Eastern Kazakhstan Research Articles

Assessment of raw material reserves of promising medicinal plants in the territory of Western Altai in Eastern Kazakhstan

The results of resource studies of economically valuable species of medicinal plants of the Western Altai (East Kazakhstan region) growing on the territory of 7 forestry municipal state institutions (FMSI) are presented: Zyryanovsk, Ridder, Pikhtovskoye, Cheremshanskoye, Malubinskoye, Verkh-Ubinskoye and Ust-Kamenogorsk. Western Altai occupies the right bank of the Irtysh, includes the interfluve of the Uba, Bukhtarma and Narym and is represented by a system of mountain ranges in the northern part of the Kazakhstan Altai. The operational reserves and volumes of possible procurement of raw materials of 8 species of medicinal plants were taken into account. For specific thickets of sites or model samples, raw material reserves were recorded. Traditional geobotanical methods were used to describe plant communities involving resource objects. For four species, the presence of commercial thickets with a supply of air-dried raw materials was established. from 300 to 2000 tons: Veratrum lobelianum, Sanguisorba officinalis, Filipendula ulmaria, Epilobium angustifolium. For other species, raw material reserves varied from 1 to 65 tons: Aconitum leucostomum, Inula helenium, Achillea millefolium, Bupleurum multinerve. The raw material base of the identified species of medicinal plants in the territory East Kazakhstan region is able to meet the needs of the domestic pharmaceutical industry.

Ethno-cultural life of Old Believers of East Kazakhstan in the XVIII th- XXI st centuries

This article examines a unique phenomenon of Orthodox religious culture that has become widespread in the territory of the Russian Empire - the Old Believers. It is expected that the study of this cultural layer will contribute to the development of cultural and educational tourism. The author has identified the reasons for the appearance of Old Believers in Altai and eastern Kazakhstan in the 18th century. The Old Believers are distinguished by their conservatism in the religious aspect, however, representatives of this movement were successfully able to preserve their unique culture, relying on deep historical memory. The Old Believers are divided into various “accords” and “tales”, but in general they are united by some common religious postulates. The question of preserving the traditions and morals of the Old Believers without forcing young people to this religious faith seems relevant. To solve this problem it is necessary to involve specialists in religious studies and theology, museum workers who will contribute to the development of religious tourism in the region in order to preserve both the material and spiritual culture of the Old Believers in the region.

Oikonymy of Eastern Kazakhstan (Districts of Altai, Glubokoye, and Katonkaragay)

The article examines the oikonymy of East Kazakhstan, a region that has historically served as a hub for significant ethnocultural interactions, contacts, and conflicts. The study aims to identify the composition and systemic connections within the oikonymy of this region, focusing on the toponymic material from three administrative districts: Altai, Glubokoye, and Katonkaragay. The research draws on both contemporary and historical lists of settlements — published and archived — primarily concentrating on the names of non-urban settlements, which constitute the bulk of the region's toponymy. The oikonymy in the area under investigation is multilingual, featuring oikonyms of both Kazakh and Russian origin. Kazakh oikonymy is linked to the region’s historical nomadic, patronymic, socio-economic structure, while the emergence of Russian toponyms corresponds with various waves of migration into the region. These include oikonyms related to the initial migration wave in the 18th century, as well as those linked to subsequent migrations of Slavs during the late 19th and throughout the 20th centuries. It is crucial to distinguish whether the oikonyms belong to the earlier settlers (first wave) or later arrivals (second wave). To achieve this, the study employs chronological methods that, through a comparison of the modern characteristics of toponyms, help establish the time of their integration into the system. The authors conclude that the region’s oikonymic system reflects two opposing trends: the unification of oikonymy and geographical terminology on the one hand, and the preservation of traditional diversity on the other.

