure of personality affects a person's relationships with others and their adaptation to the social environment. Through their speech, a personality draws the attention and interest of those around them and can embody special qualities based on their external appearance. Nasimi, a great artist who continued and developed the humanist ideas of Middle Eastern literature, expressed his strong belief in humanity, human dignity and human potential, portraying humans as the creators of life and the true source of life’s beauty in his poetry. I. Nasimi's rich body of work, which expresses profound humanism, presents the complete ideal personality. In his poems, the poet repeatedly emphasizes that there is only one path leading a person to spiritual perfection and that path is the path of truth and justice. His boundless love for humanity reflects his desire to see every person as an individual and he believes that the main factor in becoming a perfect and faultless personality is self-awareness and self-evaluation. The social-psychological traits considered essential for personality, such as purity, conviction, and belief, influence human behavior and constitute a person's superior qualities. In general, in the teachings of Hurufism, self-awareness holds a significant place in the system of self-improvement. Through self-awareness, a person is internally purified, becomes active, refines further, and attains wisdom. In this regard, the teaching of the poet’s works in secondary schools plays an important role in shaping the younger generation as individuals. In this article, I examined and determined the impact of the poet's philosophical, ethical-didactic, and philosophical views on personality development and their role in shaping the worldview of secondary school pupils

Մակարոնիկ բանաստեղծական ձևը հայ վաղ նոր շրջանի բանաստեղծության մեջ` ԺԷ դարի հեղինակ Ավետիք Դաշտեցու ստեղծագործության օրինակով

The presence and diffusion of the macaronic poetic form within Eastern literature during the early modern period are indicative of the dynamic exchanges occurring in the region, characterized by close cross-cultural relations and interactions. This poetic form found expression in medieval Armenian poetry and holds significance in the classification of Armenian-Iranian literary relations, as evidenced by the works of Avetik Dashtetsi. Notably, bilingual and trilingual poems by figures such as Nahapet Kuchak, Grigoris Aghtamartsi, and Davit Saladzortsi exemplify this phenomenon. These authors adeptly incorporated poetic forms rooted in Iranian literature, such as mulammaʿ and musallasatʿ, demonstrating both their literary versatility and their engagement with contemporary literary trends. This integration underscores the Armenian poets' ability to navigate and contribute to the broader literary and cultural landscape of their time.

Особенности интерпретации дастана и мифологические отступления (на материале «Сказа-ния о дочери Шана» Микаиля Башту)

This article examines the images of mythological characters and interprets the text of the dastan “The Tale of Shan’s Daughter” from the point of view of folklore studies. The author of the dastan is considered being the ancient Bulgarian poet and educator Mikail Bashtu. The author solves the super-task of his dastan - the conversion of a pagan to the Muslim faith - with the help of several artistic techniques, among which an important place is occupied by a dream, which is equally characteristic of archaic folklore and ancient Eastern literature. Forces of good and evil, love and rejection, procreation, expressed by the concept of “woman” point to the most ancient layers of traditional everyday culture of the Turks, and the transformation of these images into divine forc-es of the Islamic persuasion allows us to trace how the Turkic peoples passed from one religious hypostasis to another. The genre definition of the work is determined through the analysis of its poetics. In particular, the features of the plot structure and artistic language are considered.

Resurrecting Silent Histories: A Journey through the Historical Novels of Kurdish Author Jan Dost

This article explores the historical novels of Kurdish author Jan Dost, highlighting their role in resurrecting and preserving the silent histories of the Kurdish people. By examining Dost's works through the lens of Georg Lukács's theory of the historical novel, the article delves into how Dost's narratives blend fiction with historical events to cultivate national consciousness and reconstruct Kurdish identity. The study discusses the evolution of the historical novel as a genre and its significance in Kurdish literature, emphasizing Dost's unique contributions. It argues that the nationalist themes and character portrayals in Dost's novels serve as a literary mechanism to reclaim Kurdish history, foster collective memory, and inspire cultural resilience. This analysis aims to understand the reasons behind the success and literary impact of Dost’s works in the broader context of Kurdish and Middle Eastern literature.

