Eastern Java Research Articles

The Role of the Songbird Trade as an Anthropogenic Vector in the Spread of Invasive Non-Native Mynas in Indonesia

The wildlife trade has facilitated the introduction of invasive non-native species, which may compete with native species for resources and alter ecosystems. Some of these species have great potential to become invasive if released or escaped from captivity. Here we studied the pet trade in a group of open countryside birds, the mynas (Acridotheres spp.) in Indonesia, and identified the areas that are at high risk of facing the establishment of these species. Mynas are among the most invasive birds in Southeast Asia. Once established in a new area, they are almost impossible to eradicate and can have strong negative impacts on the ecosystem. Preventing their introduction is therefore essential. Yet, invasive non-native mynas continue to be traded openly. We present data on the trade in seven species of mynas on Java, Bali and Lombok, with three species being native to parts of one or two of these islands, but not to the remainder, and four that are non-native to the region. From 2016 to 2021 we conducted 255 surveys of 30 animal markets. We recorded over 6000 mynas that were offered for sale outside their native range. Areas most at risk because of their high prevalence in specific animal markets, are Greater Jakarta, eastern Java, Bali and Lombok. The number of invasive non-native mynas recorded was positively related to the size of the animal market. Indonesia is signatory to several international agreements (CBD, ASEAN) that have policies and guidelines to prevent the introduction of invasive non-native species, but compliancy is weak. Annually hundreds and possibly thousands of invasive non-native mynas are released by Indonesian conservation authorities in regions that are outside their native range. Effective management of, and regulation of trade in, potential invasive non-native birds in Indonesia falls short and inadvertently greatly aids both their introduction and establishment.

Detecting hot spring manifestations based on gravity data satellite on mountain Lawu

Mount Lawu is in the transition zone among Western and Eastern Java. Gunung Lawu consists of two volcanic systems separated by the East-West trending Cemorosewu Fault. The geology of Mount Lawu is dominated by Andesite Lava. Mount Lawu area has a geothermal energy prospect with indications of the appearance of hot springs and fumaroles. 2D modeling of subsurface structure of Mount Lawu’s manifestation area has been carried out using gravity method. The aims of study to investigate the appearance of hot springsis related with fault structure. Data used using GGMplus (Gravity model plus) satellite image data in the form of gravity disturbance or anomaly free air with spaces each points is 200 meter respectively. GGMplus gravity anomaly data are performed bouger correction and field correction to produce a complete bouger anomaly (ABL). The ABL results present that the anomaly corresponds to the geological map, otherwise the higher topography correlated with with the smaller value of the gravity anomaly. 2D modelling and interpretation has done based on ABL results. Based on 2D modeling the appearance of hot springs is controlled by the presence of faults, moreover Mount Lawu consists of three layers of rock, namely Tuff with a density of 1.27-2.66 gr / cm3, andesite lava 2.90 gr / cm3, and basalt lava 2.99 gr / cm3.The results of study are expected be used as a reference and policy decision in geothermal development of Mount. Lawu.

POTENTIAL SUITABLE HABITAT DISTRIBUTION FOR TWO ENDEMIC AND HIGHLY THREATENED SPECIES OF Leptophryne (AMPHIBIA; BUFONIDAE) IN JAVA

