East-west Axis Research Articles

Editor’s Note

Editor’s Note William Blair This issue introduces a new annual feature—publication of the Robert Fortenbaugh Memorial Lecture. Begun in 1962, the lecture series, run by the Civil War Institute at Gettysburg College and conducted on the anniversary of Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, has featured a veritable “Who’s Who” of the historical profession. Bruce Catton launched the event, followed by a parade of luminaries including David Herbert Donald, John Hope Franklin, Willie Lee Rose, C. Vann Woodward, Drew Gilpin Faust, Eugene Genovese, Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, James M. McPherson, Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Michael Holt, Gary W. Gallagher, Catherine Clinton, Edward Ayers, and many others. Although the lectures had been distributed in pamphlet form since 1982, this new arrangement will allow for easier access for the historical community, not only in printed form but also electronically through the journal’s presence on Project MUSE. The honor of delivering the fiftieth anniversary lecture, on November 19, 2011, fell to Joan Waugh of UCLA. We are privileged to run her insights about Ulysses S. Grant’s construction of the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox. She argues that the supposed simplicity of his explanation for a lenient approach masks lessons learned in other surrenders throughout the conflict and in consultation with political authorities. We look forward to publishing the thoughts of future distinguished scholars. The lecture assumes the space for the regular feature “Notes on the Profession,” which resumes in December; however, we still present the usual lineup of three strong research articles, a review essay, and book reviews. Each of the articles puts forth conceptual arguments that ask for a reconsideration of accepted wisdom. Patrick Kelly brings Mexico into the foreground of the Civil War, calling for a reorientation of the international dimension of the struggle from the usual east-west axis to a more hemispheric perspective. Next, Carole Emberton revisits the observation of W. E. B. Du Bois in Black Reconstruction in America that “only murder makes men,” as she explores how the capacity to kill an enemy supported black soldiers in their quest for citizenship as well as complicated white understanding of African American capacity for freedom. Rounding out the articles, Caroline E. Janney uses the dedication of the Chickamauga Battlefield Park in 1895 to challenge the dominant impression that these events contained only reconciliationist sentiments. Hard feelings remained on both sides. Finally, David Reynolds takes on a review of a handful of books—academic, nonacademic, and a primary source reader—issued as [End Page 305] part of the first year of the sesquicentennial. He makes interesting observations about the value of nonorganized history that allows for a “chaotic immediacy” and advocates the need to continue to feature the outliers of Civil War-era history. [End Page 306] Copyright © 2012 The University of North Carolina Press

Reconstruction of Tertiary palaeovalleys in the South Alpine Foreland Basin of France (Eocene–Oligocene of the Castellane arc)

The dynamics of depositional environments and the spatial deformation of drainage networks in foreland basins reflect the tectonic and erosional dynamics associated with the development of mountain belts. The spatial and temporal organization of the Eocene–Oligocene (40–25Ma) sedimentation in the external part of the South Alpine Foreland Basin of France was reconstructed using an integrated cartographic, sedimentological and petrographic analysis of the Tertiary sedimentary successions. The depositional geometries and variations in facies and thickness of the Palaeogene Nummulitic succession, as well as the observed flow directions in various continental and marine sediments, suggest that the Barrême, Blieux and Taulanne synclines were present as palaeovalleys since the Eocene. The sedimentological analysis of the Nummulitic succession allows the identification of three depositional sequences separated by transgressive surfaces that are recognized in the Barrême, Blieux and Taulanne synclines. Correlation of these sequences between the three synclines suggests that these palaeovalleys were connected by a local valley network that recorded the same sea-level fluctuations during the marine Nummulitic sedimentation. The palaeovalley network was structurally controlled by the east–west axes of the Blieux and Taulanne synclines and the north–south axis of the Barrême syncline formed during the “Pyrenean–Provençal” (Late Cretaceous–Middle Eocene) shortening and the first stage of the Alpine history (Middle Eocene) respectively. Later on, the westward “Alpine” compression (since the Early Oligocene) induced local depocenter migration and reversal in flow direction. However, compared to the modern river pattern, the palaeovalley orientation highlights a geometrical stability since their formation (about 40Ma), suggesting a long-term stability of the early structures in the foreland basin. This constancy can be explained by the location of the study area in a piggy-back basin transported at the top of the Provençal thrust sheet that facilitated the preservation of the overall axis orientation of the palaeovalleys.