Художественные особенности двустиший в творчестве чувашских поэтов

The aim of the research is to identify the features of the couplet genre in Chuvash poetry, influenced by Eastern classics and the use of folklore traditions. The spread of this genre became possible due to the existence of traditions of small genres in folklore, the influence of translations of relevant examples, and interest in the traditions of Eastern literatures. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that it is the first to consider couplets by Chuvash poets as a separate, independent genre. The article analyzes couplets by V. Turat (1913-1978), B. Borlen (1934-2013), V. Endip (1937-2017), Yu. Aidash (1938-2014), S. Azamat (1952), and others. The brevity of the form requires concentration of thought and expressive means. The poets create couplets based on antitheses, use homonyms for rhyme, their poems resemble extended metaphors. The small size allows for writing concise and ironic poems on topical issues, addressing current problems of the time. As a result of the research, it has been found that the poets create couplets based on the traditions of Chuvash proverbs, express deep thoughts about life, and rely on the features of their native language. Chuvash couplets exhibit typological similarities with the Eastern bayt, which manifest in the use of homonyms, cyclical structure, and the construction of the composition based on antitheses. The couplets that correspond to the traditions of the Russian, European elegy, and epigram have received less distribution in Chuvash poetry.

The Motif of Confrontation between Father and Son in Western and Eastern Literature

The Motif of Confrontation between Father and Son in Western and Eastern Literature

Carrying dreams to the colonizer’s country: the historical experiences of the Algemeene Middelbare School A-1 Eastern literature intellectual network in crossing oceans in the colonial era

Carrying dreams to the colonizer’s country: the historical experiences of the <i>Algemeene Middelbare School</i> A-1 Eastern literature intellectual network in crossing oceans in the colonial era

Entre lo barroco y lo oriental: visiones de la poesía española en relatos de viaje (1770–1808)

Abstract From the seventeenth and throughout the eighteenth century, some French and Italian authors characterized Spanish poetry by its baroque features. In the nineteenth century, foreign Romanticism tended to represent it as an eastern literature. This article will try to contextualize these characterizations, while proposing the study of travel accounts to Spain between 1770 and 1808 as a historiographical genre where the confluence of both paradigms, the neoclassical and the Romantic, is noted with both coinciding in representing Spanish literature as diverging from the classical tradition.

Nali in the conflict of dualism of words and meaning

Literature, as a aspect of human life and knowledge, has long turned to rhetoric and has not been able to speak without it, even as literature is often defined as a kind of expression that has a high rhetoric and is separated from people's normal speech because of this rhetoric. The writer or poet has always relied on the rhetorical arts that were common in their time, often measured and evaluated between the two products in the same era because of the rhetorical art that writers used in their texts. It seems that Kurdish literature, as one of the eastern literature, has had a great influence on Arabic rhetoric in two directions: the first is Arabic rhetoric through persians, meaning kurds, just as they have received other classical things from Persia, have demanded their rhetoric. Secondly, it was taken directly through the Arabs, and this direction had less effect, Rather, most Kurdish poets fall under the umbrella of the first direction, which does not mean that kurds have been unaware of the problems and conflicts between Arab speakers, on the contrary, Kurdish poets and writers have had a lot of information in this regard, and one of these poets is Mullah Khidir (Nali). The benefits and benefits of such research are that for the first time, such a subject should be discussed in a practical way and the extent of the negative effect of Arabic rhetoric should be expressed. Key words: (words, meanings, , jahz, gurgani, rhetoric).

Decoding violence against women: analysing harassment in middle eastern literature with machine learning and sentiment analysis

