Eastern Black Sea Region Research Articles

Bee Diseases, Treatments, and Prevention in the Folklore of the Ordu-Giresun Region in Türkiye

The Eastern Black Sea Region, which has a very important position in honeybee breeding, stands out with its valuable nectar and pollen resources for bees, thanks to its rich plant species. In this region, beekeeping is carried out intensively and traditional knowledge is also used. This research aimed to reveal the folkloric data related to bee diseases, their treatments, and prevention from the disease in Ordu-Giresun Region, evaluate the obtained data with rational data, and contribute to veterinary medicine folklore, in particular beekeeping. The study material consisted of the data obtained from 39 volunteers, who were determined to have good knowledge about beekeeping in Ordu-Giresun Region, between 26 August 2017 and 20 September 2018. The data obtained from the participants were specified in the results section as a superscript at the end of each data. The information compiled using the information compilation form was analyzed under “bee diseases, treatments and prevention” and “hive disinfection and bee immunity”. The study determined that the data obtained on six different bee diseases and food poisoning in bees were generally compatible with the literature on the subject. As a result, it can be stated that the folkloric medicine based on experience regarding bee diseases, treatments, and protection from diseases continues to be practiced today in Ordu-Giresun Region, but the source persons could not provide or have no knowledge about viral diseases of bees and poisoning caused by pesticides; however, folkloric methods applied in beekeeping are sensible and rational in the light of scientific data. Keywords: Bee, Folklore, Ordu-Giresun Region, Türkiye.

The iodine content of raw, boiled, pan‐fried, and oven‐baked fish samples using ICP‐MS: analysis and reliability of measurements

SummarySince there is currently a lack of scientific evidence regarding the iodine content of raw and cooked fish, this study assesses that of various raw and cooked (boiled, pan‐fried, and oven‐baked) fish samples, using inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), following alkaline extraction. The iodine content of the raw fish is found to be highest in anchovy (295.9 ± 4.2 μg/100 g) and lowest in salmon (90.1 ± 3.1 μg/100 g) in dried weight. Boiling is found to reduce the iodine content in all of the fish samples significantly, except the bonito and salmon (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the iodine content per 100 g is found to increase significantly in the pan‐fried and oven‐baked fish. The highest percentage of one serving of cooked fish meeting recommended iodine requirement were determined in oven‐baking haddock (351.0%), while the lowest percentage of one serving (150 g) of cooked fish meeting the recommended iodine requirement were determined in boiled garfish (70.9%). The best means of meeting the recommended daily iodine requirement in all the fish species evaluated, except bluefish, is found to be oven‐baking, while boiling has the greatest effect on reducing the iodine content. As a result, fish samples from the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey are good sources of iodine and it was determined that their iodine content changes when various cooking methods are used.

Vibration characteristics of ‘Serender': traditional Turkish storage buildings in Eastern Black Sea region

ABSTRACT Construction techniques and building materials are greatly affected by traditions and local factors which makes each historical structure unique. Therefore, the structural evaluation of these structures should be a structure-specific evaluation rather than a common-precise acceptance. The first step is to set the aim of the evaluation such that it would increase the level of knowledge through field studies and non-destructive experimental methods. This paper presents a formal and structural evaluation of the traditional timber structure, an impressive Turkish Storage Building known as ‘Serender’, in the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. The formal assessment includes an analysis of construction materials and techniques. The structural evaluation consists of non-ambient vibration test which help determine the dynamic responses of the structure. The method details the natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios, representing the dynamic behavior of the structures. For this purpose, 8 Serender buildings were analyzed and detailed.

EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MOTHERS: A DESCRIPTIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS STUDY

This study aimed to examine quality of life in children with special needs and affecting factors from the perspective of mothers. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with mothers (n=99) of children with special needs between the ages of 5-18 living in a province in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Türkiye. Personal Information Form and QI-Disability-Parent Form were used to collect data. A significant difference was found between children’s QI-Disability- Parent Form total scores and their diagnosis and verbal communication ability (p

In vitro antifungal susceptibility of the dermatophytes: a single center study from Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey.