Cleavage lines in global politics: left and right, East and West, earth and heaven

This article revisits the ‘heuristic value of the left–right dichotomy’ for understanding global politics. For a little less than two centuries, the main left–right cleavage centred on class issues. Class remained the spur of political mobilization until the late 1970s, when a mechanism of polarization focused more on identity issues emerged. In international politics, talk of identity becomes especially heated in the discourse that opposes East to West. A number of international issues in which the East–West divide has become a reference and a blueprint (e.g. the Israeli–Palestinian conflict) are able to mobilize opinions along the left–right continuum. This paper contends that a third cleavage—between earth and heaven—is also playing a role in mobilizing opinions along the left–right spectrum. As left and right ‘reach out’ from local to global politics and become tied up with questions of identity, some international issues appear to act as catalysts to ideological polarization, especially when the language used to address them pivots on the East–West axis. The risk lies in the formation of a ‘cumulative cleavage’, a compound of the three cleavage lines detailed in this paper.

Abstract 1678: European ancestry and ovarian cancer: Testing for their association using case control data

Abstract Population stratification in case-control studies can result from differences in ancestral make-up between cases and controls due to sampling variation. Ancestry is therefore routinely estimated and controlled for in these studies. Although less common, it is also possible for ancestry to truly be associated to the disease of interest. Controlling for ancestry can then compromise the power to detect variants that underlie both ancestry and disease. Using data from a multi-center case-control study of epithelial ovarian cancer (OC) among women of European-American ethnicity in which case-control samples were drawn from four geographically distinct North-American sites, we developed a three-step method to investigate whether the stratification observed across the four sites is due to chance or to a non-spurious association between European ancestry and OC. First, we collapsed genome-wide data into two principal components (PCs) that represent the major axes of European ancestral variation, which correspond to north-south and to west-east geographical clines. Next, we determined the discriminant function based on these two PCs that best separates cases and controls for each individual study site and we used the largest angle between the four discriminant function vectors as a measure of similarity ranging from 0 degrees, where all four vectors are exactly the same, to 180 degrees where two of the vectors face exactly opposite directions. If stratification is due to sampling, it is unlikely that the four sites will present similar discriminant functions by chance alone. We then gauged significance of similarity by permuting the case control status across individuals within each site and recalculating the maximum angle between the discriminant function vectors, thus obtaining a null distribution for the statistic. We found that all four sites present the greatest separation between cases and controls on the west-east axis of ancestral variation, with a higher proportion of ovarian cancer cases presenting western ancestry. The largest angle between the four discriminant function vectors observed was of 36.5 degrees. Permutation testing showed this level of similarity between the functions to have a p-value < 0.01 and suggests that OC risk is somehow tied to European ancestry. It remains to be seen whether shared culture or other exposures such as parity or oral contraceptive use explain this connection or whether genetic variants underlie it and are potentially being missed due to routine ancestry control in association testing. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1678. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1678

공간통계를 이용한 공주시의 시공간적 지가변화패턴 분석

본 연구는 행정중심복합도시 건설에 따라 이에 편입되는 지역과 그 주변지역을 포함한 공주시를 대상으로 지가의 시공간적 변화패턴을 파악하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 2000년, 2005년, 2010년을 기준시점으로 209개의 동/리별 평균지가를 산출하여 GIS데이터를 구축하였다. 분석방법으로는 크게 3가지 측면으로 구분할 수 있다. 먼저 공간통계기법의 일종인 크리깅 보간에 의한 5년 단위의 지가변화 추이를 파악하였다. 둘째, 동서축과 남북축의 방향별 변화패턴을 알아보기 위해 경향분석(trend analysis)을 실시하였다. 셋째, 시점별 지가중심점의 이동 방향을 살펴보기 위해 지가를 가중치로 하여 가중평균중심점(weighted mean center)을 산출하였다. 그 결과 지목(Land Category)별 지가변화추세는 행정중심복합도시에 편입되는 동부지역에서 높은 성장세를 보이는 것으로 나타났고, 중심점의 이동방향 역시 동북부지역으로 편중되는 현상을 보였다. This study aims to identify spatio-temporal land price change pattern in Gongju city including the area incorporated and surrounding area depending on the Multifunctional Administrative City Construction. For this, GIS data was built by calculating the average land price each 209 Dong and Ri by the time of the year 2000, 2005 and 2010 based on. The first, the change in the land price was to identify in the 5-year intervals through a kriging interpolation as a kind of geostatistical techniques. The second, a trend analysis was conducted to know directional change pattern of the east-west axis and the north-south axis. Finally, the weighted mean center was calculated by the land price at a weight to examine moving direction on the center point of land price, point of view. The result is that the land price change pattern appeared visible higher growth on the eastern built in the Multifunctional Administrative City, moving direction on the center point of the land price appeared that the phenomenon was concentrated in the northeastern area.

