Eastern Guangdong Province Research Articles

Molecular epidemiology of G6PD deficiency in Chaozhou area of eastern Guangdong Province

To determine the incidence and molecular characteristics of G6PD deficiency in Chaozhou region of eastern Guangdong Province. G6PD enzyme activity was assayed with an auto-bioanalyzer. Reverse dot blotting (RDB) was used for detecting 6 common G6PD mutations. Samples with no mutation detected by RDB were further sequenced for unknown mutations. The rate of G6PD deficiency was 3.36% (142/4224). 2.33% (47/2013) of males and 4.3% (95/2208) of females were affected. 12 mutations were detected among the 142 patients, which included c.1376G>T, c.1388G>A, c.1024C>T, c.392G>T, c.871G>A, c.95A>G, c.517T>C, c.131C>G, c.1376G>T/c.517T>C, c.871G>A/IVS-1193T>C/c.1311C>T, c.1376G>T/IVS-11, 93T>C/c.1311C>T and c.1376G>T/c.486_34delT (rs3216174). The incidence of G6PD deficiency in Chaozhou region was lower than that of the Hakka population of Guangdong Province, and the mutation types were diversely distributed in this region. c.1376G>T, c.1388G>A and c.1024C>T were the most common mutations, which was followed by c.517T>C. In addition, c.131C>G has been first discovered in the Chinese population. c.1376G>T/c.517T>C and c.1376G>T/c.486_34delT(rs3216174) were new types of compound heterozygous mutations in females.

Chinese in East Timor : Identity, society and economy

Om den kinesiska migrationen till Timor och hur denna har förändrats över tiden.

The Prevalence and Genotype of Human Papillomavirus from Patients with Genital Warts in Eastern Guangdong Province.

Low-risk human papillomavirus (LR-HPV) infection is the main cause of genital warts. LR- HPV genotypes 6 and 11 are associated with genital warts, but there have only been a few published studies about the genotype-specific prevalence of HPV in genital warts in China. The objective of our study was to assess the prevalence of HPV genotypes for clinical cases involving both men and women and to evaluate the potential benefit of a quadrivalent (genotypes 6, 11, 16, and 18) HPV vaccine in eastern Guangdong province of China. A total of 696 eligible patients with genital warts were enrolled during the period Aug 2009 through Oct 2014. Specimens were collected from genital warts, the HPV GenoArray test was used for HPV detection and genotyping, which could detect 21 HPV genotypes, including genotypes 6, 11, 16, and 18. Among the 696 cases, 675 samples were successfully genotyped. The median age of patients was 32.1 years (range, 16-67 years). The most prevalent genotypes were HPV-6 (285/675, 42.2%), HPV-11 (265/675, 39.3%), HPV-52 (52/675, 7.7%), HPV-16 (51/675, 7.56%), HPV-81 (50/675, 7.40%) and HPV-58 (37/675, 5.48%). Low-risk genotypes predominated, with a prevalence of 96.59%. The cumulative prevalence of genotypes 6 and 11 was 78.7% (531/675), the cumulative prevalence of genotypes 16 and 18 was 11.6% (78/675), and the cumulative prevalence of genotypes 6, 11, 16, and 18 was 82.5% (557/675). Our results provide strong evidence that, in eastern Guangdong, different from Western countries, the most prevalent low risk HPV genotypes in patients with genital warts are 6, 11 and 81. The quadrivalent HPV vaccine could prevent 82.5% of genital warts in eastern Guangdong.