A large number of patients applying to the dermatology clinics are affected by fungal diseases, and a significant portion of which are superficial fungal infections. Dermatophyte infections are a notable public health concern and frequently encountered in clinical practice. Dermatophytosis not only compromises the quality of life but also predisposes individuals to various comorbidities due to its role as a gateway for secondary bacterial agents. This study aims to determine the species distribution of dermatophytes prevalent and assess their susceptibility to antifungal drugs. Skin, nail, and hair samples were obtained from patients with a clinical diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Samples were all cultured to isolate and identify the species. In vitro liquid microdilution tests were conducted to assess the susceptibility of the isolated strains against terbinafine, fluconazole, griseofulvin, and butenafine. A total of 353 samples were obtained from the hair, skin, and nail lesions of 326 patients. Dermatophyte was isolated in 71 of the samples (20.1%). The cultured dermatophyte subtypes included Trichophyton rubrum (13.8% in 49 samples), Microsporum audouini (5.7% in 20 samples), and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (0.6% in 2 samples). Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed that terbinafine was the most effective antifungal drug against all dermatophyte species, while fluconazole exhibited the highest resistance. The most common dermatophytosis agent in our region is T. rubrum. The least antifungal resistance was found against terbinafine. Conducting antifungal susceptibility tests is crucial for selecting effective treatment regimens and early detection of resistance development.

Long-term outcomes of smoking cessation outpatient clinic: A single center retrospective cohort study from the Eastern Black Sea Region of Türkiye

Long-term outcomes of smoking cessation outpatient clinic: A single center retrospective cohort study from the Eastern Black Sea Region of Türkiye

Modeling the Effects of Climate Change on the Current and Future Potential Distribution of Berberis vulgaris L. with Machine Learning

Species of the Berberis genus, which are widely distributed naturally throughout the world, are cultivated and used for various purposes such as food, medicinal applications, and manufacturing dyes. Model-based machine learning is a language for specifying models, allowing the definition of a model using concise code, and enabling the automatic creation of software that implements the specified model. Maximum entropy (MaxEnt 3.4.1) is an algorithm used to model the appropriate distribution of species across geographical regions and is based on the species distribution model that is frequently also used in modeling the current and future potential distribution areas of plant species. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the current and future potential distribution areas of Berberis vulgaris in Türkiye for the periods 2041–2060 and 2081–2100, according to the SSP2 4.5 and SSP5 8.5 scenarios based on the IPSL-CM6A-LR climate change model. For this purpose, the coordinates obtained in the WGS 84 coordinate system were marked using the 5 m high spatial resolution Google Satellite Hybrid base maps, which are readily available in the 3.10.4 QGIS program, the current version of QGIS (Quantum GIS). The CM6A-LR climate model, the latest version of the IPSL climate models, was used to predict the species’ future distribution area. The area showed a high correlation with the points representing B. vulgaris, which is generally distributed in the Mediterranean and the central and eastern Black Sea regions of Türkiye, and the very suitable areas encompassed 45,413.82 km2. However, when the SSP2 4.5 scenario was considered for the period 2041–2060, the areas very suitable for Berberis vulgaris comprised 59,120.05 km2, and in the SSP2 4.5 scenario, very suitable areas were found to encompass 56,730.46 km2 in the 2081–2100 period. Considering the SSP5 8.5 scenario for the period 2041–2060, the area most suitable for the B. vulgaris species is 66,670.39 km2. In the SSP5 8.5 scenario, very suitable areas were found to cover 20,108.29 km2 in the 2081–2100 period. Careful consideration of both the potential positive and negative impacts of climate change is essential, and these should be regarded as opportunities to implement appropriate adaptation strategies. The necessary conditions for the continued existence and sustainability of B. vulgaris—that is, areas with ecological niche potential—have been determined.

Microfungal flora of Apis mellifera anatoliaca (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) from the Eastern Black Sea Region and fungal vector capacity in honey bee colonies.

Honey bees have a great economic importance both in Turkey and in the world due to the products they produce and their contribution to pollination. For this reason, many microflora and microbiota studies have been conducted on bees. While these research were primarily focused on pathogen isolation, the ecological roles of non-pathogenic flora members and how they may be used are now being studied more extensively. Considering the importance of pathogens, the number of studies is expected to continue to increase. This study was carried out to determine the microfungal flora of the body surfaces and digestive tracts of dead honey bee (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) and Varroa destructor samples taken from different apiaries in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey (Gümüşhane, Trabzon, Artvin and Ordu) in 2022. As a result of the study, a total of 11 different fungal species belonging to the genera Penicillium, Alternaria, Mucor, Trichoderma, Fusarium, Aspergillus and Verticillium were identified and the relationships of these fungi with bees were discussed based on the literature.

An assessment of seismicity and near surface geophysical characteristics of potential solid waste landfill sites in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Türkiye.

