East-West Road Research Articles

街路形態に応じたヒートアイランド対策技術の適材適所の導入検討に関する研究

Abstract In this study, we analyzed the effects of introducing urban heat island measure technologies in a typical street canyon model to aid the selection of a suitable technology. It is appropriate to use street trees for improving the thermal environment of a sidewalk and high reflectance paint or water-retentive pavement for the reduction of surface temperature on the roadway. Reduction of solar radiation gain to the sidewalk pavement surface depends on the location and area of the street tree shadows, which are likely to occur on the northern sidewalk of an east–west road rather than an eastern (or a western) sidewalk of a north–south road. Moreover, the area of the shadow is proportional to the square of the width of tree crown (the radius) and inversely proportional to the distance between trees. Thus, it is necessary to prioritize these considerations based on the road orientation and time when the pedestrian use of sidewalk is the highest.

HIV treatment: mechanisms of neurotoxicity and implications for targeted therapy

Correspondence: Chengxiang Wu Departments of Microbiology and Public Health Sciences, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, 1960 East-West Road, Biomed Bldg, D105, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA Tel +1 808 956 2684 Fax +1 808 956 5818 Email chengxia@hawaii.edu Abstract: The central nervous system is known to act as a unique compartment where the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can replicate independently from the plasma and as a sanctuary in which the virus is largely protected from the host immune system and combination antiretroviral therapy. Although combination antiretroviral therapy has dramatically decreased the rate of HIV-caused mortality and associated diseases, neurological complications are increasingly common. However, our knowledge of the complicated pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of HIV-associated neurocognitive dysfunction is limited by a lack of complete understanding of the biology of HIV and its interaction with host cells in the central nervous system. This review focuses on the mechanisms of HIV entry and replication in the central nervous system, neurotoxicity caused by viral proteins and cytokine/chemokines derived from affected host cells, their implications for targeted therapy, and advances in the development of animal models for novel therapeutics in the context of combination antiretroviral therapy regimens.

Rejoinder to Kingston and Malamuth (2011)

WethankKingstonandMalamuth(2011) for their interest inour article and comments on the methodology used in our study. There are considerations with which we agree and others with which we take issue. As we interpret their comments, they don’t argue with our aggregate findings. They do, however, caution that it is often wrongtoextrapolatefromaggregatepopulationdata toindividual behavior. And they offer several examples from the literature where that has been demonstrated. We agree that there is a risk in connecting disparate measures of behavior and a problem with making assumptions of individual behavior based only on aggregatedata.However,KingstonandMalamuthhavenot shownthat we have made such an erroneous connection within our findings, so they are talking in generalities. Actually, we did analyze our data to avoid possible bias caused by aggregation. To increase clarity in our original article, however, that analysis was not mentioned. Along with the data reported, we also obtained data on convicted offenders from the official Yearbooks of the Ministry of Justice in the Czech Republic, for the years 1979–2007. We analyzed the number of child sex abuse offenders and rape offenders for the period when sexually explicit materials (SEM) were unavailable (the time before the 1989 revolution) and compared these figures with the number of offenders recorded for the interval when it was available. There were significantly fewer child abuse and rape offenders during the period of porn availability (p\.001) (Diamond, Jozifkova, & Weiss, 2011). Our basic findings were that the significant increase in the availability of pornography in the Czech Republic had resulted in a significant reduction in all manner of sex crime as well as number of sex offenders while, in contrast, the same society experienced a dramatic increase in other social crimes, such as robbery andmurder,withacommensurate increase in thenumberofcriminals convicted for such crimes. Kingston and Malamuth stressed the existence of the link between pornography and both sexual and nonsexual aggression as mentioned by Allen, D’Alessio, and Brezgel (1995). Since all of the data we presented, about both sex and non-sex crimes, were collected the same way, we don’t think there was any bias in our data acquisition. If SEM did increase criminal aggressiveness, that should have been reflected by an increased number of sexually aggressive assaults and sex related murders. Neither were seen. With our data, combined with the knowledge that, in every othercountrywhere ithadbeenscientifically studied (Diamond, 2009, 2010; Diamond & Uchiyama, 1999; Home Office, 1979; Kutchinsky, 1991; Landripet, Stulhofer, and Diamond, 2006; McKay & Dolff, 1985; Ng, 1994), an increase in the societies’ availability of pornography was correlated with a decrease in sex crimes, we did hypothesize that SEM provided a displacement. And the displacement activity that we hypothesized was masturbation. The law of parsimony led us to propose this as the simplest explanation for what we consider to be a unique similarity in so many different societies. We believe we can safely assume that, in all of the societies studied, regarding pornography, masturbation decreased sexual arousal and thus can reduce motivation to engage in sex activity. M. Diamond (&) Pacific Center for Sex & Society, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, 1960 East–West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA e-mail: diamond@hawaii.edu