Re–Os dating of sulphides from the Yushui Cu-polymetallic deposit in eastern Guangdong Province, South China

The Yushui Cu-polymetallic deposit, which is associated with Ag, Pb, and Zn, is located in the middle part of the Yongan–Meixian Late Paleozoic Hercynian depression. It was discovered in eastern Guangdong Province in the late 1980s and is one of the richest copper deposits in China with high-grade copper averaging 3.25% and locally reaching 50–60%. The main ore body is located along the unconformity between the Upper Carboniferous Hutian Group limestone and the Lower Carboniferous Zhongxin Formation quartz sandstone with a bedded and lenticular morphology. The ores exhibit massive textures dominated by chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, and a trace amount of argentite. Although researchers began studying the Yushui deposit in the early 1990s, the ore genesis remains controversial because of the lack of precise mineralisation age constraints. In this study, direct Re–Os dating of Cu sulphides aided in facilitating a better understanding of the timing of formation of the Yushui deposit. This study is the first attempt to use the Re–Os isotopic system for directly dating chalcopyrite and bornite ores for the Yushui deposit. The contents of Re, common Os, 187Re and 187Os in nine sulphides are 1.68–219.35ppb, 0.003–0.427ppb, 1.05–137.31ppb, and 0.045–0.734ppb, respectively. The isotope data yielded an isochron age of 308±15Ma (mean square weighted deviates=2.4) using the 87Re/188Os–187Os/188Os plot, which is interpreted to represent the age of formation for these sulphides, suggesting that the mineralisation age of the Yushui deposit is close to the age of the host rocks. The 187Os/188Os initial value obtained from the Re–Os isochron is 1.81±0.34, which corresponds to the γOs value of +1349. This value indicates that the ore-forming materials were derived from the crust without mixing with materials from the mantle, and that the Yushui massive sulphide deposit may be of sedimentary exhalative origin.

Variations of annual and seasonal runoff in Guangdong Province, south China: spatiotemporal patterns and possible causes

In this study, we thoroughly analyzed spatial and temporal distributions of runoff and their relation with precipitation changes based on monthly runoff dataset at 25 hydrological stations and monthly precipitation at 127 stations in Guangdong Province, south China. Trends of the runoff and precipitation are detected using Mann–Kendall trend test technique. Correlations between runoff and precipitation are tested using Spearman’s and Pearson’s correlation coefficients. The results indicate that: (1) annual maximum monthly runoff is mainly in decreasing tendency and significant increasing annual minimum monthly runoff is observed in the northern and eastern Guangdong Province. In addition, annual mean runoff is observed to be increasing at the stations located in the West and North Rivers and the coastal region; (2) analysis of seasonal runoff variations indicates increasing runoff in spring, autumn and winter. Wherein, significant increase of runoff is found at 8 stations and only 3 stations are dominated by decreasing runoff in winter; (3) runoff changes of the Guangdong Province are mainly the results of precipitation changes. The Guangdong Province is wetter in winter, spring and autumn. Summer is coming to be drier as reflected by decreasing runoff in the season; (4) both precipitation change and water reservoirs also play important roles in the increasing of annual minimum monthly streamflow. Seasonal shifts of runoff variations may pose new challenges for the water resources management under the influences of climate changes and intensifying human activities.

He‐Ar Isotopic Compositions of Ore‐Forming Fluid from the Yushui Copper – polymetallic Deposit in Eastern Guangdong Province, South China

He‐Ar Isotopic Compositions of Ore‐Forming Fluid from the Yushui Copper – polymetallic Deposit in Eastern Guangdong Province, South China

Metal pollution status in Zhelin Bay surface sediments inferred from a sequential extraction technique, South China Sea

Surface sediments collected from Zhelin Bay, the largest mariculture base of eastern Guangdong Province, were analyzed for total metal concentrations and chemical speciation. The results demonstrated that the average total concentration (mg/kg) ranges were 36.7–65.8 (Pb), 53.8–98.8 (Cr), 39.0–87.1 (Ni), 50.9–144.5 (Cu), and 175.0–251.2 (Zn), which were clearly higher with respect to their corresponding benchmark values. The predominant speciation of Pb was reducible and comprised a residual fraction, whereas a major portion (57.6–95.4%) of Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn was strongly associated with the residual fractions. Taking as a whole, surface sediments of Zhelin Bay had a 21% probability of toxicity based on the mean effects range–median quotient.

