Eastern Cities Research Articles

Does broadband infrastructure promote urban innovation? Evidence from “Broadband China” demonstration policy

Broadband infrastructure plays a key role in supporting innovation. This paper takes the “Broadband China” demonstration policy as a quasi-natural experiment, adopts the data of 284 cities and multi-phase Difference-in-Differences (DID) approach to explore the impact of broadband infrastructure on urban innovation. We find that broadband infrastructure significantly boosts urban innovation, the increase of internet penetration rate and the development of information technology industry are the two influence channels. Heterogeneity tests show that the boosting effect of broadband infrastructure on innovation are stronger in eastern cities, large cities, key cities and cities with better educational resources. We also find that broadband infrastructure plays a stronger role in promoting radical innovation than incremental innovation, and the “Broadband China” demonstration policy produces a positive spillover effect on nearby cities' innovation.

Text, Short Video, or Long Video? Effects of Attention to Various Types of Social Media on Public Knowledge of Dual Carbon: A Multigroup Comparison Based on Environmental Concern Levels

ABSTRACT Drawing upon the cognitive mediation model, this study aims to investigate the factors that influence public knowledge of dual carbon in China. Using data collected from a survey of 500 participants living in western, eastern, central, northern, and southern cities in China, the study found that attentions to different types of social media were positively associated with elaboration and interpersonal communication. Furthermore, elaboration positively affected factual knowledge about dual carbon, perceived familiarity with dual carbon, and structural knowledge about dual carbon, while interpersonal communication only positively affected structural knowledge. The multigroup analysis demonstrated that the effects of (a) elaboration on factual knowledge and (b) interpersonal communication on structural knowledge were more pronounced among participants with high environmental concern than among those with low environmental concern. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

From Constantinople to the South Caucasus: Deciphering the urban landscape in John Dos Passos’s travel memoir “Orient Express”

This article examines a highly-regarded but little-studied work of the major American novelist John Dos Passos, the travel memoir Orient Express (1927), the account of a 1922 journey from Constantinople, through the South Caucasus and through Iran and Iraq to the Levant. Situating Orient Express within the development of Dos Passos’s distinctive brand of experimental, modernist prose culminating in the U.S.A. trilogy (1930–1937), attention is drawn to the visual and auditory landscapes of the text. Dos Passos’s use of various modernist devices in his portrayal of Near Eastern cities — including the use of overlapping perspectives, interacting planes of light and color, the observer-in-motion and the superimposition of real and imagined city landscapes — approach what has been termed the “proto-cubist” or “proto-expressionist” effect typical of his urban American novels. Orient Express is also characterized by its unique auditory landscape, a patchwork of overheard speech which prefigures Dos Passos’s mature conception of a fragmentary, “objective” art in which authorial agency consists primarily in ordering various strands of external discourse. These verbal and material planes, image and history, intersect in a crucial meditation on material artifacts abandoned by their owners in the wake of the Red Army’s invasion of Georgia, which reflects a conception of the “the writer’s vital role in opposing the dehumanizing impact of mechanization,” and provides important context for the much remarked-upon transition in Dos Passos’s political views toward the end of the 1930s.

Spatiotemporal Changes of Evapotranspiration in Cities along the Yellow River Basin in Shandong Province from 2000 to 2018

Steapotranspiration is an important component of land surface water circulation and surface energy balance. The study of the spatial and temporal change of the cities along the Yellow River basin in Shandong Province is conducive to explore the regional water circulation and the response of the river basin to climate change. Based on the evapotranspiration data, the spatiotemporal distribution and change characteristics of evapotranspiration in cities along the Yellow River basin in Shandong Province from 2000 to 2018 were analyzed. The results show that (1), the mean value of evaporation in the Yellow River in Shandong Province from 2000 to 2018 was 469.43 mma-1, with large annual variation; (2) high in spring and summer, low in autumn and winter; (3) the highest spatial distribution in July; (5) the decreasing in Jining, Heze, Taian, Zibo, Jinan, Dongying, Liaocheng, Binzhou and Dezhou; and (6) increasing in eastern cities along the Yellow River; the decrease in the west.

