Eastern Forest-Steppe Of Ukraine Research Articles

Adaptive potential of short-stemmed winter bread wheat genotypes in the eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Among the unresolved issues of breeding short-stemmed winter bread wheat genotypes of different ripeness groups, the problem of obtaining high and stable yields without reducing the adaptive potential in the face of limiting environmental factors that periodically occur in different agroecological conditions of cultivation stays relevant. The preliminary identification of suitable sources with a combination of necessary adaptive properties is a crucial step towards the development of highly promising varieties and improvement of the gene pool of plants in Ukraine. The purpose of this study was to find the level of adaptive potential in short-stemmed winter bread wheat genotypes with different vegetation periods, to investigate the plasticity and stability of yields, and to select highly adaptive source material for the conditions of the eastern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. To fulfil this purpose, the study employed general scientific, field, and dispersion methods of scientific cognition. It was found that in the eastern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, among short-stemmed winter bread wheat genotypes, the share of those with the highest genetic potential for adaptability combined with high yields (over 16% of the standard) is highest in the group of mid-ripening varieties and amounts to 53.3%. These include mainly Ukrainian genotypes, namely: Blahodarka Odeska, Zoreslava, Rozdynka Odeska, Kruhozir, Shpalivka (UKR); Ilona (SVK), Urbanus (AUT), and Evklid (FRA). Among the early-ripening samples, the share of such genotypes was 33.3%, and in the group of late-ripening varieties – 13.3%. High yield stability (S2dі=0.0) was inherent in 66.7% of the samples of the early-ripening group, 60% of the mid-ripening group, and 26.7% of the late-ripening group. The identified sources are valuable starting material for the development of new and highly promising winter soft wheat varieties adapted to the growing conditions in the eastern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Agrotechnical methods of increasing the realization of the genetic potential of buckwheat varieties for the conditions of the North Eastern Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Agrotechnical methods of increasing the realization of the genetic potential of buckwheat varieties for the conditions of the North Eastern Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Characteristics of winter spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L.) breeding lines in the eastern forest-steppe of Ukraine

Purpose and Objectives. The aim of our work was to characterize winter spelt lines selected from spelt/bread wheat hybrid combinations by major economically valuable parameters.
 Materials and Methods. Winter spelt (T. spelta) lines derived from crossing NSS 1/02 T. spelta var. duhamelianum line (Serbia) with Oktava T. aestivum variety (Ukraine) at the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine of the Plant Production Institute named after V.Y. Yuriev (PPI) of NAAS of Ukraine were studied. Plants were grown on the experimental farm Elite of the PPI NAAS of Ukraine (Kharkivska Oblast) in 2019-2022. The accessions were sown in plots of 10 m2 of preliminary and competitive trials in four replications within the optimal timeframe. Plants were analyzed for morphological parameters, performance constituents and grain quality. For structural analysis, plants were taken from an area of 0.25 m2 and 20 spikes were analyzed in detail. Studying the spelt lines, we took the following accessions as the check varieties: Yevropa winter spelt variety; Podolianka and Bunchuk winter bread wheat varieties (national standards), Harmonika and Doskonala bred at the PPI NAAS.
 Results and Discussion. The spelt lines were characterized by high winter hardiness, high resistance to powdery mildew and tan rot pathogens (8-9 points), and medium resistance to Septoria (5-6.4 points). They started spring growth more slowly than winter bread wheat. They came into ear simultaneously with Yevropa spelt and Podolianka bread wheat. Plants of the spelt lines were as tall as or slightly shorter than Yevropa plants (check variety). Our observations showed that spelt stems were quite strong and resistant to lodging, despite their length. The tillering coefficient of the spelt lines ranged 1.69 to 1.80, with the mean exceeding Yevropa’s value (1.31), but was lower in comparison with the winter bread wheat varieties. Spikes of the spelt lines were white, loose and awnless. In terms of the spike length and the number of spikelets in the main spike, the spelt lines were inferior to both Yevropa and bread wheat varieties. Spelt kernels were elongated, plump and resembled Doskonala and Podolianka kernels. As to the kernel weight from the main spike, the spelt lines were slightly inferior to Yevropa, Harmonika and Doskonala, but not inferior to Bunchuk and Podolianka (national standards). The thousand kernel weight was high, ranging 47.31 g to 50.44 g. In terms of yield, the spelt lines outperformed the check bread wheat varieties on average by 0.50 t/ha. 1140-16 T. spelta line was most productive, yielding by 0.82 t/ha more than Yevropa and by 0.40 t/ha more than the check winter bread wheat varieties, which was possible due to easy threshing of the accessions. As to quality indicators (protein content in grain, gluten content in flour), the spelt lines were similar to Yevropa and bested the bread wheat varieties, but their sedimentation index was worse than that in the bread wheat varieties.
 Conclusions. The “NSS 1/02 T. spelta var. duhamelianum line (Serbia) / Oktava T. aestivum variety (Ukraine)” turned out to be a promising combination for breeding improvement of winter spelt in terms of yield, winter hardiness and grain quality in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.