Historical analysis of entrepreneurial activity in the second half of the 19th to the early 20th century (using the example of Eastern Kazakhstan)

This research analyzes and studies entrepreneurial activities in the Zaysan region during the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Nestled in East Kazakhstan, Zaysan City serves as a treasure trove of historical insights into entrepreneurial pursuits. Throughout this epoch, notable trade hubs burgeoned within urban centers and expansive settlements like Semey, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Zaysan, and Kokpekti, all situated within the East Kazakhstan Region. This proliferation of commerce was emblematic of the region's stature as a pivotal nexus of trade and economic activity during this period. The study includes an analysis of factors that influenced the development of entrepreneurship in Zaysan, such as the city's geographical location, the presence of waterways, trade routes, and connections with other regions. Additionally, the research examines the impact of political and socio-economic conditions, including demographic changes and shifts in the region's ethnic composition, on the development of entrepreneurship. Moreover, the research analyzes the role of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship in Zaysan's economic life. It highlights their contributions to the development of the city and the region as a whole. The study gives special attention to the philanthropic activities of entrepreneurs in areas such as education and cultural advancement, among others.

The burials of the kurgan 2 of the Menovnoe VII burial ground (Eastern Kazakhstan)

Emerged in the beginning of the 2nd millennium AD, the nomadic confederation of the Kipchaks up until the beginning of the 13th c. dominated the Eurasian steppes, which became known from the 11th c. as Desht-i Qipchaq or Kipchak steppe. The oecumene occupied by the Kipchak tribes covered, according to the experts, vast areas from the Irtysh River to Ural Mountains, but there is no consensus amongst researchers as to where the formation of the Kipchak traditions, which were part of the Ki-mek Khanate, was taking place. Kipchak sites of the 11th–12th cc. in the steppe zone are very few, but they are considered, as a rule, in the context of the transformation of the earlier traditions of the Oghuz, whereas the medieval burials of the Mongolian period, studied in the steppe zone of Kazakhstan, are considered apriori as Kipchak’s. The materials obtained during the study of the Menovnoe VII burial ground reveal peculiar features, both in the elements of the funeral rites, as well as in specific com-ponents of the material culture, allowing one to consider this site as a funerary monument built by a group of the early Kipchak population who lived in the pre-Mongol period in the territory of Eastern Kazakhstan. The burial ground of Menovnoe VII is lo-cated 1.5 km east-southeast of the village of Menovnoe of the Tavrichesky District of the Vostochno-Kazakhstanskaya Oblast. Within the burial platform, 24 mortuary structures have been recorded: 5 Early Medieval kurgans and 19 stone heaps of the Late Middle Ages period. The article concerns the kurgan 2, which had a diameter of 8 m at a height of 0.25 m. The mound was spanning over an oval fence measuring 7.1×6.5 m. Two pits were examined within the fence: one, located in the centre, con-tained a paired burial of a man and a woman; the second, located by the south wall of the fence, contained a paired burial of horses. The deceased were accompanied by a broadsword, iron arrowheads, an iron cauldron, bone buckles, iron knives, and remains of a saddle. The specifics of the funeral rites and the analysis of the material obtained during the study make is possible attributing the burial of the kurgan 2 of the Menovnoe VII burial ground to the Kipchak cultural tradition developing within the final stage of the early Turkic era, which allows it to be dated to the 11th — beginning of the 12th c. CE.

FINE-GRAINED CONCRETE BASED ON WASTE FROM THERMAL POWER PLANTS AND METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISES EAST KAZAKHSTAN REGION