ANALYSIS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROPERTIES OF URBAN BLOCK AND RADIANT ENVIRONMENT IN THE STREET CANYON FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF THE APPROPRIATE INTRODUCTION OF URBAN HEAT ISLAND MEASURE TECHNOLOGIES

It is considered the relationship between the properties of urban block and radiant environment in the street canyon from the viewpoint of the appropriate introduction of urban heat island measure technologies. Calculation methods for the radiant heat transfer between walls and roads are explained according to Gebhart's radiant absorption coefficients and Monte Carlo method. The roads are classified in the south-north road, the east-west road and the crossing. The properties of urban block are expressed by aspect ratio. A simple street canyon model and a real street canyon model are selected for the examination objects. Distribution of surface temperature and solar radiation on the roof, the road and the wall are analyzed. It is a high priority for the urban heat island measures on the roof of the building which has large roof area. The priorities of the measures on the roof and the road are higher than that on the wall. The priority of the measures on the road is high in the case that the aspect ratio W/H of the street canyon is bigger than 1.5.

Effects of Global Seawater Chemistry on Biomineralization: Past, Present, and Future

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTEffects of Global Seawater Chemistry on Biomineralization: Past, Present, and FutureSteven M. Stanley*View Author Information Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Hawaii, 701 POST Building, 1680 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822* Phone: (443) 600-2435. Fax: (808) 956-5512. E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 11, 4483–4498Publication Date (Web):October 21, 2008Publication History Received18 March 2008Published online22 October 2008Published inissue 12 November 2008https://doi.org/10.1021/cr800233uCopyright © 2008 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views2741Altmetric-Citations60LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (820 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Calcite,Fractionation,Inorganic carbon compounds,Precipitation,Seawater Get e-Alerts

The conversion of city centres in fifth-century Egypt.

In Alexandria, the monumental establishment of Christianity in the heart of the city and thus the transformation of urban life and cityscape had reached a significant stage by the middle of the fourth century, when the episcopal cathedral moved from the western city gate to the Caesarion in the city centre. The case of Alexandria is exceptional, however. The transformation of the traditional cityscape took longer in other regions of the Empire1 and in the Egyptian countryside. A relatively well-documented case is that of Hermopolis Magna, capital of the Hermopolite nome, where the episcopal basilica2 was built in the city centre around 450,3 more than one century after the Caesarion had been donated to the Church4 and transformed from the temple of the imperial cult into the Patriarchal Cathedral of Alexandria. The episcopal church complex (Fig. 1)5 of Hermopolis Magna (modern Ashmunein, c. 320 km south of Cairo) was erected in the heart of the late Roman city6 at the junction of two colonnaded streets, viz., Antinoe Street, the main east-west road of the city, and the Dromos of Hermes, the north-south processional avenue lead-

夏季の大阪市中心部における放射輝度温度分布の詳細な特徴 : 熱画像とGISデータを用いた夏季の大阪市中心部における放射輝度温度の解析 その1

This study aims at quantitative investigation of the radiative temperature distributions in detail for the Osaka central area, by overlaying airborne thermal image with GIS data. Principal findings we have described this report are the following.(1) In the park, the radiative temperature of "Grass" is lower.(2) In the water area, the radiative temperature of the large river is lower.(3) On the wide east-west road, the radiative temperature on the north side of the road is higher than that of south side.(4) The radiative temperature of the intersections is higher than that of other road areas.

ACCOUNTING FOR EMPLOYEE STOCK OPTIONS AND MANDATORY EXPENSING: AN ECONOMICS PERSPECTIVE

Whether employee stock options should be expensed at the grant date has been a highly controversial accounting issue. While the existing literature draws pro-expensing conclusions based on accounting principles and analogies, we shed new light to the issue by examine three functions of option granting in an analytical model. In principle, we show that while expensing is justified for financing options granted for expense postponement, it would misrepresent incentive options granted for long-term performance improvement. In practice, we show that options' fair value or the cost of granting them may not be the right amount to expense, and the inherent risk-sharing function of employee stock options poses a fundamental difficulty in estimating their fair value based on option pricing models. In conclusion, the findings of our examination do not support mandatory option expensing.