Ефективність післясходових гербіцидів залежно від строків застосування в посівах сої в Східному Лісостепу України

Goal. To determine the influence of the timing of application of multi-component postemergence herbicides on crop weediness, yield, and quality of soybean seeds in the conditions of the Eastern Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, weighing, statistical, analytical. Results. According to the results of research in 2017–2019, 15 types of weeds, represented by 4 agrobiological groups — early spring weeds, late spring weeds, biennials, and rhizomes — were found in soybean crops in the conditions of the Eastern Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Cereal annual weeds were dominated by number, and dicotyledonous annual weeds by raw mass. It was established that against the background of the use of anti-dicotyledons drug with the active substance bentazon + acifluorfen (in the phases of primordial leaves, 2 and 4 ternate leaves of soybeans) with a graminicide based on hyzalofop-P-ethyl (in the phase of 5 ternate leaves of soybeans), the technical efficiency of these combinations concerning the total weediness of soybean crops was, respectively: in terms of quantity at the beginning of the growing season — 65.7; 65.0 and 48.8%; by the amount at the end of vegetation — 88.6; 88.0 and 67.5%; by raw mass at the end of the growing season — 86.3; 83.9 and 62.4%. When applying the herbicide with the active substance imazetapir + propakhizafop in the phase of primordial leaves and 2-3 ternate leaves of soybean, the technical effectiveness of the effect on the total weediness of the crops was 81.7 and 58.9%, respectively, at the beginning of the growing season, and 82, 1 and 58.8% — at the end, by raw mass at the end of the growing season — 68.3 and 55.2%. The greatest increase in the yield of soybean seeds was provided by the combination of the herbicide with the active substance bentazon + acifluorfen (primordial soybean leaves) with the drug based on hyzalofop-P-ethyl (5 ternate soybean leaves) — 0.29 t/ha, or 33%, the smallest was provided by the application of the drug with the active substance imazetapir + propakhizafop in the phase of 2–3 ternate soybean leaves (0.12 t/ha, or 13%). In almost all options, with the application of herbicides, the increased collection of protein (by 0.06–0.08 t/ha) and oil (by 0.03–0.04 t/ha) was fixed. Conclusions. The use of anti-dicotyledons herbicide with the active ingredient bentazon + acifluorfen (in the phase of primordial soybean leaves) with a graminicide based on hyzalofop-P-ethyl (in the phase of 5 ternate soybean leaves) is promising for effective control of weeds in crops and ensuring an increase in the yield of soybean seeds in the conditions of the Eastern Forest Steppe of Ukraine.

Soil herbicides in sunflower crops in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Goal. To determine the influence of soil herbicides with different active substances on crop weediness and sunflower seed yield in the conditions of the Eastern Forest Steppe of Ukraine.
 Methods. Field, measuring and weighting, and statistical.
 Results. In 2019, with 13 mm of precipitation in the first period after applying soil herbicides, the effectiveness of herbicides in reducing the number and raw mass of weeds in sunflower crops was 60% and 45%, respectively, and in 2021 with 81 mm of precipitation, it was 89% and 95%. In 2021, there was phytotoxic suppression of culture plants by Kharnes, e.c. (acetochlor, 900 g/l), 2.5 l/ha. Despite this, Kharnes was the most effective in controlling the total number of weeds (91% and 96% for the first and second counts, respectively) and their raw mass (95%). Other preparations provided the following indicators: Proponit 720, EC (propisochlor, 720 g/l), 3.0 l/ ha (by quantity — 84% and 90%, by weight — 84%); Selefit, SC (promethrin, 500 g/l), 4.0 l/ha (by quantity — 79% and 81%, by weight — 70%); Prymekstra TZ Hold 500 SC (S-metolachlor, 312.5 g/l + terbuthylazine, 187.5 g/l), 4.5 l/ha (by quantity — 68% and 73%, by weight — 66%); Stomp 330, e.c. (pendimethalin, 330 g/l), 5.0 l/ha (by quantity — 51% and 63%, by weight — 60%); Komandyr, EC (clomazon, 480 g/l), 0.15 l/ha (26% and 52% by quantity, 37% by weight). Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. was resistant to the above soil herbicides. It was established that sunflower is a powerful competitor in agrophytocenosis. Its share in the total raw mass of agrophytocenosis, depending on the period of accounting, was from 65.8 to 82.0%, and in dry mass — from 61.8 to 80.2%. In addition, it was established that losses of the sunflower crop from weeds coincide with the specific share of weeds in the total mass of the agrophytocenosis. Soil herbicides provided the following increases in the yield of sunflower seeds (t/ha): Kharnes — 0.53; Proponit 720 — 0.46; Stomp 330 — 0.44; Prymekstra TZ Hold 500 SC and Selefit — 0.39; Komandyr — 0.17. It was found that sunflower was the most tolerant to Stomp 330, and the least — to Komandyr.
 Conclusions. In terms of the level of weed death in sunflower crops and the increase in the yield of its seeds, Kharnes was the best among soil herbicides, and Komandyr was the worst.