Городские поселения Дальнего Востока в итогах десятилетнего приоритета демографии

In the last decade, the problems of socio-economic development of the Far East have acquired a special geopolitical factor. The President of Russia has outlined the general trend of the country’s development – a turn to the east. Significant financial and managerial resources are being invested in the region. The most important factor in the development of the territory is declared to be demographic population growth through improving the quality of life of people in its broadest interpretation. Today we can state that this indicator has not been achieved in most regions, with the exception of only a fifth of the targeted territories. The object of the study is the urban settlements of the Far East in their territorial development; the subject of the study is the population of urban settlements as a factor of territorial development. The purpose of the study is to analyze the factors of urban growth points and explore the development of promising solutions to improve the demographic situation. Objectives of the study: analysis of population dynamics in Far Eastern cities and similar territories; typification of factors in the formation of the population of urban areas; development of proposals for their sustainable development. It is concluded that there are insufficient measures to improve the demographic situation of the Far East. The territories of the region are developing unevenly, inequality among themselves and with the European part of the country, is smoothed out too slowly, which leads to an even greater lag of the periphery from the federal and regional centers. All this is reflected, first of all, in population migration, which has been negative for many years. In addition to general regional policy measures and job creation in the region, it is proposed to pay attention to employment in cities, and not only in service activities. These are jobs in new industrial “urban clusters”, as points of growth and modernization of the region, anchor territories for the working population. In fact, we are talking about new industrialization and real jobs. The research methodology is based on the concept of “center-periphery” (“core-periphery”) and the typology method. Industry scientific methods are used: cartographic, statistical and comparative

Effects of expanding imports on urban manufacturing employment: Evidence from China.

Full employment is important to promote the high-quality development of the urban economy. Using urban-level data on China from 2004 to 2018, we analyse the effects and mechanism of expanding imports on urban manufacturing employment. We use the Guiding Opinions on Strengthening Import to Promote Balanced Development of Foreign Trade issued by the China State Council in 2012 as a natural experiment to solve the endogeneity problem. We find that expanding imports significantly increases urban manufacturing employment. This conclusion is still robust after a series of robustness tests. Further mechanism tests reveal that productivity improvements and upgrades to product quality from expanding imports can explain increased urban manufacturing employment. The results of the heterogeneity analysis show that expanding imports promote manufacturing employment in large and medium-sized cities but not small cities. Expanding imports increases employment in manufacturing in cities in different regions, with the largest effects on eastern cities, the second largest effects on western cities, and the smallest effects on central cities. These results suggest that expanding imports is an effective channel for increasing employment.

Coupling coordination degree and influencing factors of forestry modernization and high quality economic development: an empirical study from provincial panel in China.

Forestry modernization (FM) and High quality economic development (HED) are two major goals that must be achieved in the process of economic development from low to high, and they are closely related to each other in their respective internal development mechanisms. Based on the analysis of the coupling coordination mechanism between FM and HED, this paper empirically studies the coupling coordination degree and influencing factors of "forestry modernization and high quality economic development" ("FM-HED") using panel data from 30 provinces and cities in China (except Xizang, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) from 2012 to 2020. First, the entropy method and the coupling coordination degree model were used to analyze the temporal changes and spatial differentiation of the coupling coordination between FM and HED. Second, the Tobit model is used to find out the factors affecting the coupling coordination degree of FM and HED. The following conclusions are obtained: (1) The coupling coordination degree of the "FM-HED" system increased rapidly in the early stage and slowly increased in the later period from 2012 to 2020. (2) The level of FM and HED in China in 2012 was obviously unbalanced and insufficient, the coupling coordination degree between the eastern and western provinces and cities was improved in 2015, and the imbalance between regions was alleviated, and the difference in the coupling coordination degree between coastal provinces and cities and inland provinces and cities in 2020 was prominent, and the coastal areas were significantly better than the inland areas. (3) From the national level, the intensity of R&D investment and the burden of the older adult population have a significant effect on the coupling and coordinated development of the two systems. From the perspective of the four regions, the role of R&D investment intensity is reflected in Northeast China and Central China. The role of labor force level is reflected in East China, Northeast China and Northwest China. The role of industrial agglomeration is reflected in Northeast China. The role of the burden of the older adult population is reflected in Northeast China. The role of government intervention is reflected in East China and Northeast China. Accordingly, this paper puts forward corresponding policy suggestions to better promote the coupling and coordinated development of FM and HED.