This study aimed to assess the suitability of the potential solid waste landfill sites in seven provinces (Samsun, Ordu, Giresun, Trabzon, Gümüşhane, Bayburt and Artvin) in the Eastern Blacksea Region of Türkiye. The earthquake hazard analysis for two major earthquakes which occurred in the region was first carried out. Then, the geophysical methods including seismic refraction tomography (SRT), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) were conducted to find out the structural and physical properties of the subsurface which include the layering, soil classification based on VS30 and the groundwater content at 25 locations of 13 in target provinces. The integrated interpretation of whole data sets demonstrates that Işıktepe, Esence, Çamburnu and Kazantaş which are characterized by VP > 1200m/s, VS30 ≥ 400m/s, ρ > 70 Ohm-m, low earthquake hazard and seismicity are more suitable among others. Vezirköprü, Şebinkarahisar, Yenice, Bayburt-Center, Balkaynak and Murgul will be suitable after a geotechnical reclamation due to moderate seismic velocities and electrical resistivity which are 900 < VP ≤ 1200m/s, 200 < VS30 < 400m/s and 10 < ρ ≤ 70 Ohm-m representing stiff and wet soils. In addition, Bafra, Ağalık and Ovacık were considered to be unsuitable due to the presence of thick, water-saturated soft soil and extremely weathered rocks. Finally, this study shows that the joint interpretation of seismicity and geophysical data in potential waste landfill sites, extremely important for the planning and development of a city, can provide the valuable information which will enable to prevent possible deformations, environmental problems and economic losses after waste landfill.

Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of Uveitis Patients: Eastern Black Sea Region Sample

Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of Uveitis Patients: Eastern Black Sea Region Sample

Investigation of Antimicrobial Activities and 16S rRNA Sequences of Actinomycetes Isolated from Karst Caves in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Türkiye

Considering that most antibiotics originate from actinomycete group bacteria, especially the Streptomyces genus, it is predicted that novel actinomycetes isolated from extreme environments such as caves may bring novel antibiotics to the medical world. The study aimed to screen the antimicrobial activity of actinomycetes isolated from the three karst caves in Türkiye and to identify selected isolates with antimicrobial activity by molecular methods. One hundred seventy-nine actinomycetes isolated from Akçakale, Kırklar (Altıntaş), and Köprübaşı Caves in Gümüşhane province in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Türkiye were included in the study. The antimicrobial activity of isolates was investigated using the modified cross-streak agar method against seven Gram-negative bacteria, three Gram-positive bacteria, and one yeast strain. Fifty-three isolates (29.6%) had antimicrobial activity against at least one of the tested microorganisms. The rate of isolates exhibiting antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Chromobacterium violaceum, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Candida albicans was 21.2%, 20.0%, 16.8%, 12.8%, 3.4%, 2.8%, 2.2%, 1.1%, 0.6%, 0.6%, and 0.6%, respectively. An actinomycete isolate, TRMS 124, showed antimicrobial activity against ten test microorganisms. The 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequencing was performed for the identification and phylogenetic analysis of 26 isolates randomly selected among actinomycetes that exhibited antimicrobial activity against at least three test microorganisms. As a result, it was determined that 24 isolates showed homology with various Streptomyces species and two isolates with Embleya scabrispora and Couchioplanes caeruleus, respectively. These results showed that karst caves could be good sources for isolating actinomycetes with the potential to produce antimicrobial compounds.

ASSESSMENT OF FATHERS’ POSTNATAL SENSE OF SECURITY AND DEPRESSION SITUATIONS

Aim: The research was carried out to assess the fathers’ postnatal sense of security and depression situations.&#x0D; Method: The research was conducted as descriptive. The research was carried out with 335 fathers whose spouses gave birth between 01 July 2016 and 31 December 2017 in the Postpartum/Caesarean section of a Gynecology Hospital in the Eastern Black Sea Region. The data were collected using the personal information form, the Fathers’ Postnatal Sense of Security Scale and Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale. Percentage of distributions, mean, t test, one-way variance analysis and Pearson Correlation Analysis were used for evaluating the data. &#x0D; Results: The mean of the total score obtained from the Fathers’ Postnatal Sense of Security Scale is 37.78 ± 7.25 and the mean of the total score obtained from the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale is 6.88±4.13 It is determined that there is a weak relationship in the negative direction between the postpartum depression status of the father and the postnatal sense of security (p