Особливості технології вирощування гібридів соняшнику кондитерського типу в умовах східної частини Лісостепу України

Purpose. To evaluate the effects of the plant density and fertilizer dose on the yield and thousand seed weight in F1 confectionary sunflower hybrids. Methods. Field, laboratory and mathematical statistical methods were used. Results. The average yield of confectionery sunflower hybrids grown at a density of 28,600 plants/ha exceeded their yield at a density of 20,400 plants/ha by 0.01–0.43 t/ha, depending on the study year and fertilizer dose. The average thousand seed weight at the density of 20,400 plants/ha exceeded that at the density of 28,600 plants/ha by 6.0–14.8 g. The greatest increase in the yield and thousand seed weight was achieved when fertilizers were applied at a dose of N45P45K45: +0.21 t/ha and +6.5 g to the control (without fertilizers), respectively, at the density of 28,600 plants/ha; +0.18 t/ha and +5.4 g to the control, respectively, at the density of 20,400 plants/ ha. The maximum seed yield was produced by hybrid Forsazh: 3.97 t/ha (2016, 28,600 plants/ ha, N45P45K45). Confectionery hybrids Hudvin and Nasoloda had the maximum values of the thousand seed weight: 123.0 and 121.2 g, respectively (2018, 20,400 plants/ha, N45P45K45), which exceeded the thousand seed weight of the check large-fruited variety by 7.2 and 5.4 g, respectively. In the dry year (2017), the thousand seed weight in Hudvin and Nasoloda grown at the density of 20,400 plants/ha was higher than 95.6 g. In the wet year (2020), the thousand seed weight in Hudvin and Nasoloda, even at the density of 57,100 plants/ha, amounted to 88.6–92.5 g. Conclusions. The seed yield and thousand seed weight of the confectionary sunflower hybrids are significantly influenced by plant density, fertilizer dose and weather conditions during the growing period. The highest yield and thousand seed weight were recorded when fertilizers were applied at the dose of N45P45K45: 3.97 t/ha (at 28,600 plants/ha) and 123 g (at 20,400 plants/ha), respectively. The confectionery sunflower hybrids ensured high yields and high-quality confectionary seeds in Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.

Energy productivity of common bicolour sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moenh) and soryz (Sorghum orysoidum) depending on seeding rates

Topicality. Recently, attention is being increasingly focused on the search for energy resources produced from renewable energy sources, namely from plant raw materials. There are increasingly relevant studies on the influence of elements of cultivation technology, in particular, seeding rates, on the formation of productivity of common bicolour sorghum and soryz used for biofuel production. There are increasingly relevant studies on the influence of elements of cultivation technology, in particular, seeding rates, on the formation of productivity of common bicolour sorghum and soryz used for biofuel production. In the eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, the productivity of these crops largely depends on the variety, environmental conditions and elements of cultivation technology. Optimisation of seeding rates is one of the ways to increase grain and biomass yield and biofuel and energy output. Purpose. Our research aimed to determine the impact of sowing rates on the energy productivity of common bicolour sorghum and soryz in the conditions of the eastern Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. In 2016–2020, the research was carried out at the Ivanivka Research and Breeding Station of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet of NAAS in the unstable moisture zone of the eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine The experimental design included: factor A – varieties Dniprovskyi 39 (common bicolour sorghum) and Samaran 6 (soryz); factor B - seeding rates: 1) 150 ths. pcs/ha; 2) 200 ths. pcs/ha; 250 ths. pcs/ha. Results. It was found that the different seeding rates have an impact on grain and biomass yield of sorghum and soryz, respectively, and on the estimated yield of bioethanol from grain, solid fuel yield from aboveground mass and total energy output. The maximum grain and biomass yield was obtained at a seeding rate of 200 ths. pcs/ha and was 6.8 and 39.2 t/ha for common bicoloured sorghum of Dniprovskyi 39 variety and 5.9 and 36.1 t/ha for soryz of Samaran 6 variety. Conclusions. Dneprovsky 39 variety provided the highest output of bioethanol (2.24 t/ha) and energy (56.04 GJ/ha), and Samaran 6 variety – 1.95 t/ha and 48.63 GJ/ha, respectively. Sorghum has the highest output of solid fuel and energy – 9.06 t/ha and 147.6 GJ/ha, and soryz – 8.34 t/ha and 135.93 GJ/ha, respectively. For the production of biofuel and energy resources, the cultivation of common bicolour sorghum with a seeding rate of 200 ths. pcs/ha is more efficient. Key words: variety, yield, grain, biomass, bioethanol, solid fuel, energy