The relevance of industrial processing of waste from thermal power engineering and mining and metallurgical complex (MMC) enterprises in order to obtain effective concrete is due to the need to obtain building materials with improved characteristics and low cost, on the one hand, and the problem of catastrophic volumes and condition of man-made waste stored in the East Kazakhstan region, - with another. The purpose of the article is to analyze methods for producing effective fine-grained concrete solutions with the addition of waste from thermal power engineering and mining enterprises located in Eastern Kazakhstan. The article describes the features and scope of application of fine-grained concrete mortars. The need, possibilities and prospects for using technogenic waste for the production of building materials, products and structures have been studied. Compositions of fine-grained concrete were selected based on technogenic raw materials - ash and slag waste and metallurgical slag. The study showed that the introduction of fly ash and metallurgical slag into concrete improves the physical and mechanical properties of products with significant savings in cement. The applicability of the studied technogenic raw materials in fine-grained concrete has been proven, resulting in a wide range of applications for the material. The study showed that based on the obtained indicators of strength, frost resistance, abrasion, corrosion resistance, resistance to alternate wetting and drying and other improved characteristics, these concretes can be recommended for the production of small-piece concrete products (curbs, artificial paving stones, paving slabs, side stones, facing slabs, concrete tiles, etc.) and in road construction. The mobility of fine-grained concrete mortar allows it to be used for sealing seams and cracks in monolithic concrete and in the installation of reinforced cement structures, including large ones. A significant environmental effect from the processing of technogenic deposits in the East Kazakhstan region is shown.

Analysis of Crop Spectral Reflectance at the Croplands in Eastern Kazakhstan Using Satellite Imagery

Analysis of Crop Spectral Reflectance at the Croplands in Eastern Kazakhstan Using Satellite Imagery

Stratigraphy of Cenozoic Deposits and the History of the Latest Stage of Geological Development of the Zaisan Depression (Eastern Kazakhstan)

Stratigraphy of Cenozoic Deposits and the History of the Latest Stage of Geological Development of the Zaisan Depression (Eastern Kazakhstan)

Stratigraphy of Cenozoic Deposits and the History of the Latest Stage of Geological Development of the Zaisan Depression (Eastern Kazakhstan)

The Zaisan Basin is a unique geological structure that preserves a most complete sedimentary archive of late Mesozoic through most of the Cenozoic era. A century of studies brought very rich data on the stratigraphy and geological history of the Zaisan sedimentary sequence. The recent scientific progress made it possible to refine the Cenozoic stratigraphic scale of the region. Here we present the results of a detailed morphostructural analysis and propose morphotectonic zoning of the Zaisan Basin based on the modern tectonic and geodynamic concepts. New results of magnetostratigraphic dissection of the Kalmakpai stratotypic section, the most complete section of the sedimentary strata of the depression, and its comparison with the drilling data of its axial part are presented. By the synthesis of magnetostratigraphy with the rich regional biostratigraphic record we refine the stratigraphy of the region and clarify dynamics of tectonic movements and the development of relief and landscapes of the Zaisan Depression and the bounding alpine structures of Saur-Tarbagatai during the Cenozoic.

Cейсмообусловленные опасные геологические явления и их распространение в восточном и юго-восточном Казахстане как отражение современных геодинамических процессов

The main factors determining engineering-geological conditions, patterns of development and spread of hazardous geological phenomena (HGE) in the territory of Eastern and South-Eastern Kazakhstan have been identified. The variety of geological, hydrogeological, engineering-geological, seismic conditions of the territory under consideration determines the development of various genetic types of dangerous geological phenomena, such as earthquakes, seismic dislocations, seismic landslides, landslides, screes, avalanches, mountain lakes, mudflows, etc. At present, especially It is important to carry out monitoring studies of HH in order to study the assessment of the scale of manifestations and reduce the damage from them.

Effect of Forests Stands of Rudny Altai (Eastern Kazakhstan) on the Formation of Snow Cover

Effect of Forests Stands of Rudny Altai (Eastern Kazakhstan) on the Formation of Snow Cover

Genetic polymorphism of Y-chromosome in Kazakh populations from Southern Kazakhstan