Karadeniz Somonunun Yolculuğu: Havuzdan Sofraya

Black Sea salmon is from the Salmonidae family and is an endemic species distributed in the Black Sea. These fish, which exhibit anadromous behavior, prefer parts of rivers close to their source for reproduction and the Black Sea for feeding. The first cultivation study of this species, which has high consumer preference and economic value, was started by SUMAE in 1998. As a result of 24 years of work, F7 generation broodstock was created. In order to popularize the production of the species, the private sector was supported with broodstock. In this study, the breeding process of Black Sea salmon was examined and the introduction of the species was aimed. Today, 25 private sector enterprises have production licenses and many enterprises carry out commercial production of the species in the form of trial production with 1603 tons in total. Commercial production is concentrated in the Eastern Black Sea Region, which is the natural distribution area of the species. While enterprises that produce portion size in ponds and have restaurants prefer the red-spotted stream ecotype in production, enterprises that produce large-sized fish in dam lakes and the sea prefer the marine ecotype, which reaches sexual maturity late and has a better growth performance than other ecotypes. Since Black Sea salmon is our only endemic trout species showing typical salmon characteristics, its adaptation to the natural environmental conditions of our country for sea net cage and freshwater aquaculture is quite good.

Nadir İki Ascomycota Üyesi İçin Türkiye’de Yeni Lokalite Kayıtları

Apothecia of two previously reported rare members of Ascomycota, Dumontinia tuberosa and Sarcopeziza sicula, were collected from different localities and identified. Dumontinia tuberosa was collected from the Eastern Black Sea Region while S. sicula was collected from Central Anatolian and Southeastern Anatolian Regions of Türkiye. Brief descriptions and new distribution localities of the species were provided together with the photographs of their macro and micromorphologies.

Ordu İlinde Kentsel Katı Atık Yönetimi ve Sıfır Atık Stratejisinin Değerlendirilmesi

Zero waste management is a broad concept that covers all areas that produce waste such as public institutions and organizations, local governments, industrial facilities, hospitals, educational institutions, tourism facilities and workplaces. In this study, the amount, composition, management and transition process to zero waste management system of municipal solid waste in Ordu were investigated. In Ordu, a coastal city of the Eastern Black Sea region, municpal solid waste is collected by the dual collection method and disposed of in a sanitary landfill. Approximately 69% of the municipal solid waste composition consists of organic waste and 7% consists of hazardous and non-recyclable waste. The recycling potential of municipal solid waste in the province is 24%. The zero waste approach has reduced the amount of solid waste going to landfills, increased the amount of waste going to recycling and facilitated energy recovery from non-recyclable waste in Ordu.

Geochemistry of the Massive Dolomites in Eastern Black Sea Region: REE Implications for Dolomite Petrogenesis

Geochemistry of the Massive Dolomites in Eastern Black Sea Region: REE Implications for Dolomite Petrogenesis

Efficacy of Bee Products (Anzer Honey, Pollen and Propolis) in Detection and Healing of Damage Induced by Antidiabetic Drug Vildagliptin/Metformin Hydrochloride in Healthy Human Pancreatic Cells: Cytotoxic, Genotoxic and Biochemical Studies.

Although drugs are powerful therapeutic agents, they have a range of side effects. These side effects are sometimes cellular and not clinically noticeable. Vildagliptin/metformin hydrochloride is one of the most widely used oral antidiabetic drugs with two active ingredients. In this study, we investigated its harmful effects on the metabolic activation system in healthy human pancreatic cells "hTERT-HPNE", and we aimed to improve these harmful effects by natural products. To benefit from the healing effect, we used the unique natural products produced by the bees of the Anzer Plateau in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the drug were investigated by different tests, such as MTT, flow cytometry-apoptosis and comet assays. Anzer honey, pollen and propolis were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (G/C-MS). A total of 19 compounds were detected, constituting 99.9% of the samples. The decrease in cell viability at all drug concentrations was statistically significant compared to the negative control (P<0.05). A statistically significant decrease was detected in the apoptosis caused by vildagliptin/metformin hydrochloride with the supplementation of Anzer honey, pollen and propolis in hTERT-HPNE cells (P<0.05). This study can contribute to other studies testing the healing properties of natural products against the side effects of oral antidiabetics in human cells. In particular, Anzer honey, pollen and propolis can be used as additional foods to maintain cell viability and improve heal damage and can be evaluated against side effects in other drug studies.