The rising prevalence of harassment in Middle Eastern countries is mirrored in literary works from the region. However, extracting data from these texts to understand the typology and frequency of the cases poses a significant challenge due to human cognitive limitations and potential biases. Thus, this study aims to use natural language processing (NLP) approaches to propose a machine learning framework for text mining of sexual harassment content in literary texts. The data source for this study consists of twelve Middle Eastern novels. The proposed framework involves the classification of physical and non-physical types of sexual harassment using a machine-learning model. Lexicon-based sentiment and emotion detection are applied to sentences containing instances of sexual harassment for data labelling and analysis. Finally, a long short-term memory-gated recurrent unit (LSTM-GRU) deep learning model is built to classify the sentiment characteristics that induce sexual harassment. The proposed model achieved an accuracy of 75.8% while outperforming five other algorithms. Additionally, a sentiment classification with three labels—negative, positive, and neutral—was developed using an LSTM-GRU RNN deep learning model. The accuracy of this model was 84.5%. Most statements, even those involving physical sexual harassment, which had greater levels of sexual harassment, had negative sentiments, according to lexicon-based sentiment analysis. This study contributes to the field of text mining by providing a novel approach to identifying instances of sexual harassment in literature in English from the Middle East. The use of machine learning models and sentiment analysis techniques allows for more accurate identification and classification of different types of sexual harassment. Furthermore, this study sheds light on the prevalence of sexual harassment in Middle Eastern countries and highlights the need for further research and action to address this issue.

Khlebnikov in China

The question of how Velimir Khlebnikov’s work was perceived in China is among the little studied ones. We have a definite idea of the forms the Chinese theme took in Khlebnikov’s philosophical and aesthetic consciousness as a part of the general orientalist views of the Russian futurist poet. At the same time, the problem of the actual Chinese development of V. Khlebnikov’s artistic heritage (the dialogue among cultures presupposes their two-way connection, interlacement of assessments and judgments) remains open. Thus, the article highlights the most relevant literary and translation aspects of V. Khlebnikov’s reception by the Chinese.These two aspects of research are traditionally closely related, regardless of national culture issues. The measure and depth of literary interest in foreign-language poetry is determined by the volume of translated texts; in a similar degree, the stability and quality of translation corresponds to the literary vector of the foreign word perception. For the Russian research into Far Eastern literature, this state of affairs is quite axiomatic (since without a preliminary theoretical and historical-literary, as well as hermeneutic analyses, it is impossible to truly understand the poetics of ancient Chinese or medieval Japanese lyrical poetry; all other approaches will be considered amateurish with good reason, which, however, does not exclude the presence of a special, “naïve” charm of these translations from Chinese or Japanese, taken in isolation from the original). The above thesis is also applicable to the Chinese research into Russian literature (Chinese studies of Russian literature), which has been intensively developing in recent years.The article traces the stages in scientific and philological studies of V. Khlebnikov’s work in China, explains the reasons for Chinese interest in the Silver Age in general and the work of the author of the “Khadzhi Tarkhan” in particular, analyzes the strategies of individual translations of Khlebnikov’s poems into Chinese, taking into account the increased complexity in the transmission of “zaum'” by means of the linguistic system so strikingly different in its internal structure and writing system from Russian.

Research of works based on the prototype of Amir Temur in western and Eastern literature

Ushbu maqolada Amir Temur siymosini prototip sifatida olgan, o'rta asrlar ingliz adabiyotida turli davrlarda yaratilgan dramatik, nazmiy va nasriy asarlar tadqiqi borasida so'z yuritildi. Har bir asar o'zbek va boshqa sharq adabiyotida mavjud badiiy ijod namunalari bilan qiyosiy o'rganildi. Olib borilgan tadqiqotlarda keltirilgan nazariy fikrlarga tayangan holda, yozuvchilarning badiiy obrazlarga yuklagan orzu umidlari haqida ilmiy xulosalar berildi. Amir Temurning "Temur tuzuklari" asari tahlilimizning bosh obyekti sifatiga olingan bo'lib, g'arb yozuvchilari badiiy merosini tadqiq etgan dunyo ilm ahlining Temur badiiy obrazi borasidagi fikrlari yuzasidan ilmiy tahlillar olib borildi. O'zbek adabiyotshunos olimlarining bir qator tadqiqotlari va ilmiy qarashlariga suyangan tarzda Amir Temur tarixiy siymosining badiiy asarlarga ko'chgan obrazi bilan qiyosiy tadqiq etildi. Ayniqsa, ushbu maqolada qiyosiy o'rganilgan ingliz adiblari bosh qahramonida aks etgan o'sha davr ijtimoiy muhiti, oddiy xalqning orzu is-taklari va hukmron qatlam va cherkov ziddiyatlari, asar to'qima obrazlari-ga va voqealariga ko'chgan mifologik unsurlar haqida mulohazalar berildi.