Margarita Village: Meeting the Housing Needs of San Luis Obispo City

Margarita Village: Meeting the Housing Needs of San Luis Obispo City

A river port and emporion in Central Bulgaria: an interim report on the British project at Vetren

In 1999, fieldwork was resumed by the British team at Adzhiyska Vodenitsa, Vetren, the site of an inlandemporionwhich has been identified with ancient Pistiros (SEG43. 486, 46. 872*). Excavations were conducted on the terrace with architectural remains in two sectors, north and south of the main east-west road. In the northern sector, 22 pits were investigated. The faunal material from these pits reveals specific butchering methods and the re-articulation of complete body parts following butchery. Among the finds aregraffition pottery, including a votive inscription to Zeus. In the southern sector, there are traces of residential use. The report includes an account of geophysical prospection to determine the nature of land use beyond the terrace, with evidence suggesting that the settlement was directly adjacent to the River Maritsa (ancient Hebros).

Introduction

World EnglishesVolume 11, Issue 2-3 p. 85-89 Introduction LARRY E. SMITH, LARRY E. SMITH Institute of Culture and Communication, East–West Center, 1777 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96848, USASearch for more papers by this authorS. N. SRIDHAR, S. N. SRIDHAR Department of Linguistics, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794–4376, USA.Search for more papers by this author LARRY E. SMITH, LARRY E. SMITH Institute of Culture and Communication, East–West Center, 1777 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96848, USASearch for more papers by this authorS. N. SRIDHAR, S. N. SRIDHAR Department of Linguistics, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794–4376, USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: July 1992 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1992.tb00052.xCitations: 3AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume11, Issue2-3July 1992Pages 85-89 RelatedInformation

Books In Brief

Abstract KOMOROUS, Hana, and HARRIMAN, Robert S.International guidelines for the cataloguing of newspapers. London: IFLA Universal Bibliographic Control and International MARC programme, 1989. v, 28 p. (UBCIM occasional paper; 14.) A$39. (Review copy supplied by D.W. Thorpe.) SCHULTZ, Julianne.Accuracy in Australian newspapers. Sydney: Australian Centre for independent Journalism, University of Technology, Sydney, 1990. 103 p. (Working paper; no. 1.) LAYTON, Suzanna (ed.).1990 Who's where: a directory of journalists and mass media in the Pacific Islands. Honolulu, HI (1777 East-West Road): East-West Center, 1990. i, 24 p. US$3. (Review copy supplied by the publisher.) MURPHY, Ffion, and NILE, Richard (eds.).The gate of dreams: the Western Mail annuals1897-1955. South Fremantle, W.A.: Fremantle Arts Centre Press, 1990. 191 p. ISBN 0-949206-84-9. AS29.95. (Review copy supplied by the publisher.) FLANAGAN, Martin.One of the crowd: a personal view of newspapers. South Melbourne: Sun Books, 1990. 295 p. ISBN 0-7251-0615-8. AS16.99. (Review copy supplied by the publisher.) VICTORIA. Working Party into Print Media Ownership.Stage one report. Melbourne (200 Queen Street): Attorney-General's Department, 1990. 43 p. (Available free of charge.)

Comment on Felsenstein's reply to Lalouel and Morton.

Annals of Human GeneticsVolume 42, Issue 4 p. 529-529 Comment on Felsenstein's Reply to Lalouel and Morton J.-M. LALOUEL, J.-M. LALOUEL Population Genetics Laboratory, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1980 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822Search for more papers by this author J.-M. LALOUEL, J.-M. LALOUEL Population Genetics Laboratory, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1980 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822Search for more papers by this author First published: May 1979 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1979.tb00686.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume42, Issue4May 1979Pages 529-529 RelatedInformation

THE AUTHOR REPLIES

Journal Article THE AUTHOR REPLIES Get access Patricia A. Jacobs Patricia A. Jacobs Department of Anatomy and Reproductive Biology University of HawaiiManoa 1960 East-West Road Honolulu, HI 96822 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 107, Issue 3, March 1978, Page 258, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112533 Published: 01 March 1978

Family Planning Communication Strategies for Family Planning Everett M. Rogers

Family Planning Get access Communication Strategies for Family Planning, by Rogers Everett M.. Free Press, New York, 1973, 451 p., illus., $12.95 (73-1049). Lyle Saunders Lyle Saunders East-West Communication Institute, 1777 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar BioScience, Volume 26, Issue 7, July 1976, Page 454, https://doi.org/10.2307/1297484 Published: 01 July 1976

Joan Rubin (ed.), Language Planning Newsletter. East-West Culture Learning Institute, East-West Center, 1777 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, U.S.A.