Bufonid toad genus Leptophryne comprises three species; L. borbonica, L. cruentata, and L. javanica. These three species occurred in Java Island. Two out of three species, L. cruentata and L. javanica, are endemic and classified as critically endangered (CR) and endangered (EN), respectively. Leptophryne javanica recently described in 2018, and it is separated from L. cruentata by having distinct morphology, molecular and call characteristics. Both L. cruentata and L. javanica share the same habitat type (i.e. mountain forest, waterfall, rocky stream). Until early 2000, these two endemic Leptophryne were considered restricted to Mt. Gede. From 2000 to 2018, these species were also recorded in Mt. Halimun, Mt. Ciremai, and Mt. Slamet. These new localities indicate that there is potential distribution outside previously known locations. This study aims to predict the potential suitable habitat of endemic Leptophryne (L. cruentata and L. javanica) and identify the most important environmental variables on its distribution. MaxEnt modelling was applied to generate a potential suitable habitat distribution map. Twelve presence data were used for the model consist of 10 coordinates in Mt. Gede Pangrango, one in Mt. Ciremai, and one in Mt. Slamet. To build the model, 21 environmental variables were utilized: land cover, altitudinal and 19 variables of precipitation and temperature along with the species presence data. The result shows there is suitable habitat outside the known locations, consist of 14 patches in western Java, five in central Java and four in eastern Java. The most potential is in the mountainous area at southern Bandung. The lowest temperature fluctuation, highest elevation, lowest mean temperature during the warmest season, and better land cover provides the best habitat suitability. Further study is required to verify these potential distributions based on the modelling result.

Development Strategy for Salt Farmers Market Access in East Java Indonesia: SWOT Analysis Approach

Salt production in Indonesia, known as a maritime country, has not been able to meet national needs. On the other hand, salt is a very basic product which almost all industry activities require raw salt, besides salt is also a basic necessity for people's lives. This problem was resolved by importing salt from abroad, but this then harmed salt production activities in Indonesia, especially in East Java. The purpose of this research is to form a market share development strategy owned by salt farmers in eastern Java. The method used in this study is an in-depth interview and the SWOT analysis method that can form the most efficient strategy for the problems encountered. Based on the results of field observations, it shows that the problem that occurs in the institutional system pattern of salt in the downstream area is that there is a non-formal loan system between salt farmers and middlemen who do not have written regulations and weaken salt farmers in determining the price of salt. Then, based on the results of the SWOT analysis, it shows that to expand market access for salt farmers, an institutional design is required in which there is government intervention.

FIELD SURVEY OF 2018 KRAKATAU TSUNAMI

At 21:30 local time (UTC+7h) on the 22nd of December 2018 the shorelines of the Sunda Strait, Indonesia, were flooded by tsunami waves. As a result there was widespread destruction and there were 437 casualties, 31,943 injuries, 10 still missing and over 16,000 people displaced (as of the 14th January 2019 National Disaster Management Agency (BNBP), 2019). The tsunami was caused by the flank collapse of the Anak Krakatau volcano (Robertson et al. 2018), located roughly at the centre of the Sunda Strait, which separates eastern Sumatra and western Java islands. Takabatake et al. (2019) performed a field survey of the affected areas. The survey results showed that inundation heights were more than 4 m high along the coastline of Sumatra island (situated to the north-north-east of Anak Krakatau), while less than 4 m were measured along the north-western direction. In Java island Inundation heights of over 10 m were measured at Cipenyu Beach (south-south-eastern direction from Anak Krakatau). However, at the time it was not possible to survey the actual vicinity of Anak Krakatau.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/d6hOT352fj4

Genetic diversity and relationship of husk tomato (Physalis spp.) from East Java Province revealed by SSR markers

Abstract. Sadiyah H, Ashari S, Waluyo B, Soegianto A. 2021. Genetic diversity and relationship of husk tomato (Physalis spp.) from East Java Province revealed by SSR markers. Biodiversitas 22: 184-192. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and relationship of Physalis spp. from East Java province, Indonesia. A total of the 33 Physalis accessions was analyzed employing 16 SSR markers. AMOVA, UPGMA clustering, and non-parametric ANOVA analyses were applied. The results showed Genetic diversity in this sample showed lower levels (He =0.171), as compared to other studies of Physalis that used different molecular markers. The dendrogram revealed the presence of five groups, the different species belong to different small groups. The two major groups consist of accessions originated from eastern Java and Madura Island, indicating that there is no significant difference between accessions from both areas although there is geographic isolation in the form of the strait. It is consistent with the low population differentiation and high genetic drift. The AMOVA revealed that 96% of the total variation came from the within-population (among accession), reflect that the accessions used in this study have high variation and valuable for plant improvement through breeding programs. It is recommended that future evaluation studies include more accession from minor accessions detected in the sample of this study to better represent the genetic diversity available in this crop.