The influence of fertilizers on the damage of spring barley plants by intrastalk pests and grain yield

Goal. To study the population and harmfulness of intrastalk pests in the agrocenosis of spring barley depending on the use of fertilizers.
 Methods. The investigations was carried out in a stationary field, fixed nine-course-fallow-grain-row crop rotation at the Department for Plant Production and Cultivar Investigations of the Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya. Yuriev of the National Academy of Sciences (Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine) during 2011—20.
 Results. During the years of research, the species composition of intrastalk pests was represented by: Oscinella pusilla Mg., O. frit L., Chaetocnema hortensis Geoffr., and Mayetiola destructor Say. Oscinella pusilla Mg. and O. frit L. dominated, damage to shoots by their larvae varied from 1.9% (2016) to 61.1% (2013). Damage to shoots by Chaetocnema hortensis Geoffr. larvae ranged from 0.4% (2015) to 35.5% (2011). The greatest damage to shoots by the larvae of Mayetiola destructor Say. was registered in 2018 — 5.7%. Application of fertilizers (manure 6.6 t/ha of the crop rotation area, aftereffect, and mineral fertilizers in the norm N30P30K30 or N45P45K45) provided increased resistance of spring barley plants to damage by pests. On the average over 2011…2020 year period, in the block without fertilizers, damage to shoots by Oscinella pusilla Mg. and O. frit L. larvae was 21.6%, in the fertilized block — 19.3% (decrease at the tendency level). At the tillering stage, the undamaged shoots on the background without fertilizers was 72.5%, on the fertilized background — 76.1% (difference at the tendency level). A reliable converse average correlation was established between the damage of shoots by intrastalk pests and the grain yield of spring barley (r = –0.5). Averaged over ten years, the grain yield in the block without fertilizers was 3.25 t/ha, with the application of fertilizers — 4.69 t/ha, there was a difference of 30.7%.
 Conclusions. The positive role of fertilizers in regulating the number of intrastalk pests of spring barley and increasing grain yield was established.

Weediness of corn for grain crops by cultivation in the stationary crop rotation and permanent crops in the Eastern Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Goal. To determine the species composition of weed plants and their dominant role, to establish the type and level of weediness of corn crops for grain grown in stationary crop rotation and monoculture in the conditions of the Eastern Forest Steppe of Ukraine.
 Methods. The research was carried out by route surveys of crops in field experiments.
 results. Аccording to the research data in 2011—2017 in corn sowing for grain found 33 types of weedy pollinators that belonged tо 17 families and contaminants were found in corn for grain crops, of which the most common were Asteraceae (9 species), Poaceae (4 species) and Polygonaceae (4 species). There were found 25% fewer species of weed plants (24 species) in corn for grain crops in monoculture than in crop rotation (32 species). Among weed plants, spring early and late species prevailed (65.6% — in crop rotation; 62.5% — in monoculture). The main types of weeds (occurrence of the species from 78 to 100%) in crop rotation were Setaria glauсa (L.) Beauv., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Roem. et Schult., Chenopodium album L., Amaranthus retroflexus L, Solanum nigrum L., Polygonum lapathifolium L., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Convolvulus arvensis L., and in monoculture — C. album, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Xanthium strumarium L., C. arvense. According to the sum of the shares of dominance and subdominance among weed plants, C. arvense prevailed in crop rotation (78%), and X. strumarium prevailed in monoculture (100%). The type of weediness in corn for grain crops in crop rotation differed annually from the type of weediness in monoculture. For the most part, cereal annual weed species prevailed in crop rotation, and dicotyledonous weed species prevailed in monoculture. Under conditions of crop rotation, a lower level of weediness was observed almost every year than in monoculture.
 Conclusions. The type of weediness in crops of corn for grain in crop rotation differs from the type of weediness in monoculture. for the most part, cereal annual weed species predominate in crop rotation, and dicotyledonous weed species predominate in monoculture.