Joan Rubin (ed.), Language Planning Newsletter. East-West Culture Learning Institute, East-West Center, 1777 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, U.S.A.

Properties of the sperm motility stimulating component derived from human serum.

Department of Anatomy and Reproductive Biology, University of Hawaii School of Medicine, 1960 East West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, U.S.A. (Received 8th November 1974) The dialysable heat-stable fraction of human serum stimulates the motility of hamster epididymal spermatozoa in vitro (Yanagimachi, 1970) and produces favourable conditions for capacitation, although the presence of protein is also required to stimulate the acrosome reaction efficiently (Yanagimachi, 1970; Morton & Bavister, 1974). The active fraction from gel-filtered human serum was able to substitute for the motility-stimulating activity normally associated with the hamster cumulus mass (Bavister & Morton, 1974), and it is reasonable to assume at present that the active substances from both sources are similar. Some properties of the serum-derived substance that may assist in its identification are described in the present communication. Freshly collected male human serum was heated to 56°C for 30 min, and then subjected to ultrafiltration (UM 20E filter, Amicon

The detection of relaxin in porcine, ovine and human plasma by radioimmunoassay.

A radioimmunoassay for porcine relaxin is described based on the inhibition of the reaction between I-labeled porcine relaxin and rabbit antiserum to porcine relaxin. The time course of the binding of labeled porcine relaxin to antiserum was determined by chromatoelectrophoresis. The sensitivity of the assay is greater than 4.0 ng of relaxin/ml of plasma. Immunoactivity in plasma from a late pregnant sheep and pig was identical to the standard porcine relaxin. Inhibitions obtained with plasmas from an early pregnant sheep, a ram, boar and normal man differed slightly from that of the standard porcine relaxin. On the other hand, definite partial crossreactions were shown by both pig and sheep plasma after ovariectomy and no inhibition was observed by plasma from a sheep and human after both ovariectomy and hysterectomy. {Endocrinology 91: 1113, 1972) T N 1926, Hisaw (1) described a peptide hor•*mone isolated from the corpora lutea of sow ovaries which produced a marked relaxation of the pelvic ligaments in guinea pigs. Bioassays were subsequently developed based upon the biological activities of relaxin, Hall (2). Current bioassay methods are impractical for measurements of relaxin in multiple samples taken in a wide variety of physiological conditions. Hemagglutination-inhibition has been used for relaxin measurements in saline extracts of ovaries from several species and for cross-reactivity studies by Cohen (3) and McClintock and Zarrow (4). The application of this technique to the estimation of plasma relaxin activity has not been reported. The relaxin preparation used for this study (NIH-R-P1) was extracted from the ovaries of pregnant sows and therefore represents ovarian relaxin as produced during pregnancy. The Uterine Relaxing Factor (URF) content of this preparation is not known. URF has not yet been identified as a separate moiety from relaxin, Griss, Keck, Englehorn and Tuppy (5), isolated from pig ovaries. However, in addition to the possible heterogeneity of ovarian relaxin, plasma may also contain relaxins produced by the decidua, endometrium and placenta, according to Dallenbach and Dallenbach-Hellweg (6). Received January 4, 1972. Address for correspondence: Dr. Gillian D. Bryant, Department of Anatomy & Reproductive Biology, 1960 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. A sensitive and precise radioimmunoassay has been developed for ovarian relaxin and preliminary results have been obtained in plasma from pig, sheep and man. Evidence of a uterine source of relaxin is shown and discussed. Materials and Methods Buffers. Sodium salts were used in the preparation of buffers. Diluent buffer refers to a solution 0.5 mg/ml of bovine gamma globulin, Fraction II (Nutritional Biochemicals Corporation) in 0.05M-barbitone buffer pH 8.6 with 0.5 mg/ml iodoacetamide (Nutritional Biochemicals Corporation). Horse serum was obtained in liquid form from Grand Island Biological Company. Porcine relaxin. A preparation of porcine relaxin (NIH-R-Pl) was used as a standard and for the preparation of I-labeled porcine relaxin. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 7.6 and 9.6 showed a single band but further studies on the physicochemical homogeneity are in progress. i'-labeled porcine relaxin. This was prepared weekly by the method of Hunter and Greenwood (7) except that 0.5 mCi obtained from Cambridge Nuclear, Mass., U.S.A. was reacted with the hormone (10 Mg in 0.02 ml) and 30 M-g of chloramine-T. The 1 3 Ilabeled porcine relaxin was separated from the unreacted iodide on Sephadex G-25 (1.5 g) previously equilibrated with 1 ml of 0.05M-barbitone buffer, pH 8.6, containing 20 mg of bovine gamma globulin. Eluates (15 X 0.75 ml) in the 0.05M-barbitone buffer were collected into tubes containing 0.1 ml of diluent. The fraction containing the highest number of counts in the protein peak was repurified by passage through Sephadex G-50 (2.5 g) previously