Analysis of the 15 December 2017 Mw 6.5 and the 23 January 2018 Mw 5.9 Java Earthquakes

ABSTRACT The west part of Java sits at the transition from oblique subduction of the Australian plate under the Sunda block of the Eurasian plate along Sumatra to orthogonal convergence along central and eastern Java. This region has experienced several destructive earthquakes, the 17 July 2006 Mw 7.7 earthquake and tsunami off the coast of Pangandaran and the 2 September 2009 Mw 7 earthquake, located off the coast of Tasikmalaya. More recently, on 15 December 2017, an Mw 6.5 earthquake occurred off the coast near Pangandaran, and, on 23 January 2018, an Mw 5.9 earthquake occurred offshore Lebak, between Pelabuhan Ratu and Ujung Kulon. Ground shaking and damage occurred locally and in Jakarta on the northern coast of Java. In this study, we use the double-difference technique to relocate both mainshocks and 10 months of seismicity (228 events) following the earthquakes. The relocation result improved the mainshock locations and depth distribution of earthquakes. Moment tensor of the December 2017 event located the hypocenter at ∼108 km depth within the subducting slab. The best-fit relocation places the depth at 61 km, close to the slab interface. Aftershocks occur between 68 and 86 km depth and align along a steeper plane than slab geometry models. The January 2018 event is located at ∼46 km depth. Aftershocks form a near-vertical, pipe-like structure from the plate interface to ∼10 km depth. A burst of aftershocks immediately following the mainshock shows a shallowing upward trend at a rate of ∼2 km/hr, suggesting that a fluid pressure wave released from the oceanic crust is causing brittle failure in the overriding plate, followed by upward migration of fluids. Five months later, shallow (<25 km) seismicity collocates with background seismicity, suggesting the January 2018 event activated the Pelabuhan Ratu fault system close to the coast.

Harmonic ionospheric oscillation by the 2010 eruption of the Merapi volcano, Indonesia, and the relevance of its amplitude to the mass eruption rate

Using continuous data from ground-based Global Satellite Navigation System (GNSS) receivers in Java and Sumatra, Indonesia, we studied the response of ionospheric total ionospheric electron content (TEC) to the 2010 Nov.5 eruption of the Merapi volcano in central Java. We then compared the results with the case of the 2014 Feb.13 eruption of the Kelud volcano, eastern Java. The TEC showed a quasi-periodic oscillation of a frequency ~4 mHz with average amplitudes of 0.9 and 1.8% relative to background values lasting for ~20 and ~ 120 min for the Merapi and Kelud eruptions, respectively. By comparing the two cases, together with the 2015 April eruption of the Calbuco volcano, Chile, we found the relative TEC oscillation amplitude may scale with the mass eruption rate. This suggests that the product of such TEC oscillation amplitude and the duration provides a new measure for the total volume of the volcanic deposits.

Estimating shear wave velocity (Vs30) of East Java, Indonesia, using ambient noise inversion of horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (HVSR)

The shear wave velocity on average to a depth of 30 m (Vs30) is an important parameter for seismic hazard assessment. Vs30 can identify soil dynamic characteristics that can be used to seismic hazards mitigation efforts. East Java is one of the provinces in Indonesia that has high geological disaster potential. Therefore, a study of earthquake risk mitigation strategies must be carried out as a disaster mitigation effort. One of the ways to determine soil characteristics is to estimate the shear wave velocity. This study aims to determine the average shear wave velocity (Vs30) to obtain information on the vulnerability of soil conditions in East Java. we use stationary seismograph data from Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG), German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) temporary seismograph and secondary data from seismic waveform portable seismographs installed independently in East Java. This study uses the horizontal and vertical ambient noise inversion method. One-dimensional wave velocity models are obtained from Monte Carlo simulations based on the best misfit values. Vs30 East Java values ranged from 168–788 m/s with sediment thickness ranging from 10 meters to more than 200 meters. Based on the classification of soil types, in the northern part of East Java is dominated by the type of soft soil (SE) to hard soil (SC). In the southern part of eastern Java is dominated by medium soil (SD) to hard rock (SA). The northern part of East Java, especially in the Kendeng zone is dominated by low shear wave velocity. Lowest Vs30 can be seen in Sidoarjo, Surabaya, Mojokerto, Jombang, Gresik, Lamongan, Nganjuk, Madiun, Ngawi, Bojonegoro, Probolinggo and the southern part of the Madura Island. The low shear wave velocity (Vs30) is associated with sediment layers and high shear wave velocity (Vs30) is associated with hilly areas and transition zones.