Productive and Consumptive Emission Characteristics of Energy-related Nitrogen Oxides in Eastern Chinese Cities

Nitrogen oxides (NO x ) have long been the focus of air pollution control. Examining the spatial and driving characteristics of NO x emissions at the urban scale and from the supply-chain perspective is critical. Using the inventory method and the environmentally extended input–output analysis, energy-related NO x emissions of 90 cities in eastern China were calculated, and the spatial patterns and driving sectors of urban emissions were analyzed from both production- and consumption-based perspectives. The results show that the production-based emissions of eastern Chinese cities are substantially affected by their industrial structure and are higher in the north and lower in the south. The cities with higher consumption-based emissions are mainly those with large populations and relatively developed economies. Production-based NO x emissions per unit gross domestic product (GDP) are higher in the north and lower in the south, and emissions per unit area are generally higher in coastal areas and lower in inland areas. The emission intensities of 5 selected major urban agglomerations differ, due to the influences of industrial structure and population density. The consumption-based NO x emissions per capita are mainly affected by urban affluence and consumption patterns. The sectors that contribute most to the production-based emissions per unit GDP are mainly “mining and processing”, “petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products”, “metal products”, “production and supply of electricity, natural gas and water” and “transportation, storage, and postal services”, while the sector that contributes most to the consumption-based emissions per capita is the construction industry. Emission reduction strategies are proposed for both consumption-oriented and production-oriented cities.

How do perceptions of information usefulness and green trust influence intentions toward eco-friendly purchases in a social media context?

Drawing upon the stimulus-organism-response framework and incorporating green trust and perceptions of information usefulness, we formulated a model to explore how marketing on social media impacts consumers' intentions towards eco-friendly purchases, using eastern Chinese cities as a case study. The findings indicate that: (1) marketing on social media significantly boosts intentions for eco-friendly purchases, and green trust positively affects the perceptions of information usefulness. (2) Green trust and perceptions of information usefulness jointly act as mediators between social media marketing and eco-friendly purchase intentions, with green trust exhibiting a stronger effect (0.306 > 0.122). The multi-group analysis findings indicate significant disparities in several potential pathways as a result of moderating factors such as educational attainment, etc. The benefits are especially apparent in women, people with middle to high incomes, people with intermediate to high levels of education, and people who engage with social media for over three hours per day. Through the effect analysis between marketing on social media, green trust, and perceptions of information usefulness on consumers' intentions towards eco-friendly purchases, this study offers insights to social media platforms, businesses, and policymakers, enabling them to enhance strategies for fostering eco-friendly consumer behavior through social media channels.

The Framework For Adaptive Governance In Odisha: A Special Reference To Climate Change And Disaster Management

Odisha is known as a highly disaster-prone state. In the last half-decade, the state has faced more than a dozen disaster occurrences. Due to poor weather conditions, the coastal belts often remained in an alarming situation. Even though the state has witnessed so many small and big floods and bad air streaming over the years that resulted in crop failure, acute poverty, property damages, and human losses. Farmer suicide is also a related problem to it. Disaster has left the state poor, weaker but also helpless, and vulnerable. It badly affected the economic and administrative structure of state machinery. In the same way, the continuous disaster risk in coastal areas of Odisha has highly influenced untold human suffering. Some of the important regions of the coastal belt or the eastern cities of Odisha like Paradeep, Berhampur, Puri, and Balasore; whereas West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh will come under tremendous disaster every year. These regions are even under heavy alert in governmental planning to protect lives from possible disaster risks. Even from an economic point of view, it is not doubtful that Odisha is a poor state. Most people depend on agriculture and crop production as their life support system and their occupations rely on sea areas. And more than 30 percent of people still rely on government schemes under the Below Poverty Line (BPL). Hence any unprecedented disasters make possible countless properties, infrastructure, shelters, and lives and livelihood losses in the states. So, stress is placed on the government and governance process, to tackle disaster damage in Odisha with zero casualties. Institutional capacity building is a significant step with the help of stakeholders and local communities to enhance the maximum possibilities against regular disasters. Thus, the study will focus on the role of adaptive governance structure in countering climate change and disaster risks in Odisha. At the same time, it focuses on the resilience step to be taken in protecting lives, livelihoods, and properties in the hands of effective governance.