Environmental impact factors and mercury speciation in the sediment along Fujian and eastern Guangdong coasts

Concentrations of total mercury (THg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) were determined for 32 surface sediments collected along the coastal line of Fujian Province and eastern Guangdong Province. The spatial distributions of THg and MeHg and their environmental impact factors were investigated. The average concentrations of THg and MeHg in the sediments were 31.5 ng/g and 0.096 ng/g, respectively. Both sediment THg and MeHg concentrations showed relatively high value in the Minjiang Estuary and the coastal areas of Quanzhou and Putian. The concentrations overall decreased as the distance to the shoreline increased. The correlations among environmental impact factors and THg, MeHg were analyzed. The sediment THg concentration was highly correlated to the concentrations of organic matter, copper, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), and significantly correlated to pH value of the bottom seawater and concentration of sediment sulfide. The sediment MeHg concentration was highly correlated to the concentrations of organic matter and copper, and significant correlated to the concentrations of sulfide, TN, TP and pH value of the bottom seawater.

OCPs and PCBs in Marine Edible Fish and Human Health Risk Assessment in the Eastern Guangdong, China

Marine edible fish samples were collected from two important nearshore fishing sites in the eastern Guangdong Province, China: Shantou Harbor and Haimen Bay. In the mixed edible muscle tissues of marine fish samples, the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), chlordanes, and hexachlorobenzene ranged from 1.12 to 53.87, ND (not detected) to 84.01, 0.22 to 7.09, ND to 4.74, and ND to 1.49 ng/g wet weight (ww) in Haimen Bay, respectively, and from ND to 70.35, ND to 164.83, ND to 8.68, ND to 25.61, and ND to 1.76 ng/g ww in Shantou Harbor, respectively. The concentrations of PCBs, DDTs, and HCHs in all samples did not exceed maximum residue limits (China and United States Food and Drug Administration). However, a few fish samples exceed the maximum levels established by the European Union. Daily fish consumption from this region can be of serious concern, and lifetime cancer risk remains a possibility in the studied area.

Chemical weathering and CO<sub>2</sub> consumption in the Wuhua River basin,eastern Guangdong Province

Measurements of physicochemical components in the mainstream and tributaries of the Wuhua River system and application of methods of mass-balance and Pearson correlation analysis were conducted to investigate the atmospheric CO2consumption caused by rocks chemical weathering processes in the subtropical humid mountainous and hill region.Results show that the average concentration(77.11mg/L) of the total dissolved solids within the Wuhua River was close to that(65 mg/L) in the world rivers,dominated by ions of Ca2+,Na+ and HCO-3 and followed by dissolved Si;ions of Ca2+,Na+ and HCO-3 were characterized by the effect of runoff dilution.Chemical runoff in the Wuhua River was dominated by silicate mineral weathering,followed by carbonate mineral.Atmospheric and soil CO2 were major erosive mediums during rocks chemical weathering in the basin,with acids precipitation as the secondary erosive mediums.Comparatively,the atmospheric CO2 consumption flux(2.14×105 mol/(km2·a)) by the rock chemical weathering processes in the Wuhua River basin is lower than that of the world.This is in agreement with the distribution of extensively rocks composed of silicate minerals,sparsely rock containing carbonate minerals.

Epidemiologic Characterization of Human Papillomavirus Infection in Rural Chaozhou, Eastern Guangdong Province of China