Varietal Effect on Engineering Properties and Proximate Composition of Organic Rice in Eastern Java Indonesia

Engineering properties and proximate composition of milled rice was determined for different organic rice varieties, i.e. Ciherang (CH), IR-64 (IR), Sintanur (ST), Pandanwangi (PW), Merah Bali (MB), Coklat Berlian (CB), Merah A2 (MA) and Hitam Melik (HM). The engineering properties parameters included the length (L), width (W), L/W ratio, 1000 kernels weight, bulk density (ρb), angle of repose (φ), thermal conductivity (k), volumetric specific heat (Cp), thermal diffusivity (α), and colour attributes (L*, a*, b*). The proximate compositions of rice were evaluated in terms of the protein, carbohydrate, fat, ash, moisture, and amylose contents. The results showed that organic rice kernels from eastern Java ranged from “medium” to “long” according to their L values and seemed to have slender to medium shape based on their L/W ratio. The weight of 1000 rice kernels were about 18.00-23.29 g depending on the variety, in which the varieties of IR and MA indicated the lowest and highest values, respectively. The ρb values of rice varied from 0.77 to 0.88 g/cm3, while the φ values were about 21.1-26.3°. The highest k, Cp, and α values were revealed by varieties of PW (0.115 W/m.K), MB (2.236 MJ/m3.K), and CB (0.099 mm2/s), respectively. It was found that non-white color organic rice varieties, including MB, CB, MA, and HM, showed higher protein and fat contents than white color rice samples such as CH, IR, ST, and PW. The present organic rice samples were categorized as “low” to “intermediate” amylose content with a variety of values from 16.6 to 21.8%.

The Phonological Interference in EFL Reading

The study aimed at exploring the phonological interference made by Pendalungan students in EFL reading, particularly in vowel phonemes. Pendalungan is an assimilation of two majority ethnics in Eastern Java; Java and Madura. Due to the unique characteristics of the language used by this group of community, it is assumed that the errors made by EFL Pendhalungan students might show different patterns as those found in either Javanese and Madurese students. To answer the problem of the research, the descriptive qualitative design was employed. There were eight students who belonged to the Pendalungan community, from a private university in East Java were taken as respondents. The secondary instruments used was an oral test of reading an English text. The finding showed that there were 12 incorrecty pronounced vowels; /ɪ, aʊ, ɔ:, e, Ʌ, əʊ, aɪ, ɪə, ə, ɒ, eɪ, æ/. The finding was analyzed based on the types of phonological interference, namely sound addition, sound omission, and sound replacement. The first two types have the least cases of two for each, while the last type has the most. Furthermore,the phonological interference emerged in the finding is somehow related to the nature of both languages, Javanese and Madurese. Inaccuracy mostly occurs because students pronounce the words as they are written.