Why don't Russians fear the Chinese? The Chinese factor in the self-identification process of Russia

Historically speaking, the self-identification process of Russia has revolved around the West–East axis. However, there has been a considerable asymmetry in the impact of these two poles. In this article I will argue that “the West” was a dominating concept in the self-narration of Russians and “the East” was mostly a function of the interaction between Russia and the West. The difference in the level of attention and emotions which Russia manifests towards the West and the East has been caused by the religious factor, which was crucial for shaping Russia's identity and her sense of uniqueness. While the West and Western Christianity presented a challenge to the Orthodox fundamentals of Russia's self-image, China was neutral in terms of religious identity. The negligible importance of the religious factor added to rationality in Russian policy towards China. In the article I analyze the Chinese factor in Russia's self-identification process in the context of Moscow's attitude towards the West and the East by using two main elements: identity and fear. Comparing the historical pattern with the present one, I attempt to determine the consequences of these two factors for the Russian Federation.

Discordant Patterns of Nuclear and Mitochondrial Introgression in Iberian Populations of the European Common Frog (Rana temporaria)

Amphibians often show complex histories of intraspecific and interspecific genetic introgression, which might differ in mitochondrial and nuclear genes. In our study of the genetic differentiation of the European common frog, Rana temporaria (159 specimens from 23 populations were analyzed for 24 presumptive allozyme loci; 82 specimens were sequenced for a 540-bp fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene), multilocus correspondence analysis (CA) and Bayesian assignment tests of the nuclear data were concordant in identifying 2 population groups corresponding to 1) the Pyrenees in the east and 2) the Galicia and Asturias regions in the west, the latter corresponding to the subspecies R. temporaria parvipalmata. Geographically intermediate populations were genetically intermediate in the allozyme CA and, less clearly in the Bayesian assignment, with mitochondrial haplotypes exclusively belonging to the parvipalmata group. This indicates different degrees of introgression in the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Although Pyrenean high-altitude populations are morphologically distinct from low-altitude populations, these 2 groups were not separate clusters in any analysis. This suggests that the morphological differences may be due to fast adaptation to elevational gradients, likely under maintenance of gene flow, and that the underlying genetic changes are not detectable by the analyzed markers. We argue that a parsimonious explanation for the observed pattern along the east-west axis in northern Spain may be competition between invading and resident populations, with no need to invoke selection. However, in order to conclusively rule out selective processes, additional and finer scale data are required to test for asymmetric mating preference/behaviour, sex-biased gene flow, or sex-biased survival of potential hybrids.

Optical Performance of Horizontal Single-Axis Tracked Solar Panels

To investigate the optical performance of horizontal single-axis tracked solar panels, a mathematical procedure to estimate daily collectible radiation on fixed, 2-axis and horizontal single-axis tracked solar panels was developed based the solar geometry and monthly horizontal radiation. Results showed that the annual solar gain on a horizontal single-axis tracked solar panel was related to the orientation of the horizontal tracking axis, tracking the sun about the east-west axis was worst to boost the energy collection of tracked panels, and tracking the sun about the south-north axis was best. Results also indicated that the ratio on south-north single-axis tracked solar panels to that with full 2- axis sun-tracking decreased with the increase in site latitude, implying that the horizontal south-north axis suntracking was suitable to be employed in the region with lower geographical latitude.

Optical Performance of Horizontal Single-Axis Tracked Solar Panels

To investigate the optical performance of horizontal single-axis (HA) sun-tracked solar panels, a mathematical procedure to estimate daily collectible radiation on fixed, 2-axis and HA-tracked solar panels was developed based monthly horizontal radiation. Results showed that the annual solar gain on a HA-tracked solar panel was related to the orientation of HA, tracking the sun about the east-west axis was worst to boost the energy collection of solar panels, and tracking the sun about the south-north axis was best. Results also indicated that the ratio of annual collectible radiation on horizontal south-north sun-axis tracked solar panels to that with full 2-axis sun-tracking decreased with the increase in site latitude, implying that the horizontal south-north axis sun-tracking was suitable to be employed in regions with lower geographical latitude

The negotiation of collective identities in German cinema after unification

ABSTRACTThis article analyses the negotiation of German identities in two films of the ‘newer German cinema’: Sonnenallee/Sun Alley and Schultze Gets the Blues. It argues that the former represents a defiant stance towards a dominant West German narrative that devalorizes the lived experiences of former GDR citizens. As a consequence, East and West are consolidated as relevant categories of identification. In contrast, the article argues that Schultze Gets the Blues represents a post-national tendency in newer German cinema, which dissolves the East-West axis and instead foregrounds regional and post-national identities.