Air pollution and economic growth in Dubai a fast-growing Middle Eastern city

This paper discusses the impact of rapid economic development on air quality in the Emirate of Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). Dubai is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world, with a population increase of approximately 80× over the last 60 years. The concentrations of five criteria air pollutants (CAPs) including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter with diameter less than 10 μm (PM10), ozone (O3) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were studied from 2013 to 2021 at 14 regulatory monitoring stations. Results show that the biggest improvements in air pollution are for the primary air pollutants NO2 and SO2, with reductions of 54% and 93% respectively over the period studied. Gross domestic product (GDP), population growth and energy consumption are significantly and negatively correlated with NO2 and SO2 and strongly and positively correlated with PM10. CO is positively correlated with the number of buildings completed, while the results for O3 are inconclusive. Trends in NO2 and SO2 indicate that these two pollutants are decoupled from economic development, supporting, with caution, the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis on the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation. The improvement in the city's air quality is due to the effective implementation of local environmental policies, unaffected by large-scale development and urbanization. The monthly assessments of Dubai's air pollution for 2019 and 2020 show a 3–16% COVID-related improvement in the levels of the studied air pollutants, except for ozone, which increased by an average of 8%.

Turkish EFL Teachers’ Self Efficacy Levels in the Implementation of Self-Regulated Learning

Despite the availability of resources and efforts, English as a foreign language (EFL) learners and EFL teachers face challenges in achieving proficiency in the target language in Turkey. Self-regulation, a cognitive and motivational trait, is crucial in foreign language learning. Self-regulated learning (SRL) focuses on learners taking responsibility for their entire learning process, enabling them to engage in metacognitive processes. It has gained significant attention in recent years due to the rise of autonomous learning practices and the importance of management skills in EFL education. Teachers can enhance their awareness and oversight of their students' progress towards their objectives through the use of metacognitive skills. However, there is a lack of focus on teachers' self-efficacy levels in adopting SRL in language education. This research aimed to investigate if Turkish EFL teachers actively encourage SRL in their instruction, focusing on their roles in implementing SRL theory. The causal-comparative model was utilized in the course of this study. A sample of 211 EFL instructors from high schools in an eastern city in Turkey, was investigated. An instrument titled "Teacher Self-Efficacy for Implementing Self-Regulated Learning" was utilized to gather the data. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, and one-way ANOVA analysis were used to analyze the research data. Findings suggested that the average level of self-efficacy among Turkish EFL teachers in utilizing SRL strategies to engage students is moderate. The results of the study are of great implications for the role of educators in promoting students' autonomy and lifelong learning.

Paths to low-carbon development in China: The role of government environmental target constraints

Research background: To achieve the targets for carbon peak and air quality improvement, local governments should propose environmental targets and develop realization paths that are tailored to their unique local conditions. They then promote low-carbon development through the implementation of multiple measures. Purpose of the article: As the government performance appraisal system im-proves, the question arises as to whether governments take the initiative to com-bine environmental policies with government target constraints to reduce carbon emissions. Methods: The announcement of environmental target constraints by local governments in government work reports is considered a quasi-natural experiment. This study examines the effect of government environmental target constraints (GETC) on carbon emissions (CEs) using differences-in-differences (DID), propensity score matching-DID (PSM-DID), and spatial-DID (SDID) with data from 241 Chinese cities from 2003 to 2019. Findings & value added: The results demonstrate that GETC can effectively reduce local CEs, with the inhibitory effect being most effective in the first two years after setting environmental targets, but diminishing in the third year. GETC can reduce local CEs through three paths: reducing energy consumption, promoting industrial structure optimization, and encouraging green technology innovation. Spatial spillover effects show that GETC reduces local CEs while exacerbating CEs in neighboring cities, indicating a beggar-thy-neighbor effect in conventional environmental regulation policy. This effect is observed mainly in the geographic matrix and the economic-geographic matrix, but not in the economic matrix. According to heterogeneity analysis, GETC in the eastern and central cities can significantly reduce CEs. The inhibitory effect of GETC on local CEs is stronger in cities where secretaries and mayors have longer tenures and higher levels of education. The paper's theoretical value lies in exploring the reduction of CEs through the combination of government self-restraint and environmental policies, providing a new solution for local governments to achieve CEs reduction. Furthermore, it offers practical insights into the improvement of the Chinese government assessment system.