Analysis of factors contributing to the dispersal of Casuarina junghuhniana Miq. in a volcanic mountain

Casuarina junghuhniana or mountain ru, she oak or cemara is a species from Indonesia which grows in the highland area at an altitude between 2000 - 3000 m above sea level (asl). One of the highland area in Eastern Java (Jawa Timur) of Indonesia is Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS). The study site was on the Tengger Sea of Sands, Eastern Java, Indonesia where it is affected by volcanic activity. This tree, from some references, has not been well studied yet although it has been reported as a tree native to Indonesia. The lack of the study poses problems when there is a program related to planting the tree on a certain location in TNBTS for rehabilitation purposes. This study attempted to construct a Structural Equation Model that mapped some factors observed in the study site related to C. junghuhniana population. Explored factors for their relationship with each other included the number of male and female individuals, growth-related indicators, and environmental factors consisting of altitude and the tree population. Formative factors which consist of parameters related to growth, environmental factors and factor associated with the diffusion of new individuals, may contribute to population growth while population growth was the opposite. The individual growth might not significantly contribute to the population of C. junghuhniana ; instead, the population growth was affected by the tree individuals. Generative reproduction contributed the least to the dispersal as it may rely more on vegetative reproduction by adventitious shoots from roots.

Topeng Sidakarya Dance; A Man who made it a success

Topeng Sidakarya dance is a masked wali dance originated from the 16th century. A typical old art performance that utilises a mask to express the figure's character. It is believed the art was choreographed after a brief visit of Brahmana Keling, a sage from eastern Java to Bali at the time King Dalem Waturenggong was reigning Gelgel Kingdom. The tour of Brahmana keling to the grand ritual held in the 16th century by king Dalem Waturenggong gave birth to Topeng Sidakarya dance; An art to dedicate Brahmana Keling’s service for Gelgel kingdom. His service had led Bali to reach its prosperous time for an extended period. The dance is recognised by its unique mask characteristics: a white-based colour mask, squinting eyes, black or white moustache, smiling expression and exaggerated overbite teeth. Topeng Sidakarya dance served as a complement of religious rituals based on king Dalem Waturenggong’s decree for the future generation. It is compulsory to perform the sacred art as it carries a symbol that the ceremony has been well-acted, and the organiser would meet their expectation for the ritual.

Short Communication: Preliminary characterization of groundcherry (Physalis angulata) from East Java Province, Indonesia based on morpho-agronomic traits

Abstract. Sadiyah H, Soegianto A, Waluyo B, Ashari S. 2020. Short Communication: Preliminary characterization of groundcherry (Physalis angulata) from East Java Province, Indonesia based on morpho-agronomic traits. Biodiversitas 21: 759-769. Accurate knowledge of the genetic relationships between different germplasms is important for successful crop improvement programs through breeding. This work aimed to i) characterize the groundcherry germplasm collected from the field of eastern Java and Madura Island based on their morpho-agronomic performance, ii) investigate the relationships among the different germplasms, and iii) verify whether simultaneous analysis of quantitative-qualitative data (joint analysis) can reveal new clustering patterns. A total of 26 quantitative and 31 qualitative traits were measured and evaluated for 28 accessions. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to select variables that had significant loading, based on a t-test, for inclusion in cluster analysis. The first clustering method was the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA), which only involved quantitative variables using the Manhattan distance. This method was followed by a joint analysis using Gower dissimilarity. Nonparametric multivariate analysis of variance test showed that four clusters were the optimum number for both methods, but the clusters for each method had different members. The coefficient of variation ranged from 3.9 (fruit pH) to 45.5 (productivity per plant), indicating that improvement in the productivity in groundcherry was promising. The mean values of the morpho-agronomic traits for accessions from eastern Java and Madura Island were not significantly different, except for fruit firmness and the mean length of two internodes. In general, geographic isolation did not have much influence on the characteristics of an accession, since there were accessions from these two regions that were members of the same group, identified by the clustering analysis.