London's urban heat island: Impact on current and future energy consumption in office buildings

This paper presents the results of a computational study on the energy consumption and related CO2 emissions for heating and cooling of an office building within the Urban Heat Island of London, currently and in the future. The study developed twenty weather files in an East-West axis through London; the weather files were constructed according to future climate change scenario for 2050 suitable for the UK which have been modified to represent specific locations within the London UHI based on measurements and predictions from a program developed for this purpose (LSSAT). The study simulated an office with typical construction, heat gains and operational patterns with an advanced thermal simulation program (IESVE). The predictions confirm that heating load decreases, cooling load and overheating hours increase as the office location moves from rural to urban sites and from present to future years. It is shown that internal heat gains are an important factor affecting energy performance and that night cooling using natural ventilation will have a beneficial effect at rural and city locations. As overheating will increase in the future, more buildings will use cooling; it is shown that this might lead to a five-fold increase of CO2 emission for city centre offices in London in 2050. The paper presents detailed results of the typical office placed on the East-West axis of the city, arguing the necessity to consider using weather files based on climate projections and urban heat island for the design of current buildings to safeguard their efficiency in the future.

Study on the functional pattern of the Beijing metropolitan region and its changes: Based the analysis of data from the economic unit census

Based on the first and second economic unit censuses of Beijing,this paper uses the methods of Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis to examine the pattern of urban functional distribution of the Beijing metropolitan region. Compared with 2004,the functional distribution changed much in 2008. The findings are as follows.(1) The urban functions were suburbanizing:the suburbanization of construction,transportation and manufacturing function was most significant,and producer services function and comprehensive function was characterized by suburbanization.(2) There were more significant spatial differentiations in the functional distribution of Beijing metropolitan region:the central area was specialized in producer services and public services function;the inner suburbs specialized in comprehensive function,technology and education services function,and the outer suburbs were specialized in construction,transportation and manufacturing function.(3) The functional structure of Beijing metropolitan region changed from developmental axes,two functional belts,and eight functional to developmental axes,one functional belt,and six functional areas. The two developmental axes were the west-east axis along the Chang'an Avenue and the north-south axis along the traditional central axis. The functional belt associated with construction,transportation and manufacturing was located mainly along the Fifth Ring Road and extended to the outer suburbs along the main transportation line. The functional areas were composed of public services functional area,producer services functional area,technology and education services functional area,public and producer services comprehensive functional area,and manufacturing and technology services comprehensive functional area. This pattern was an synthesis of concentric circle mode,axial mode and polycentric mode.

DETECTION OF A BIPOLAR MOLECULAR OUTFLOW DRIVEN BY A CANDIDATE FIRST HYDROSTATIC CORE

We present new 230 GHz Submillimeter Array observations of the candidate first hydrostatic core Per-Bolo 58. We report the detection of a 1.3 mm continuum source and a bipolar molecular outflow, both centered on the position of the candidate first hydrostatic core. The continuum detection has a total flux density of 26.6 +/- 4.0 mJy, from which we calculate a total (gas and dust) mass of 0.11 +/- 0.05 Msun and a mean number density of 2.0 +/- 1.6 X 10^7 cm-3. There is some evidence for the existence of an unresolved component in the continuum detection, but longer-baseline observations are required in order to confirm the presence of this component and determine whether its origin lies in a circumstellar disk or in the dense inner envelope. The bipolar molecular outflow is observed along a nearly due east-west axis. The outflow is slow (characteristic velocity of 2.9 km/s), shows a jet-like morphology (opening semi-angles ~8 degrees for both lobes), and extends to the edges of the primary beam. We calculate the kinematic and dynamic properties of the outflow in the standard manner and compare them to several other protostars and candidate first hydrostatic cores with similarly low luminosities. We discuss the evidence both in support of and against the possibility that Per-Bolo 58 is a first hydrostatic core, and we outline future work needed to further evaluate the evolutionary status of this object.