Regional Differences and Influencing Factors of Green Innovation Efficiency in China’s 285 Cities

Green innovation is an important concept of high-quality development to achieve resource conservation and ecological protection. To explore whether there is an imbalance in the development of green innovation in China and find the reasons for this phenomenon, it is of vital importance to investigate the regional differences of green innovation efficiency (GIE) and its influencing factors. Many scholars have studied the performance of green innovation from the efficiency perspective but concentrated on provincial-level analysis and lacked heterogeneity analysis of the influencing factors. To fill this gap, this study explores the regional differences of GIE of 285 prefecture-level and above cities in China during the period 2003–2019, and then employs the spatial error model (SEM) to explore the heterogeneity of influencing factors. The results show that: (1) The GIE in China and its three regions underwent an overall increasing process, revealing regional heterogeneity, with most efficient cities agglomerated in the Eastern region. (2) The spatial difference of GIE in China was narrowing, and the within-region Gini coefficient in the three regions presented a similar trend. Between-region difference contributed the largest to the regional differences, especially between the Central and Western regions. The kernel density estimation results showed that GIE presents significant spatial characteristic of polarization. (3) The SEM model analysis indicated that economic development, government motivation, industrial structure, financial support, and population scale affected GIE profoundly in China, and there was significant spatial heterogeneity in the impact of each influencing factor. Western cities were mainly driven by governmental support in green innovation, while Eastern and Central cities were driven by economic development and improved industrial structure.

Can agricultural low-carbon development benefit from urbanization？-Empirical evidence from China's new-type urbanization pilot policy

Advancing agricultural low-carbon development (ALCD) holds substantial real-world significance for the low-carbon sustainable growth of the global economy. Traditional urbanization, focusing on the “one-way” concentration of elements in cities and pursuing urban expansion's scale and speed, poses a threat to ALCD. In contrast, new-type urbanization (NTU), which emphasizes a “two-way” concentration of elements in both rural and urban areas, provides an approach to address this issue. Nevertheless, no research has investigated the relationship between NTU, particularly the new-type urbanization pilot policy (NTUPP), and ALCD. To fill this void, this research employs panel data from 210 Chinese cities from 2006 to 2019, using a difference-in-differences (DID) model to investigate the impact and mechanisms of NTUPP on ALCD for the first time. The study reveals: (1) NTUPP significantly boosts the level of ALCD, with cities that have implemented NTUPP showing an average enhancement of 19.13% in ALCD levels compared to those without NTUPP. (2) NTUPP chiefly fosters ALCD by improving agricultural technological efficiency rather than advancing technological progress. (3) Relative to smaller cities, northern cities, eastern cities, resource-based cities, major grain-producing areas, cities with substantial government intervention, and cities with lower levels of financial development, NTUPP is more efficacious in enhancing ALCD in larger cities, southern cities, central and western cities, non-resource-based cities, non-major grain-producing areas, cities with minimal government intervention, and cities with advanced financial development. (4) NTUPP advances ALCD in local cities and boosts ALCD in neighboring cities via spatial spillover effects. This research aids the Chinese government in clarifying the implementation effects of the new-type urbanization pilot policy based on its findings, offering theoretical underpinnings and practical evidence for government departments in shaping and assessing the policy, and providing insights and evidence for other nations worldwide to advance sustainable agricultural development via enhanced urbanization efforts.

Exploring street vendors’ entrepreneurial potential and gender disparities in an eastern cape port city, South Africa