Comprehensive assessment of genetic variation in native heterostylous primrose genotypes of Türkiye

Primula vulgaris L. is an essential species of ornamental plant value with attractive flowers distributed in humid and cold regions. It spreads around Giresun, Gümüşhane, Trabzon, and Rize in Türkiye’s Eastern Black Sea region. Through molecular and morphological markers, this study determined the genetic diversity and similarity levels of Primula genotypes sampled from different areas (Samsun, Trabzon, Ordu, and Giresun). Variation was determined regarding morphological characteristics, and that plant shape, flower, and leaf properties were highly variable. Molecular data support morphological features. Thirteen ISSR primers determined the dimensions of genetic diversity, and the genotypes’ similarity indexes were between 0.70 and 0.92. It is seen that there is no clustering in the two- and three-dimensional graphics created in line with the genetic parameters, and the genotypes are distributed. Also, plant characteristics were correlated with the ISSR data, and many DNA profiles were detected. This study has characterized Primula genotypes that naturally spread in the Black Sea region of Türkiye. It is a guiding study for transferring some observed properties to culture varieties.

Melodies Across Time: Exploring Connections and Context in Eastern Black Sea Popular Music

The Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey, imbued with a wealth of cultural and historical narratives, boasts a musical heritage characterized by distinctive instruments, vocal styles, and polyphonic structures. This music is a testament to the region's rich identity, intricately woven through the tapestry of time by diverse cultural influences and significant historical events. This research is grounded in the endeavor to unravel the intricate connections within this musical sphere, particularly through the perspectives of intertextuality and hypertextuality. Intertextuality highlights the nuanced dialogues between various musical compositions, offering an enriched view into their intrinsic associations. Hypertextuality, a concept introduced by Gerard Genette and later applied to music by Serge Lacasse, broadens this dialogue, revealing the intricate networks formed through actions such as covering, remixing, and translation. The investigation delves into these dynamics, especially in the popular tunes of the Eastern Black Sea, leveraging analytical techniques from musicology, cultural studies, and media studies. The objective is to understand how intertextuality and hypertextuality amplify the vibrancy and appeal of Eastern Black Sea melodies, shaping their fundamental essence, significance, and worldwide appeal. We aspire to foster profound comprehension of these multifaceted ties, illuminating their role in characterizing the region’s musical and cultural landscapes. This probe contributes a fresh perspective to the ongoing debates in musicology and cultural studies, underscoring the imperative for an all-encompassing and prolonged methodology in musical inquiry, accentuating the power of intertextuality and hypertextuality in grasping the nexus between music and the wider cultural, social, and historical backdrops. This meticulous scrutiny is expected to not only enrich scholarly conversations but also to unveil the myriad of components steering the evolution and impact of the Eastern Black Sea’s abundant musical heritage.

Assessment of the water quality using multivariate statistics and the water quality index: a case study of the Yağlıdere Stream (Giresun) in the Eastern Black Sea region, Turkey.

In this study, the water quality of the Yağlıdere Stream passing through Espiye (Giresun-NE Turkey) and Yağlıdere districts, where old and new mining activities are present, was evaluated, and characterized by using the water quality index (WQI), multivariate statistical, and GIS techniques. The downstream aquifer of the Yağlıdere Stream, which originates from Erimez Mountains and reaches the sea from the west of Espiye district, meets the domestic and drinking water needs of Yağlıdere and Espiye districts. In addition, activities such as energy production and fish farming are carried out along the stream. Therefore, it is of great importance to investigate the water quality of the stream. In order to evaluate the water quality, 50 water samples were taken from 10 sampling points (5 periods) along the flow direction of the stream. Parameters other than T, DO, Mg, F, NH3, CN, and HS show significant spatial variations indicating the influence of geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Some of the investigated parameters (T, DO, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, NH3, CN, Fe, Se) exhibit important seasonal variations due to high seasonality in water temperature and water flow. Principal component analysis/factor analysis reveals that the parameters responsible for water quality changes in the Yağlıdere Stream are mainly related to the geogenic structure, mining wastes, agricultural activities, and domestic wastes. According to the WQI values, the water samples taken from the upstream and middle part of the stream are in the water quality between "Excellent" and "Good", on the other hand, in the downstream regions where anthropogenic and geogenic effects are dominant, the water samples are in the quality of "Poor water" and "Unsuitable for drinking". The most effective water quality parameters on WQI are Al, Fe, and Mn and the water quality in the basin is negatively affected by geogenic and anthropogenic effects.