Larval ecology of the great barracuda, Sphyraena barracuda, and other sphyraenids in the Straits of Florida

The great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) is a widespread, ecologically and socioeconomically important coastal fish, yet very little is known about its larvae. We examined spawning and larval ecology of Western Atlantic sphyraenids using monthly ichthyoplankton samples collected over 2 years along a transect spanning the east–west axis of the Straits of Florida (SOF). Samples were dominated by the great barracuda (92.8%) and sennets (Sphyraena borealis and Sphyraena picudilla; 6.6%). While larval sennets and S. barracuda displayed similar vertical distributions (majority in upper 25 m), horizontal and temporal patterns of abundance suggested a spatial and temporal species replacement between larval S. barracuda and sennets that tracks adult ecology. The diet of both taxa consisted largely of copepods, with inclusion of fish larvae at 8 mm SL, and in S. barracuda alone, a switch in the wet season to exclusive piscivory by 12 mm SL (18 days post-hatch). A lack of piscivory in S. barracuda larvae captured in the dry season corresponded to slower larval growth than in the wet season. Larval growth was also related to size-at-hatch and larval age such that larvae that were larger at hatch or larger (older) at capture grew faster at earlier ages, suggesting faster larval growth, and indirectly larger hatch size, conveys a survival advantage. Unlike larval growth, instantaneous mortality rate did not differ with season, and no lunar cyclic patterns in spawning output were identified. Our results provide insight into the pelagic phase of sphyraenids and highlight the importance of both diet and hatch size to the growth and survival of fish larvae in low latitude oceanic environments.

Quality versus mere popularity: a conceptual map for understanding human behavior

We propose using a bi-axial map as a heuristic for categorizing different dynamics involved in the relationship between quality and popularity. The east–west axis represents the degree to which an agent’s decision is influenced by those of other agents. This ranges from the extreme western edge, where an agent learns individually (no outside influence), to the extreme eastern edge, where an agent is influenced by a large number of other agents. The vertical axis represents how easy or difficult it is for an agent to discern the relative quality of available choices. When a case study is located on the map, it becomes easier to select the range of tools to use for understanding and predicting the relation between quality and popularity.

Population delimitation across contrasting evolutionary clines in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus).

Despite current interest in population genetics, a concrete definition of a “population” remains elusive. Multiple ecologically and evolutionarily based definitions of population are in current use, which focus, respectively, on demographic and genetic interactions. Accurate population delimitation is crucial for not only evolutionary and ecological population biology, but also for conservation of threatened populations. Along the Pacific Coast of North America, two contrasting patterns of geographic variation in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) converge within the state of Oregon. Populations of these mice diverge morphologically across an east–west axis, and they diverge in mitochondrial DNA haplotypes across a north–south axis. In this study, we investigate these geographically contrasting patterns of differentiation in the context of ecological and evolutionary definitions (paradigms) of populations. We investigate these patterns using a new and geographically expansive sample that integrates data on morphology, mitochondrial DNA, and nuclear DNA. We found no evidence of nuclear genetic differentiation between the morphologically and mitochondrially distinct populations, thus indicating the occurrence of gene flow across Oregon. Under the evolutionary paradigm, Oregon populations can be considered a single population, whereas morphological and mitochondrial differentiations do not indicate distinct populations. In contrast, under the ecological paradigm morphological differentiation indicates distinct populations based on the low likelihood of demographic interactions between geographically distant individuals. The two sympatric but mitochondrially distinct haplogroups form a single population under the ecological paradigm. Hence, we find that the difference between evolutionary and ecological paradigms is the time-scale of interest, and we believe that the more chronologically inclusive evolutionary paradigm may be preferable except in cases where only a single generation is of interest.

Study on the Performance and Application of Interior Moisture Buffering Materials for the Typical Housing in Taiwan

The humidity issue is one of the essential factors regarding the indoor environment quality. Researchers attempt to control the moisture in different methods, and the quantity of the researches keeps rising, which indicates the importance of the moisture buffering effect. The moisture buffering effect is a kind of passive design method, which is considered as more sustainable, compared to mechanical and chemical solutions. Taiwan locates in subtropics. However, the local researches concerning the moisture buffering effect in Taiwan are relatively fewer than those countries, which have lower temperature and humidity climate conditions than Taiwan. In addition, the general dehumidifying methods used in Taiwan are more concentrated in mechanical or chemical dehumidifying solutions. Moreover, typical town house in Taiwan usually represents as a north-south or east-west long axis living system without opening at the opposite axis, which leads the closed spaces with less openings for ventilations in the typical Taiwan town house, and those closed spaces are the main areas where the moisture accumulates. Therefore, this study follows the JIS A1470-1:2008 standard testing the MBV(Moisture Buffering Value) of 4 plate building and interior materials (Paulownia wood, Plywood, Pinewood, and Moisture Buffering Tile) and 3 Granular building and interior materials (Bamboo Charcoal, Activated Charcoal, and Silica Gel), and proposed design strategies along with moisture buffering materials (Double Wall System and Raised Floor System for existing building, and Counter-Beam System and Vertical Ventilation Duct for new construction) to provide local examples or references to Architects and interior designers in Taiwan.