NILAI EDUKASI CANDI JABUNG KECAMATAN PAITON KABUPATEN PROBOLINGGO DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH

Jabung Temple is a historical heritage temple from Majapahit Kingdom in Probolinggo Regency, which is located in Jabung Candi Village, this temple heritage site is still not maximally used in history learning. this study aims to determine the value of education contained in the temple jabung so that it can help in class learning for students. This study is an analytical / descriptive study of the value of education contained in jabung temples. The research site is the jabung candi village in Paiton sub-district where the temple of jabung stands. The research method is by step 1. heuristics (data collection) through the stages of observation, document study, and interviews 2. Criticism of sources 3. Interpretation through qualitative descriptive and 4. Historiography. The study studied was the value of education contained in the temple in its use in historical learning. the result of this research is Jabung Temple called Bajrajinaparamita Candi. Candi Jabung was visited by Maha Raja Hayam Wuruk when traveling east of Java. The journey carried out by the king was followed by the leadership, minister, family and Maha Patih gajah Mada by leading the troops of the parade, the journey also aimed at seeing and uniting the territory of the Majapahit kingdom in the eastern Java region. The area passed by Lasem, Lohdaya, Palah Lawang, Blitar, Jime, Simping, and Kalayu. When you get to Paiton, you can use it as a learning resource in the classroom and as a tangible proof of historical heritage around students. The conclusion is of course there is an educational value contained in this jabung temple in learning history.

Operational soil moisture modeling using a multi-stage approach based on the generalized complementary principle

A higher drought risk in Java Island is generally known than the other regions in Indonesia. Tracking soil moisture can be an alternative way to monitor drought rather than precipitation-based drought indices. The objective of this study was to assess root-zone water storage (defined by root-zone soil moisture contents) based on a linked approach between the generalized complementary relationship (GCR) and a single bucket model in Java Island. Since it does not require precipitation for estimating actual evapotranspiration (ETa), the GCR allowed implementation of a simple single bucket model. The ETa and root-zone soil moisture estimated in this study were compared against the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) and the root-zone water storage additionally compared with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA5 reanalysis data products. Overall, the GCR ETa estimates were higher than those from GLEAM, and similar patterns of the root-zone water storage were found in the comparisons of both GLEAM and ERA5. The comparative evaluation suggests a further study on the adjustment of Priestley-Taylor coefficient value in Java for better application of the GCR. The soil moisture estimated by the single bucket model and the root-zone soil moisture products of GLEAM were highly correlated (0.8 or greater Pearson correlation coefficients). Low root-zone water storage and high ETa rates were found in eastern Java relative to the other areas, indicating high water shortage risks in dry season. This study found that El Niño clearly contributed to the variability of the root-zone water storage in Java especially in wet seasons (December to February). It is also suggested that the proposed approach can be useful to operationally provide soil water availability in Java from readily available meteorological observations.

Immature individuals dominate elasmobranch fisheries of the Bali Strait

Elasmobranchs play an important role in the functioning of marine ecosystems and top-down control in food webs. However, overexploitation threatens elasmobranch populations worldwide. Indonesia is currently the leading elasmobranch fishing nation, yet elasmobranch management in Indonesia is challenging because of the paucity of data on elasmobranch fisheries, especially at a species level. This study examined the elasmobranch fisheries of the Bali Strait by describing the species, sex and size composition of the elasmobranch catch landed at a major port in Eastern Java, Indonesia. Data were collected between August 2017 and March 2018 in Muncar. Elasmobranchs were identified to species level and sexed. The disc width and length of 301 rays and the precaudal length and fork length of 1657 sharks were measured. In all, 53 species were identified, many of which are at conservation risk, including species with national and international protection. Vulnerability to fishing gear varied across sex and size of each species, with immature individuals dominating the catch of most species. The findings emphasise the need for improved management of elasmobranchs in Indonesia and could help identify priorities or form strategies. Additional regional and fisheries-specific research is recommended to develop efficient and locally adapted management strategies.

VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AT MT. BROMO INDONESIA BY USING TIME-SERIES LAND SURFACE DEFORMATION AND GIS

Among the 127 active volcanoes located in eastern Java, Indonesia. Mt. Bromo is the most famous active volcano, type of Mt. Bromo is a strombolian. Many aspects that make volcano an interesting, we conduct a critical and comprehensive study and analysis concerning of volcano eruption based on remote sensing and GIS approaches. Nowadays, remote sensing play an important role to observe volcanic activity and facilitate real-time information. The method used in this study is the determination level of risk in the Mt. Bromo by Pairwise Comparison method. Vulnerability parameters to be obtained from the potential of land deformation, population density, and distance from the volcano dome. In addition, we used SAR data to observe time-series land surface deformation which derived from PALSAR sensor and the images which L-band frequency characteristic on board from Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) with active microwave sensor to achieve cloud-free and day-and-night land observation. The dataset is composed of 24 SAR images, collected from 24 May 2007 to 5 July 2016 (Descending passes, HH polarization). Consequently, the information result has been created and processed at a municipal or city level including thematic maps, the database has been built, classified and analyzed by using GIS environment. The main idea is providing hazard mitigation map at Mt. Bromo to provide adequate guidance for disaster-prone areas to determine the level of disaster risk.

Struktur Populasi Genetik Ayam Hutan Hijau Menggunakan Sekuen Hypervariable 1 D-Loop DNA Mitokondria

Thirty-three individuals from four populations of green junglefowl (Gallus varius) were collected throughout Indonesia: 14 from Central Java, 4 from Eastern Java, 3 from Sumbawa island and 12 from Flores island. The mitochondrial DNA D-loop the samples were analysed for sequence diversity. Twenty-five haplotypes with 28 polymorphic sites were identified within the first hypervariable-1 fragment (397 bp) of the D-loop. Fu’s Fs value was -25.96 (all samples, P=0), indicating high genetic diversity and population expansion; a conclusion supported by a neighbor–joining analysis of the haplotypes. Though sample size per population varied between 3 and 14, the Fs values for the four populations, between -2.20 and -10.76, were all significant (P=0). Only one haplotype was shared between three populations (Central Java, Sumbawa island, and Flores island) by a total of seven individuals. Within populations, only three haplotypes were shared by three individuals. The remaining haplotypes were unique, indicating genetic differentiation between populations as confirmed by significant pairwise Fst values at P=0.05 in four out of the six population pairs (except two pairs of Central Java & Sumbawa island and Flores island & Sumbawa island). The diversity pattern observed at the mtDNA of the green junglefowl provides a baseline which may help to understand the recent population expansions of domesticated chickens from multiple centres of domestications. Our observations also suggest careful interpretation of the results of genetic characterization may be needed when applied to the management and conservation of species like the green junglefowl. As in other multiparous birds and mammals with a short reproductive interval, green junglefowl may have established distinct genetic entities in metapopulations across its geographic distribution.

PENGEMBANGAN POTENSI EKONOMI DAN PENETAPAN SEKTOR UNGGULAN DI PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR WILAYAH UTARA

This research aims to look at the economic potential and determination of superior sectors in the eastern Java province of the north. This research uses the Klassen Typology, Location Quotient, and Shift Share analysis with the help of Microsoft Excel 2013 analysis tool. The data used in this study are East Java Province GRDP Growth Rate, GRDP Growth Rate and GDP per capita in East Java Province in the period 2012 to 2016. The results of the Klassen Typology analysis show that there are in quadrant 1, Bojonegoro district, 2 districts are in quadrant 3 namely Lamungan and Sumenep districts, and there are 5 districts in quadrant 4 namely Tuban district, Ngawi district, Bangkalan district, Sampang district, Sumenep district . In the LQ Analysis results are obtained about the sectors that become the base sector. The result is that Lamungan district has 10 base sectors, Bojonegoro district has 4 base sectors, Tuban district has 7 base sectors, Ngawi district has 5 base sectors, Bangkalan district has 6 base sectors, Sampang district has 4 base sectors, Pamekasan district has 8 sectors base, Sumenep district has 3 base sectors. Furthermore, from the Shift Share analysis, the results of the competitive sector and growing faster than the reference region, namely East Java, namely Lamungan district has 8 sectors, Bojonegoro district has 6 sectors, Tuban district has 7 sectors, Ngawi district has 7 sectors, Bangkalan district has 6 sectors , Sampang district has 7 sectors, Pamekasan district has 7 sectors, Sumenep district has 6 sectors.