BackgroundThe Kazakhs are one of the biggest Turkic-speaking ethnic groups, controlling vast swaths of land from the Altai to the Caspian Sea. In terms of area, Kazakhstan is ranked ninth in the world. Northern, Eastern, and Western Kazakhstan have already been studied in relation to genetic polymorphism 27 Y-STR. However, current information on the genetic polymorphism of the Y-chromosome of Southern Kazakhstan is limited only by 17 Y-STR and no geographical study of other regions has been studied at this variation.ResultsThe Kazakhstan Y-chromosome Haplotype Reference Database was expanded with 468 Kazakh males from the Zhambyl and Turkestan regions of South Kazakhstan by having their 27 Y-STR loci and 23 Y-SNP markers analyzed. Discrimination capacity (DC = 91.23%), haplotype match probability (HPM = 0.0029) and haplotype diversity (HD = 0.9992) are defined. Most of this Y-chromosome variability is attributed to haplogroups C2a1a1b1-F1756 (2.1%), C2a1a2-M48 (7.3%), C2a1a3-F1918 (33.3%) and C2b1a1a1a-M407 (6%). Median-joining network analysis was applied to understand the relationship between the haplotypes of the three regions. In three genetic layer can be described the position of the populations of the Southern region of Kazakhstan—the geographic Kazakh populations of Kazakhstan, the Kazakh tribal groups, and the people of bordering Asia.ConclusionThe Kazakhstan Y-chromosome Haplotype Reference Database was formed for 27 Y-STR loci with a total sample of 1796 samples of Kazakhs from 16 regions of Kazakhstan. The variability of the Y-chromosome of the Kazakhs in a geographical context can be divided into four main clusters—south, north, east, west. At the same time, in the genetic space of tribal groups, the population of southern Kazakhs clusters with tribes from the same region, and genetic proximity is determined with the populations of the Hazaras of Afghanistan and the Mongols of China.

Resources of Melliferous and Polleniferous Plants of Central Asia and Kazakhstan Based on Melissopalynological Analysis

Abstract—A palynological study of 82 samples of honey from Middle Asia and Kazakhstan was carried out in order to determine the resources of the key melliferous and polleniferous plants. The obtained results made it possible to establish 8 productive beekeeping zones in the studied territory. The most common pollen combinations are identified for each zone. The selected zones can be combined into two large groups: northern and southern, with a transitional area (zone 3, the Dzungarian Alatau mountain ridge) between them, where honey with mixed palynological characteristics is obtained. In the northern part, in zones 1 and 2 (northern and eastern Kazakhstan) Origanum vulgare L., Rubus idaeus L., Salix L. are important wild native melliferous plants, Helianthus annuus L., Sinapis alba L. are agricultural melliferous plants, and Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. is important polleniferous plant. Further south, in zones 4–8 (south and southeast Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan), the principal wild native melliferous plants are Salvia L., Thymus L., Alhagi Tourn. ex Adans., Halimodendron halodendron (Pall.) C.K. Schneid., Tamarix L., Psoralea drupacea Bunge, agricultural melliferous plants – Gossypium hirsutum L. and Onobrychis Mill., weeds – Echium vulgare L., Onopordum acanthium L., Sophora L., and polleniferous plants – Hypericum L., Artemisia L., Plantago L. and Chenopodiaceae.

Model of the Geodynamic Development of the Greater Altai

The geodynamic model reflects the staged development of the geological and metallogenic structures of the Greater Altai. Spatially, the Great Altai occupies the territory of Eastern Kazakhstan. The features of the geodynamic development of the geological structures of the Greater Altai are considered. The territory covers the southeastern flanks of the Rudny Altai and Kalba tectonic zones of the Greater Altai, which are part of the general system of the Central Asian mobile belt. The spatial conjugation of geological and ore-bearing structures of different age and composition, subject to intense metamorphic and hydrothermal-metasomatic transformations under the influence of the Dzhungar massif and the Siberian Plate and subsequent thrust-shear deformations, is emphasized.