북한의 고속도로 전망 및 AHP기법을 활용한 투자우선순위 결정

본 논문에서는 북한의 인구현황, 도로현황, 도로의 기능 및 역할을 살펴보았다. 또한, 남한과 중국의 도로망 및 Asian Highway와 연계할 수 있는 도로에 대해 남북축과 동서측 <TEX>$5{\times}5$</TEX>로 전망하였다. 추가적으로, 도로의 투자우선순위를 결정하기 위하여 평가항목 및 가중치를 산정하고 전문가그룹의 설문조사를 바탕으로 AHP 분석방법을 활용하였다. 분석결과 축별 우선순위는 남북축은 남북2축(개성~평양~안주~중국),남북5축, 남북1축, 남북3축, 남북4축 순으로 선정되었으며 동서축은 동서2축(남포~평양~원산), 동서1축, 동서3축, 동서4축, 동서5축 구간이 투자우선순위가 높은 것으로 분석되었다. Current state of population, the existing roads, and the function of roads and highways of North Korea have been reviewed in this paper. In addition, the 'Five by five' road network has proposed for North-South and East-West directions to be connected with the road network of South Korea, China, and Asian Highways. Furthermore, the evaluation criteria and weighted values have suggested to determine the investment priority of highway based on the survey results from expert group members using AHP analysis method. Throughout the analysis, the ranking of the investment priority has been decided for the North-South axis and East-West axis. The second North-South axis (Geasung-Pyungyang-Anju-China) has been ranked as the first priority for the North-South axis followed by the fifth North-South axis as the second, the first axis as the third, the third axis as the fourth and the fourth axis as the last priority. For the East-West axis, the second East-West axis(Nampo-Pyungyang-Wonsan) has been ranked as the first priority followed by the first axis as the second, the third axis as the third, the fourth axis as the fourth and the fifth East-West axis as the last priority.

Local-scale environmental variation generates highly divergent lineages associated with stream drainages in a terrestrial salamander, Plethodon caddoensis

Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in environmental factors can have profound effects on diversification in species that are tightly linked to their environments. The Caddo Mountain Salamander ( Plethodon caddoensis) inhabits a unique physiographic section of the Ouachita Mountains in central North America, a region in which Pleistocene climatic fluctuations have been implicated in driving lineage diversification in two other closely related salamanders. We examined P. caddoensis to determine whether it was similarly impacted by historic climatic changes and test whether physiographic features unique to the area also contributed to its diversification. We found that P. caddoensis is composed of four highly divergent, geographically distinct lineages that abut one another along an east–west axis. Phylogeographic structure was significantly related to both geographic distance and stream drainages, indicating that connectivity of streams and stream-associated habitats (e.g., talus) influence patterns of interpopulation gene flow. Lineages originated during the Middle Miocene and population size decreased in all lineages during the Pleistocene. Surface Geology and precipitation were the most important variables predicting the species distribution. Our results show that the unique physiographic features of the area coupled with species response to climatic factors have driven lineage diversification and phylogeographic structure in P. caddoensis. Variation in responses to historic climatic fluctuations among salamander species in this region underscore the importance of integrating species ecology with other factors such as geology and hydrology in order to better understand the effects of climate change on species with close associations to their environments.

Prilozi proučavanju crkve Svetog Mateja u Splitu

Predmet rada je crkva Svetog Mateja, koja se do 1881. nalazila uz južni ulaz u splitsku katedralu, naknadno umetnuta između periptera i temenosa Dioklecijanova mauzoleja. Analizom antičke prostorne situacije, pisanih izvora, raspoznatljivih ostataka crkve i njenoga izvornog sadržaja (sarkofag ukrašen reljefom ukriženih ljiljana s epitafom nadbiskupa Ivana) autor se zalaže za njenu dataciju u drugu polovinu 8. stoljeća. Naglašava ravensko porijeklo uzoraka reljefnog ukrasa, naslovnika crkve te njenog utemeljitelja, kojeg poistovjećuje s obnoviteljem salonitanske nadbiskupije u Splitu, Ivanom iz Ravene.