Summary Thirty-one patients with urolithiasis were admitted to the pediatric departments of the Rambam Government Hospital in Haifa between 1949 and the end of 1956. The great majority among these children came from the Yemenite and Eastern Jewry ethnic groups and the Israeli Arab minority. There were only four cases coming from Jewish families originating in Europe, the Ashkenazic ethnic group. We suggest that this inequality in the distribution of cases among the different ethnic groups is due to the differences of nutritional and communal ways of life predominately, and not to ethnic inherent qualities.