Influence of predecessors on species diversity of weeds in winter wheat crops in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Goal. Determine the species composition of weeds, their dominant role and establish the type and level of weediness of winter wheat crops by cultivation on black fallow, after peas for grain and winter wheat as forecrops in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.
 Methods. The research was carried out by means of route surveys in field experiments located in a stationary nine-field steam-grain-row crop rotation and in a monoculture of winter wheat.
 Results. In total, according to the results of research in 2011—17, 63 species of weeds were found in crops. In the conditions of crop rotation in the fields of winter wheat after black fallow and peas for grain, 50 species and 45 species were found, respectively, and in monoculture — 41 species. The largest number of spring early and late weeds (41—49%), and the second and third places were occupied by wintering, winter and biennial (33—37%) and perennial (18—22%). The main weeds in the crops were: after black fallow — Setaria glauсa, Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus, Solanum nigrum, Fumaria officinalis, Polygonum lapathifolium, Cyclachaena xanthifolia, Delphinium consolida, Viola arvensis, Erigeron canadensis, Cirsium arvense; after peas for grain — S. glauсa, Echinochloa crus-galli, C. album, A. retroflexus, S. nigrum, F. officinalis, P. lapathifolium, Stachys annua, Malva neglecta, Polygonum aviculare, D. consolida, Thlaspi arvense, V. arvensis, C. arvense, Convolvulus arvensis; after winter wheat — S. glauсa, E. crus-galli, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Fallopia convolvulus, Lactuca serriola, Capsella bursa-pastoris, D. consolida, Matricaria inodora, Crepis tectorum. In winter wheat crops, the largest share of dominance and subdominance, respectively, were Solanum nigrum L. (71%) and Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. (71%) after peas for grain. The type of weediness of winter wheat crops depended on the predecessor. In monoculture, there was a higher level of weediness of winter wheat than in crop rotation.
 Conclusions. Rational selection of predecessors creates the basis for successful weed control in winter wheat crops.

Evaluation of sunflower starting material for breeding-valuable traits

Purpose. To evaluate self-pollinated sunflower lines for major breeding-valuable and agronomically useful traits in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.
 Materials and methods. Fourteen self-pollinated sunflower lines of different genetic origins were studied. The field and laboratory experiments were conducted in accordance with traditional methods. The pollen viability from the fertile sunflower lines was determined by the tetrazole method.
 Results and discussion. Of the studied sunflower genotypes, five genotypes were distinguished: Skh808А/Kh1002B, Skh808А, Kh785V, and Kh06135V. They had the highest head productivity of 30.0–57.8 g (1.7–3.3 t/ha) in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. We confirmed other scientists’ results on leaf death and absence of correlation between the plant height, LSI and productivity (r = 0.05; -0.11; -0.13, respectively). It was noted that LSI was important for oil content in seeds and negatively correlated with it (r = -0.57). As to the “shooting-anthesis” period, Skh808А has the shortest period of development (60 days) and KhNAU1133V – the longest one (75 days). The sunflower lines obtained via mutagenesis gave low yields (0.5 t/ha). Kh06134V was distinguished due to its pollen viability, as this line produced the largest amount of viable pollen grains (64.5%).
 Conclusions. The main features of the growth and development of sunflower lines in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine were determined. The main breeding and economically useful features of the sunflower lines were assessed. Owing to the study, the Skh808А/Kh1002B, Skh808А, Kh785V, and Kh06135V genotypes with the best productivity and quality were singled out. The Kh06134V line, which produced the largest amount of viable pollen grain, was identified.

Sowing rate effect the performance and seed quality of pea cultivars in the eastern forest-steppe of Ukraine

Sowing rate effect the performance and seed quality of pea cultivars in the eastern forest-steppe of Ukraine

Variability of soybean yield and seed quality depending on environmental hydrothermal factors

Variability of soybean yield and seed quality depending on environmental hydrothermal factors

Нодуляційна здатність, маса рослин та врожайність сої залежно від комплексного застосування препаратів