Trans-Balkan Railway Schemes

D OWN to the first World War, competing plans for railways in the western Balkans mirrored the international rivalry in this cockpit of Europe. A British journalist, with a zest for entertainment, diverted herself when in a mixed group of Slavs and Teutons by proposing alternative routes for a railway and listening to the divergent reactions.' Whereas Austrian interests, with German backing as a rule, looked with favor upon a north-south line leading to the Aegean at Salonica, Slav spokesmen preferred an east-west or transverse road ending in an Adriatic harbor.2 Italian and French interests, in the main, approved plans brought forward by Slavic governments, though Italians, on occasion, had ideas of their own on the route of any railway across the Balkans. Every European state, large or small, concerned with the eternal Balkan problem, was alert to the strategic and political implications of a trans-Balkan railway. These considerations were not, however, trumpeted abroad; the accent, rather, was placed upon the commercial advantages of the line, the economic betterment of backward districts, and the enlargement of trade with western Europe which faster transportation would yield. If, perchance, the projected road should be linked up with the Romanian and Russian railways, Odessa would be connected with the Adriatic, giving the

The Origin and the Propagation of the Square Field System in the World

The Roman field was planned by Agrimensores with an instrument “Groma.” They made at first straight roads pointing north and south was called Kardos and east west road was called Limes Decumanus. With these two roads as axis they divided their field into sections 2400 Roman feet (nearly equal to 710.4 metres) square which was called Centuria. One Centuria was also divided into 100 Heredia by small lanes. Each Heredium had 240 Roman feet square. (See Map I) It is said that Romulus, the founder of Rome, gave one Heredium to each of his people. One Heredium consisted of two Jugera, and one Jngerum was the area which two oxen could till in one day. One Jugerum had two Acti. One Actus was the area of 120 Roman feet square.We can find as yet in many plains of Italy and other European countries, for example in England, the remnant of the Roman field system. The township system of northern America may be said the hereditary of the Roman field system.Ancient Chinese in Chou Dynasty also planned their field by making the main road crossing each other at right. angles. The north-south road was called T'sien and the east-west one Me. Later on with these two roads as axis they divided the field with basic block of one Ri or 300 Pu (nearly equal to 414.5 metres) square, called Tsing-t'ien. One Tsing-t'ien was composed of nine Fu which was 100 Pu square. Fu means one family's holding, so one Tsing-t'ien was the ideal type of small village which had eight families settled themselves at central Fu section, and had to farm other eight Fus. (See Map II).The field planning of Romans and that of ancient Chinese both with their square shaped field can also be called as square field system, each resembling so much that it seems these two methods must have a common origin.This field system was planned at first in the suburbs of Rome and Loyang, capital of Chou Dynasty, in the age of their city state. Therefore the origin of the former system may be traced back to the Orient where the foremost city state blossomed in human history.The square field system was planned with great accuracy by survey and arranged irrigation ditches alongside the roads and lanes, also the standard shape of the field was decided by ploughing with two oxen.These characteristics of agriculture are just the same which Prof. Gordon Chiide has called as the second revolution of human civilization. He says that this city revolution has occured at first in Mesopotamia, Egypt and India relating each other, and from there it spread out all over the world.We have found not yet the exact remnant of the square field system in these oldest countries. But some inscribed tablets show the continuity of the method adopted for example, Agrimensores of Rome, elected boundary stones after surveying at the corners of the field, and in Mesopotamia we know there were also boundary stones, and in the Sumerian city state the people (Sub-lugal) were provided with uniformed feud.Chinese Tsing-Vien system also propagated to the east Asian countries, and especially in Japan we have a typical square field system “Jori.” Yamato basin, Nara prefecture, famous with many old temples, is the district in which Jori system was being held perfectly, Naka Gaido, the north-south road which runs in middle of the basin, was the principal meridian, and Yoko. Ohoji, east-west road connecting Sakurai, Yagi, and Takata towns which runs rather southern part of the basin was the base line of Jori of Yamato. Ground Block of Joni was called Ri and was one Ri square, the length Ri which was introduced from Ti of Chinese but prolonged a little, was about 640 metres. (See Map III).