BackgroundHuman papilloma virus (HPV) infection was the main cause of cervical cancer. There were only a few reports and detailed data about epidemiological research of HPV infection in rural population of China.Materials and MethodsThe cervical cells of rural Chaozhou women were collected, and multiplex real time PCR was firstly performed to detect high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) infection, which could detect 13 types of HR-HPV (types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, and 68). Then, HPV-positive samples were typed by HPV GenoArray test.ResultsHR-HPV DNA was detected by multiplex real time-PCR in 3830 of 48559 cases (7.89%). There was a peak incidence in age of 55–60 years group, and a lower incidence in who lived in plain group compared with suburban, mountain and seashore group. 3380 cases of HPV positive sample were genotyped, 11.01% (372/3380) cases could not be classified, among the typed 3008 cases, 101 cases were identified without HR-HPV type infection, 2907 cases were infected with one HR-HPV type at least, the 6 most common HR-HPV types in descending order of infection, were type 52 (33.4%, 16 (20.95%), 58 (15.93%), 33 (9.94%), 68 (9.22%) and 18 (8.36%). The combined prevalence of HPV types 16 and 18 accounted for 28.52% of total infection. However, type 52 plus 58 presented 48.23% of total infection. 2209/2907 cases were infected with a single HPV type and 698/2907 cases were infected with multiple types, and multiple infection constituent ratio increased with age, with a peak incidence in age 55–60 years group.ConclusionsOur findings showed low prevalence of HPV vaccine types (16 and 18) and relatively high prevalence of HPV-52 and -58, support the hypothesis that the second-generation HPV vaccines including HPV-52 and -58 may offer higher protection for women in rural Guangdong Province.

The age and tectonic environment of the rhyolitic rocks on the western side of Wuyi Mountain, South China

During the geological survey of the metamorphic rocks in Xingning-Wuhua region on the western side of Wuyi Mountain, South China, we discovered the Neoproterozoic rhyolite and rhyolitic greywacke for the first time that outcrop in the Proterozoic metamorphic rocks near Jingnan Town of Xingning County, eastern Guangdong Province. A systematic research on petrology, geochemistry and geochronology of rhyolitic rocks was conducted to understand their tectonic setting and formation age. The Jingnan rhyolite is interbedded with a coeval greywacke, with a total thickness of 60 m; both rhyolite and greywacke display a similar folding and metamorphic pattern. Meta-rhyolite consists of groundmass and phenocrystals including sanidine, orthoclase, and quartz with distinct undulose extinction; the groundmass has been re-crystallized into fine-grain feldspar, quartz and sericite aggregation. Meta-greywacke is composed of crystallinoclastic grains (sanidine, orthoclase, quartz and oligoclase) and clay groundmass. Zircon grains used for the SHRIMP U-Pb analysis are light brown-colored and euhedral or sub-euhedral. Dating data suggest two age groups; eight grains of magma-type zircon with an idiomorphic form yield an age of 972±8 Ma, and the other seven weakly corroded grains of zircon with euhedral to subeuhedral shape construct an average age of 1097±11 Ma, which were captured from older rocks by an uplifting magma, implying that a late Mesoproterozoic basement exists in the Nanling region. In addition, one Paleoproterozoic age, 2035±11 Ma, is obtained from a rounded detrital zircon, indicating that a Paleoproterozoic thermal event took place in the South China. Geochemically, the Jingnan rhyolitic rocks are characterized by high K2O content, intermediate Al2O3 content, with the ACNK value 0.98–1.11, and belonging to high-K alkaline series. They are rich in ΣREE, Rb, Th and Ce, depleted in Ba, Sr, Eu, Ti, P and Nb-Ta, and with moderate negative Eu and Sr anomalies. These features indicate that the Jingnan volcanic rocks have an affinity of continental arc that is similar to those of acid volcanic rocks in the SE-China Coastal Region, in other words, a Neoproterozoic tectono-magma event might have taken place in the western Wuyi region, leading to an eruption of high-K calc-alkaline granitic magma.