Goal. To determine the complex effect of biological preparations, seed disinfectants, postgermination herbicides, fungicides, and plant growth regulators on the number and weight of nitrogen-fixing nodules, plant weight, and yield of soy seed in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, analytical and statistical. Results. Weather conditions during the years of research significantly affected the indicators of the number and raw weight of tubers, the raw weight of plants, and the level of the yield of soy seeds. The effect of drugs of biological and chemical origin on these indicators differed significantly over the years of research. On average, in 2016–2018, no evidence of negative effects on the number and raw weight of nodules on the roots of soy plants in all variants of the experiment was detected from the use of biological and chemical preparations. Their maximum amount (97.9 pcs.) and raw weight (1.18 g) on the 1st plant were formed when used against the background of post-germination herbicides (Tabezon, 2.0 l/ha + Formula, 6 g/ha + surfactant Trend 90, 0.2 l/ha — tank mix (primordial soy leaves) + Lemur, 1.5 l/ha (2–3 trifoliate soy leaves) of the fungicide Akanto Plus 25, 0.75 l/ha in the phase of budding and formation of beans. The maximum raw weight of 1 soy plant (45.9 g) was formed at the use of the studied herbicides on the background of pre-sowing inoculation of seeds with the biological product Biokompleks-BTU, 1.0 l/t. The increase in soy seed yield increased the most (0.28 t/ha, or 20.7%) compared to the absolute control (weed sowing without the use of biological and chemical drugs) for the application of the above composition of post-germination herbicides against pre-sowing seed treatment with fungicide insecticide Standak Top, 1.0 l/t. Conclusions. The complex application of biological and chemical preparations in the technological process of seed treatment and crop spraying is promising for stimulating the symbiotic activity of plants and increasing the yield of soy seeds in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.

GENETIC RESOURCE OF THE BLACKTHORN OR SLOE (PRUNUS SPINOSA L.) WITH VALUABLE ECONOMIC SIGNS FOR BREEDING ON YIELD AND QUALITY

The analysis of literature data allowed to highlight the importance of the plant Prunus spinosa L. as a valuable source material in the selection of stone crops and its fruits as raw materials for the food and pharmaceutical industries. Leading scientists have obtained a significant number of valuable forms and varieties of terrain, in particular in Ukraine created a variety Donets’kyy krupnyy, in the CIS such varieties as Desertnyy, Velykoplidnyy, Sverkhobilnyy, Sladkiy and others. The analysis of theoretical bases revealed that it is important in the selection of Prunus spinosa L. to involve wild species and forms with different ploidy, in particular the use of hexaploid Prunus spinosa L. avoids the stage of pentaploid hybrids in F1. It is noted that fruit juice called blackthorn or sloe is effective for the prevention of intestinal parasites, dysentery, nonspecific colitis, food poisoning, and also has antiviral and antibacterial properties, which is relevant during pandemics. Original data on the results of expeditionary research of the staff of the Institute of Horticulture of NAAS, conducted in the ecosystems of Polissya and Forest-Steppe of Ukraine are highlighted. It is shown that as a result of analytical selection and fruitful cooperation with amateur gardeners, valuable source material of Prunus spinosa L. was selected and studied. Selected clones of Prunus spinosa L. were introduced to the hospital of the Institute of Horticulture of NAAS, where during 2017-2021 it was studied by morphological features and biological properties. It was found that the forms selected in the conditions of Polissya and Northern Forest-Steppe are characterized by tallness (over 2.5 m), resistance to low negative temperatures, large-fruitedness and increased fruit weight (Nosivs’ky 1-17, Nosivsk’y 2-17, Horokhivs’ky 1-20). Forms selected in the conditions of both Western and Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine are characterized by short stature (height up to 1.6 m), absence of thorns, resistance to moisture deficiency in spring and summer, yield and excellent taste and aroma of fruits (Brodivs’ky 17-19, Mukshans’ky 2-14, Poltava late, Halyts’ky 07-21, Poltavs’ky 2-17). Abundant fruiting of new forms of Prunus spinosa L. in 2021 allowed to harvest fruit from them and evaluate the morphological characteristics and biochemical parameters. The obtained data allowed to single out the most valuable in terms of fruit quality and suitability for food production.

Formation of structural elements and yield of beans depending on the variety and pre-sowing treatment of seeds in the Eastern Forest-steppe of Ukraine