The Transgression List in Šurpu Tablet IV and Its Sordid Moral Implications

Abstract Modern scholarship has become more attentive to the interrelation between performative and scholastic factors in the production of ancient Near Eastern ritual texts. This article aims to shed light on the compositional processes responsible for the integration of a list of transgressions into Šurpu Tablet 4. This analysis is facilitated by the identification of a close parallel from the Namerimburruda tradition. The comparison of these texts illuminates the subtle manner by which scribe responsible for Šurpu IV appropriated earlier materials to fit the theological and rhetorical aims of the new composition. This focused case study can serve as a point of departure for further research on the flexible roles of interpolated sin lists in ancient Near Eastern literature.

Nilai Pendidikan Akhlak dalam Hikayat Kalilah wa Dimnah

This article discusses the exploration of ethical and moral values within "Hikayat Kalilah wa Dimnah" with a focus on an educational approach within the context of classical Middle Eastern literature. The primary objective of this research is to analyze the moral messages embedded within the literary narratives and to elucidate how the teaching of these values can influence the character development and ethical understanding of the younger generation. The research methodology involves an in-depth analysis of the text of "Hikayat Kalilah wa Dimnah," a comparative study with universal ethical values, and an understanding of the cultural context. The findings of ethical and moral values are then applied within the contexts of formal and non-formal education to encourage holistic character development, encompassing critical thinking, empathy, wisdom, and integrity. The results of this research indicate that "Hikayat Kalilah wa Dimnah" holds substantial potential as a meaningful learning resource for fostering the moral and ethical development of the younger generation.Keywords: Kalilah wa Dimnah, moral education, classical literature.

RELIGIOUS-MYSTICAL CONCEPTS IN EASTERN AND WESTERN PHILOSOPHY

This article reviewed Western and Eastern literature and research into worldly and divine factors that improve personality but found that not enough attention was paid to theharmony of humanity and divinity. Therefore, it is important to study the significance of the harmony of humanity and divinity in the spiritual development of man. This article is based on the fact that in Eastern philosophy, humanity and divinity are dialectically related realities.

A LOOK AT THE STUDY OF EASTERN LITERATURE IN UZBEK JADID LITERARY STUDIES

Jadid literary studies is the period that created the foundation for the current Uzbek literary theory and literary process. This article discusses the extent to which Eastern literature has been studied in jadid literary studies, and how jadid literary scholars introduced the representatives of Eastern literature to the people.

KHAMSA WONDERFUL APPLIED BY "MAKHZAN UL-ASROR" AND "MAJMA UL-AKHBOR"

Khamsanavis is one of the most beautiful and rich traditions of Eastern literature. As a result, the treasure of spiritual heritage created by mankind has acquired many rare masterpieces. At the same time, the masnavis created by great thinkers of words had a significant impact on the formation of the culture, lifestyle and spiritual image of the peoples of the East. It is no secret that representatives of Turkish-language literature also have a worthy place in this process. Qutb Khorazmi, Mavlano Haydar (Khorazmi),Poshshohoja, and especially Alisher Navoi, who showed zeal to follow the traditions of Nizami Ganjavi to one degree or another, created invaluable works based on the themes of Uzbek classic literature, which have been moral and spiritual perfection for many centuries. has been serving on the way.

‘A great star falls’—cometology in Syriac language and literature

Abstract The Syriac language has, among all the Aramaic varieties, by far the largest number of terms for ‘comet’ or ‘meteor’. Is there a simple explanation for this fact? The systematic investigation of Syriac technical terminology in the field of astral sciences addresses this question. Such a study also impacts three issues relevant to Semitic studies: (1) The question of the sources and languages the Syriac writers were able to access; (2) the linguistic strategies for the creation of neologisms; (3) the existence of a common Aramaic technical koiné (standard literary Aramaic). This article sets forth the terms for comets and meteors in Syriac as a representative selection of astral terminology, and investigates their value for the questions mentioned above. The two pillars of this investigation are the comparison of the literary genres in which this terminology surfaces with those of other Near Eastern literatures in which this terminology surfaces, and the linguistic analysis of these terms in Syriac.