This study examines the entrepreneurial potential of informal traders, specifically focusing on street vendors operating in East London, a prominent port city in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Entrepreneurship, characterised by its dynamic nature entailing visionary foresight and astute exploitation of opportunities, requires agility and fervent dedication in nurturing novel concepts and implementing innovative solutions. Additionally, it aims to address the issue of low female participation in economic activities within this sector. Utilising a structured questionnaire designed for data collection, this research employs both descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze the entrepreneurial traits exhibited by street vendors. The investigation centers on six key independent variables: proactive personality, competitive aggressiveness, risk-taking propensity, perceived capability, perceived opportunity, and innovation. The study’s findings revealed that, among the factors studied, perceived opportunity and innovation were statistically significant contributors to the entrepreneurial potential of street vendors in East London. Moreover, the research identifies that despite demonstrating similar entrepreneurial potential factors as their male counterparts, females exhibit notably lower participation rates within the informal trading sphere. This research holds significant implications for policy formulation and intervention strategies. By highlighting perceived opportunity and innovation as critical factors influencing entrepreneurial potential, the study provides actionable insights for policymakers aiming to enhance the entrepreneurial landscape among street vendors. Furthermore, the identification of gender-specific participation gaps emphasises the need for targeted policies and programs to increase female engagement in informal trading.

Impact of the digital economy on urban green growth: Empirical evidence from China.

Using the digital economy to empower urban economic green growth provides essential opportunities for China to achieve high-quality growth. This paper assesses the level of digital economy and green growth in Chinese cities, seeking to explore the mechanisms and effects of the digital economy on urban green growth in a unified framework. The results indicate that the digital economy can drive cities' green growth. This conclusion still holds after a set of robustness tests. Meanwhile, the green value of the digital economy is fully released among the eastern cities, major urban agglomerations, and high-level cities. Further research shows that the digital economy can indirectly enhance urban green growth in the neighboring regions through spatial spillover effects. Moreover, labor resource mismatch, capital resource mismatch and green technology innovation are significant mediating mechanisms. The findings could guide policymakers on green growth in emerging economies from a digital economy perspective.

Investigating the influence of transport accessibility on urban–rural income gaps

ABSTRACT Transport accessibility is an essential element in the planning of transport policies and plays a crucial role in territorial cohesion, but the role of transport accessibility for urban–rural integration has been rarely studied. This article explores the relationship between transport accessibility and urban–rural income gaps through the spatial error model, using the weighted average travel time (WATT) indicator and the Theil index of urban–rural income. The results show that transport accessibility has a U-shaped influence on the urban–rural income gaps within cities of China. As transport accessibility gradually improves, the urban–rural income gaps within cities tend to first narrow and then widen. Meanwhile, their relationship can show heterogeneity across regions, with improving transport accessibility and narrowing the urban–rural income gaps in the eastern and western cities, respectively. Such a result suggests that it is essential to reinforce transport links between western cities and other cities with high economic potential, which could improve transport accessibility and further narrow the urban–rural income gaps of western cities. For transport planning, policymakers should consider transport accessibility and its socio-economic impact on urban–rural integration.

Desegregation is Not a Black and White Issue: Latino Advocacy for Equal Schooling before and after Brown

AbstractThis article argues for the importance of reframing the history of school desegregation in the United States beyond Black and white and beyond the regional frames through which this history has been interpreted. In Western states, most Latino children attended schools segregated not by law but by custom starting in the early twentieth century; Latino students also encountered de facto segregation in the Eastern and Midwestern cities with large Puerto Rican populations by the 1950s. Parents, students, advocates, and activists protested the inequality of educational outcomes for Latino children over many decades, developing distinctive strategies to address the combination of racial and language-based discrimination faced by Latino students. Yet, because they were marginalized in political debates in the 1960s and 1970s and because most national-level historical scholarship on school desegregation focuses on Black and white participants, Latinos’ role in this aspect of our national civil rights history has remained obscured.

Does the digital economy enhance green total factor productivity in China? The evidence from a national big data comprehensive pilot zone

Digital economy has become a major driver of the green transformation of the economy. The “National Big Data Comprehensive Pilot Zone” policy is taken as a quasi-natural experiment. The Difference-in-Differences model is employed to explore the impact of digital economy on green total factor productivity, and the heterogeneity of this impact is further explored. The mechanism test model is applied to investigate its indirect transmission mechanism. It is found that digital economy significantly enhances green total factor productivity. Further, the impact is larger and more significant in the mid-western, non-resource-based, and large cities, whereas it is smaller or insignificant in the eastern, resource-based, and small and medium-sized cities. Results of mechanism analysis show that digital economy enhances green total factor productivity through the transmission channels of technological innovation, industrial structure optimization, and resource misallocation. Policy recommendations are provided on the basis of these results to establish the environment and digital economy that are mutually beneficial.