The article presents the results of studies on the effect of the bacterial preparation Rizogumin (based on nitrogen-fixing bacteria Rhizobium phaseoli) on the structural elements and grain yield of four standard varieties of beans in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Introduction. In the context of reforming the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine and reducing the production of livestock products, the production of high-protein crop products has acquired great importance. As a consequence, in recent years, the demand for seeds of leguminous crops, in particular beans, has sharply increased. The use of beneficial microorganisms in the technology of growing beans makes it possible to significantly reduce the use of mineral fertilizers, to produce environmentally friendly products and is one of the most effective methods of increasing its yield. The aim of research is to establish the effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with Rizogumin on the structural elements and yield of standard varieties of beans in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Materials and research methods. The study of the influence of Rizogumin on the structure and yield of various varieties of beans was carried out on the basis of the "Experimental field" URPC of the Kharkiv National Agrarian Universitynamed after V.V. Dokuchaev. The experiment studied the effect of seed inoculation with Rizogumin on the yield of four varieties of common beans for grain use: Pervomayskaya, Dokuchaevskaya, Mavka and Panna. Research results and their discussion. In average for 2018-2020 studies, pre-sowing treatment of seeds with a bacterial preparation ensured the formation of a more optimal ratio of structural elements of the yield in comparison with the control. So, during bacterization of seeds, the number of grains per plant in the Pervomayskaya variety was 21.3 pcs., in the Dokuchaevskaya variety - 20.3, in the Mavka variety - 24.9, in the Panna variety - 20.5 pcs.; on control - respectively 19.0, 18.1, 22.8, 18.9 pcs. If, when using Rizogumin, the weight of 1000 grains in these varieties reached 243, 245, 229, 272 g, then in the control - 238, 240, 226 262 g, respectively. Due to the better plant survival, the local varieties of beans Pervomayskaya and Dokuchaevskaya had a greater density of plants before harvesting: in the control - 40 pieces / m2, in the variant with inoculation - 41 pieces/m2; in the varieties Mavka and Panna, according to the variants of the experiment, 3 plants less were preserved per 1 m2. It has been found that, on average, for three years of research, the yield of beans of the Pervomaisk variety was 1.81 t/ha, the Dokuchaevskaya variety - 1.73, the Mavka variety - 1.89, the Panna variety - 1.81 t/ha. The greatest increase in yield was obtained in the varieties Pervomayskaya and Dokuchaevskaya - 0.16 t/ha each. The varieties Mavka and Panna formed a smaller increase in yield due to inoculation - 0.13 t/ha each. Key words: common beans, variety, pre-sowing seed treatment, structural elements, yield.

ХIМIЧНИЙ ЗАХИСТ ПШЕНИЦІ М’ЯКОЇ ОЗИМОЇ ВІД КОРЕНЕВИХ ГНИЛЕЙ

We are given research results of the effectiveness of pre-sowing treatment of soft winter wheat seeds with combined chemical fungicides against root rot and its influence on grain yield in the eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The research results shown that development degree of root rots as Helminthosporium (Bіpolarіs so-rokіnіana Shoemaker) and Fusarіum (Fusarіum Lіnk.) in control variant without fertilizers and protection at the spring tillering stage was 10.1 % with a prevalence of 22.6 %. In meteorological and phytosanitary con-ditions of research years, the intensity of root rots development in the spring tillering stage was reduced with pre-sowing seed treatment from 3.9 (Vitavax 200 FF standard) to 0.1% (Lamardor Pro). The technical effi-ciency of the pesticides was for Insure Perform - 69.7 %; Scenic - 77.4 %; Vincit Forte - 77.9 %; Lamardor 400 and Lamardor Pro - at the level of 78.3-78.8 %; Vitavax 200 FF standard - 50.0%, compared to the un-fertilized control. In the grain dough stage, pesticides were ineffective. Grain yield in unfertilized control was 6.64 t/ha, and in the fertilized control - 7.37 t/ha, which is 10 % more. The combined action of fertilizers and pre-sowing seed treatment significantly increased grain yield gain - from 0.78 (Vitavax 200 FF) to 1.15 t/ha (Scenik), or by 11.7–17.3 %. Seed dressing with Vincit Forte, Insure Perform, Lamardor 400, Lamardor Pro and Scenic resulted to obtain the relatively net profit of 795, 687, 763, 139 and 857 UAH/ha, respectively. Lamardor 400, Insure Perform and Vincit Forte provided the highest profitability of 119 %, 93 % and 78 %, respectively. Keywords: soft winter wheat, root rots, systemic seed dresser, technical effectiveness, yield.