CURRENT ISSUES OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS TOURISM BASED ON POPULATION HEALTH PRESERVATION IN EASTERN KAZAKHSTAN

Research is aimed at elucidating the salient challenges impeding the maturation of the health and wellness tourism cluster within the Eastern Kazakhstan region. The inquiry encompasses findings from a customer survey conducted within the Eastern Kazakhstan Region's sanatorium resort visitors in Katon-Karagay District in 2022-2023. Significant attention is devoted to the natural-ecological, economic-infrastructure, and socio-cultural components constituting the tourist cluster are expounded upon. Quantitative analysis revealed therapeutic mineral baths for targeted activities and massage for complementary activities to be the most fitting activities in the region’s sanatoriums. Satisfaction rates detected 98% for the quality of medical services, 95% for the professionalism of medical personnel, 90% for medical procedures, 88.9% for entertainment programs, and 68.9% for children's activities. Critical challenges in medical and wellness tourism include insufficient accommodations for SPA and wellness, VIP segment tourists, and health-oriented tourist activities, including catering to children. The nation witnesses a promising landscape for the "Katon-Karagay" sanatorium-resort cluster, underscoring the imperative of establishing a public-private partnership and highlighting the need for a public-private partnership.

Spotted fever group rickettsiae in hard ticks in eastern and southern Kazakhstan

Infections with spotted fever group rickettsiae represent a worldwide health problem, characterized by persistent high fever, headache, and rash in humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. To date, the occurrence of Rickettsia species in hard ticks has not been thoroughly studied, especially in eastern and southern Kazakhstan. A total of 1,245 adult ticks, comprising 734 Dermacentor marginatus, 219 Hyalomma scupense, 144 Hyalomma asiaticum, 84 Hyalomma marginatum, 48 Rhipicephalus turanicus, and 16 Haemaphysalis erinacei, collected from East Kazakhstan, Abay, Jetsu, Almaty, Jambyl, South Kazakhstan and Qyzylorda oblasts of Kazakhstan, were used to screen rickettsial agents using molecular methods. Rickettsia raoultii, Rickettsia slovaca, Rickettsia aeschlimannii and Rickettsia heilongjiangensis were identified using sequencing, and 31.5% (392/1245) of ticks carried rickettsial agents. The difference in the natural landscapes explains the variety of the collected ticks and expands our knowledge of Rickettsia species and their geographical distribution in Kazakhstan. To the best of our knowledge, this study reports the first finding of R. heilongjiangensis in Kazakhstan.

A Кipchak burial of the Menovnoe VII burial ground in the Upper Irtysh River Basin

In this paper, the materials of one of the burial mounds of the Early Kipchak cemetery of Menovnoe VII dated to the turn of the 1st–2nd mil. AD are introduced into the scientific discourse. It was the time of transition in the steppes of the Upper Irtysh River Basin of the hegemony from the Kimaks to Kipchaks; it is scantily addressed in the scientific literature, although, according to the written sources, it was specifically in the steppes of Eastern Kazakhstan where the Kipchaks started dominating; the vector of power changed, and the genesis of the Kipchak Khanate took place. There was the beginning of the Kipchak migration into the bordering regions of Kazakhstan, Central Asia, steppes of the Volga region, and Northern Circumpontic region, where they became known in his-tory as Polovtsy, according to the Russian chronicles, or Cumans in the Byzantine sources. Materials from the burial mounds of the Menovnoe VII cemetery are indicative of the earliest period of the emergence of the Kipchak traditions, which further developed already outside the region of their formation.

Association of different microbes and pathogenic factors in cases of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in cattle from Eastern Kazakhstan.