Austro‐boreal disjunctions: a remarkable biogeographical pattern illustrated by Nan Ao Island, Guangdong, China

AbstractAim To document disjunct, insular populations of animals separated from similar conspecifics distributed to the north, inland and upland, and compare this pattern with that historically described for northern Florida and the Florida Keys islands.Location Nan Ao Island is on the Tropic of Cancer 117° E in the South China Sea, eastern Guangdong Province, China. There are archipelagos of islets extending south‐east, and several coastal islets around Nan Ao.Methods Five field surveys were made in 1999–2001. Voucher specimens were tagged, catalogued, and deposited in major museum collections. The comparable Floridian disjunct pattern was researched and described in overview.Results Five species – a toad, two lizards and two snakes – collected on Nan Ao and three satellite islands were added to the two previously documented species – a lizard and a snake – that fit the austro‐boreal disjunct pattern. One lizard and one snake are minor range extensions of a hundred or few km. One snake's Nan Ao population is disjunct by about 450 km and one lizard's by about 550 km. The small, semi‐fossorial, short‐legged toad is the most notable, separated from the main area of its range by about 800 km. This is similar to the greatest distance between north Floridian and Keys disjunct populations.Main conclusions (1) Seven Nan Ao species of terrestrial vertebrates are isolated and disjunct from conspecifics found to the north, upland and inland; this compares to five species showing a similar north Florida to Florida Keys pattern. (2) The Nan Ao species have no conspecifics known from the intervening area whereas four of the five Floridian species have conspecific, but dissimilar, populations in the gap. (3) Nan Ao and its satellite islets were high points on a large coastal plain at glacial maximum. (4) Holocene sea level rise and concomitant global warming may have isolated the Nan Ao relicts that had continuous distributions at glacial maximum. (5) The intervening mainland conspecific populations may have been replaced by tropical species that moved north along the mainland but failed to colonize the islands. (6) If so, significant adaptation to a warmer climate must have occurred to enable survival of the Nan Ao relicts to the present.

Hakka-Chaozhou Instrumental Repertoire: An Analytic Perspective on Traditional Creativity

In both the Hakka and Chaozhou instrumental repertoires, as in most regional repertoires of China, the outside listener is struck not only by the continuity in style among pieces, but also by the similarity in melody. At the root of this perceived melodic similarity lies the historic use of melodic models as bases for new compositions. The 68-beat model examined in this study, which survives under numerous names and variant, is easily the most pervasive structure in South China.1 Yet, to date no in-depth analysis of the underlying principles of melodic variation has appeared in either Chinese or Western scholarship. What is further, few Hakka and Chaozhou performing musicians recognize the melodic relationships that are obvious through analysis. In preparation for this study, I conducted numerous interviews with musicians and scholars of eastern Guangdong province. In one long session on structural similarities apparent to me, the noted Chaozhou zheng performer Lin Maogen responded out of frustration with Westerners always think that Chinese music sounds the same! In fact, each (of the 68-beat variants) is different and unique, and any melodic resemblance amongst them only coincidence. This response I initially dismissed in the light of overwhelming structural evidence to the contrary. However, as this point of view (emphasizing the difference) was confirmed again and again in interviews with other musicians and scholars, it became necessary to re-evaluate the very concepts of melodic similarity and melodic difference as understood by Hakka and Chaozhou musicians. As I will show at the end of this study, Lin Maogen is correct in stating that each piece is different because, in the traditional viewpoint, musical structure is not among the criteria for evaluating melodic relationships. This study is about musical structure. I will, in the conclusion, explain the reasoning behind the traditional Chinese view of melodic difference, but will not attempt to exactly correlate these disparate orientations.

Sinemurian (Early Jurassic) ammonite fauna from the Guangdong region of southern China

An ammonite fauna from the southern coastal volcanic region of the Chinese Jurassic contains representatives of the genera Sulciferites, Coroniceras, Arnioceras, Asteroceras, Eparietites, and Juraphyllites. The ammonite-bearing strata of the Jinji Formation were deposited during the Sinemurian (Bucklandi to Obtusum zones), whereas the lower member has yielded marine Hettangian bivalves. The Jinji Formation is underlain by terrestrial Triassic rocks of the Xiaoping Formation and overlain by terrestrial Middle Jurassic rocks of the Baizushan Group.Correlative Early Jurassic rocks are shown to occur across eastern Guangdong Province, and probably as far north as southern Hunan Province. Although this marine phase of deposition may correspond broadly to a eustatic sea level rise, the exact role of local tectonic events has still to be assessed.