Efficiency of insecticides against the sucking phyllophages in apple orchards on drip irrigation in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

The effect of insecticides on the main pests of apple leaves has been studied. Nine species of phyllophagous insects have been identified. The green apple aphid (Aphis pomі (De Geer, 1773)) and the apple leaf midge (Dasineura mali (Kieffer, 1904)) were of economic importance. Insecticides of different chemical classes (neonicotinoids and ketoenols) were used against the pests. The studied chemical preparations had a high protective effect against the aphids and the gall midge larvae. Movento 100SC, CS (2.0 l/ha) was the most effective insecticide, it had a technical efficiency ranges from 92.6 to 100.0% against the aphid and 86.5–99.1% against the gall midge larvae. The effect of insecticides on the pests varied by year and apple variety. The following averaged data on technical efficiency against the aphid have been obtained: Mospilan, SP (0.3 kg/ha) — 83.3–100.0%, Tamer, SP (0.3 kg/ha) — 90.0–96.4%, Koginor, SL (0.3 l/ha) — 91.3–98.5%, Konfidor 200 SL (0.3 l/ha) — 91.4–97.1%. These insecticides was effectively of 81.1–98.2, 88.9–97.8, 82.8–97.0, and 83.3–97.1% respectively against the larvae of the apple leaf gall midge.

Productivity of sweet sorghum (Sorghum saccharatum L.) depending on the elements of plant сultivation technology for biofuel in the zone of insufficient moisture in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To reveal the influence of harvest timing of biomass of sweet sorghum various varieties and hybrids on their productivity and biofuel yield in the zone of insufficient moisture in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.
 Methods. Biological (conducting field research during 2017–2020) and statistical (descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, correlation and regression analyzes).
 Results. The lowest yield of sweet sorghum green biomass was during harvesting in early August. In ‘Sylosne 42’ and ‘Favoryt’ varie­ties it was 52.6 and 61.1 t/ha, in ‘Medovyi F1’ and ‘Dovista’ hybrids – 76.3 and 77.7 t/ha, respectively. The postponement of harvesting to mid-September allows increasing the yield of varieties ‘Favoryt’ and ‘Sylosne 42’ to 97.1 and 103.5 t/ha, ‘Dovista’ and ‘Medovyi F1’ hybrids up to 146.6 and 132.9 t/ha, respectively. With even later harvesting periods, an increase in the yield of green biomass was observed only in ‘Dovista’ (up to 152.5 t/ha). In the full ripening phase (BBCH 92–98), sugar sorghum plants accumulate the maximum amount of sugars in the sap. The highest cap sugar content was in plants of ‘Medovyi F1’ hybrid – 17.5%, in the other studied cultivars it varied from 14.8 to 15.5%. The hi­g­hest yield of biofuel and energy per unit area was achieved with gro­wing ‘Dovista’ (up to 815.8 GJ/ha) and ‘Medovyi F1’ (up to 792.0 GJ/ha) hybrids. Despite the high level of plasti­city, ‘Favoryt’ variety is inferior in total energy yield (up to 547.2 GJ/ha). ‘Sylosne 42’ has the lowest plasticity index (b = 0.79); however, it is the most stable variety, which allows to obtain a stable, though not high, energy yield (up to 559.6 GJ/ha).
 Conclusions. In the zone of insufficient moisture in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, the hi­ghest productivity indicators and the maximum energy potential can be provided by the hybrids of sweet sorghum ‘Dovista’ and ‘Medovyi F1’ for their harvesting not earlier than the phase of full maturity

Вплив змінних гідротермічних умов на поживний режим чорнозему типового та ефективність побічної продукції як добрива

Goal. To determine patterns of formation of the main and by-products of crop production on typical chornozem. To assess the use of low-value parts of the crop for fertilizer in the system of organic farming. Methods. During an experiment established in 1962, 16 variants of field crop rotations were studied. An organic system of agriculture was applied with the use of only by-products of the crop for fertilizer: grain straw and sugar beet tops. Results. With long-term use of by-products without the use of mineral fertilizers in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on typical chornozem, legumes, on average, provide grain yield up to 2 t/ha, annual grasses — at the level of 15 t/ha green mass, and corn for silage up to 25 t/ha. The grain yield of winter wheat on pure fallow is 4.21 t/ha, after peas — 3.66, and after the rank — 3.42 t/ha with fluctuations in its ratio with straw from 1:1.2 to 1:1.7. The yield of sugar beet roots has an average level of 27 t/ha in the ratio of tops 1:0.4. The average grain yield of buckwheat is 1.2-1.3 t/ha in the absence of correlation with straw biomass, with fluctuations in the ratio between them from 1:1.6 to 1:3.5, and an average value of 1:2.2. The yield of spring barley after sugar beet and buckwheat had an average of 2.16 and 1.99 t/ha for the ratio of straw 1:1.34 and 1:1.35. Conclusions. Analysis of yield data in terms of the impact of crop rotations of the first crops on subsequent ones shows that predecessors mostly affect winter wheat and sugar beet. The obtained results make it possible to determine the production volumes of crop by-products according to the yield data of the main products to use them for fertilizer in the system of organic production.