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) causes a significant economic loss to cattle industries in many countries, including Kazakhstan. Although Moraxella bovis is recognized as an etiologic agent of IBK, other bacterial and viral agents have been suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease. This study aimed to evaluate samples collected from the eyes of IBK-affected cattle in Eastern Kazakhstan at different stages of IBK for the presence of Mor. bovis, Moraxella bovoculi, Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma bovoculi, and Bovine Herpes Virus Type 1 (BHV-1) and to characterize Mor. bovoculi pilA gene sequence diversity from Mor. bovoculi positive samples. Individual ocular swabs (n = 168) were collected from cattle that had clinical signs of IBK during the summer of 2022 on farms in the Abay region of Kazakhstan. Eye lesion scores (1, 2, and 3) were assigned depending on the degree of ocular damage. Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis-associated organisms were detected using a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. The Mor. bovoculi pilA gene was sequenced from Mor. bovoculi positive samples. Mycoplasma bovis and BHV-1 were not detected in any of the collected samples. Mycoplasma bovoculi was identified in the majority of samples overall, usually in mixed infection with Moraxella spp. Moraxella bovoculi was detected in 76.2% of animals and predominated in animals with eye lesion scores 2 and 3. Mycoplasma bovoculi was detected only in association with Mor. bovis and/or Mor. bovoculi in animals with eye lesion scores 2 and 3. Moraxella bovis was found in 57.7% of animals and was always identified in association with another organism. Sequencing of the pilA gene in 96 samples from Mor. bovoculi positive samples identified five PilA groups. The majority belonged to PilA group A. However, three new PilA groups were identified and designated PilA groups N, O, and P. The results indicate a high prevalence of Myc. bovoculi and Mor. bovoculi in eyes of cattle with IBK on livestock farms in Eastern Kazakhstan. Additional novel Mor. bovoculi PilA groups were identified.

Genetic regulation of testosterone level in overweight males from the Kazakh population and its association with hypogonadism.

Male hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction in different populations are associated with excess body weight. A key aspect in most studies is the metabolism of sexual hormones, primarily testosterone. At the same time, the binding protein sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) can play a large role, as it determines the ratio of total and bioavailable testosterone in blood, i.e. both the hormone content and level of its production. Recent research has identified common mutations that affect SHBG levels, such as the rs727428 polymorphic locus, which is associated with alterations in histone protein function, affecting the regulation of ribonucleic acid (RNA) protein SHBG synthesis. Similar relationships have been observed for prevalent mutations, including rs5934505 and rs10822184, in diverse populations. This study involved 300 individuals of Kazakh nationality from the Eastern Kazakhstan region, examining three polymorphic variants of the SHBG gene (rs727428, rs5934505, and rs10822184). The participants were categorized into three groups: individuals with hypogonadism and obesity (group 1, n=85), those with excess body weight but no hypogonadism (group 2, n=70), and individuals with neither excess body weight nor hypogonadism (group 3, n=145). The frequency of mutant gene alleles impacting GPS (SHBG) synthesis in the Kazakh population was notably high, comparable to European and South-East Asian populations. However, the association between excess body weight and these mutations exhibited varying patterns. Hypogonadism was linked to decreased GPS levels, strongly correlating with total testosterone but not bioavailable testosterone. The retention of sexual functions in overweight men was not always directly related to BMI levels and GPS concentrations.

Studying the concentration of xenobiotics in milk and developing the biosensor method for their rapid determination

In this article the content of toxic xenobiotics (heavy metals and pesticides) in cow milk collected from 5 districts of Eastern Kazakhstan was examined and their cumulative properties were determined. The content of organochlorine pesticides (HCCH, DDT) was not detected in the analyzed milk. The content of mercury and arsenic in milk samples does not exceed the maximum allowable concentration (0.005 and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively). The content of cadmium above the maximum allowable concentration (0.03 mg/kg) was found in milk sampled from Shemonaikha and Katon-Karagai districts. The content of lead and zinc above the maximum allowable concentration (0.1 and 5.0 mg/kg, respectively) was found in milk samples taken from all 5 studied districts. The content of copper above the maximum allowable concentration (1.0 mg/kg) was found in milk samples collected from 4 districts under study (Borodulikha, Beskaragai, Shemonaikha and Katon-Karagai). Based on the analysis of information data the need to develop an accelerated method of determining toxic xenobiotics in milk was substantiated. The basic directions of modernization of the biosensor for determination of cadmium and lead salts in milk and dairy products were selected. A new approach to the process of immobilization of the enzyme on the surface of a substrate for cadmium and lead salts determination in milk has been developed. The efficiency of using a polymeric plate with a graphite conducting layer as a basis for the enzyme biosensor was established.