East Wall Research Articles

Sivas Hoca İmam Mosque

Bu çalışmada Sivas şehir merkezinde yer alan Hoca İmam Camisi tanıtılacak ve değerlendirilecektir. Hoca İmam Camisi 14. yüzyılın ikinci çeyreğinde, Eretna Beyliği Dönemi’nde inşa edilmiştir. Sivas’ta inşa edilen erken tarihli mescitlerden biri olan yapı adını kurucusundan almış ve zamanla yapının bulunduğu mahalle de aynı isimle anılmıştır. Caminin kurucusu olan Hoca İmam tanınmış bir sûfîdir. 1373 yılında vefat edince adını verdiği mescidinin önüne defnedilmiş ve türbesi yapılmıştır. Mahalle mescidi olarak inşa edilen yapı, 1817 yılında Dergâh-ı Ali gediklilerinden Mehmet Emin Ağa tarafından onartılmış ve minber eklenerek camiye dönüştürülmüştür. Yapı sonraki yıllarda da bazı onarımlar geçirmiş, 1953 yılında harimi batıya doğru genişletilerek kuzeyine bir son cemaat yeri ile bir de minare eklenmiştir. Camide bitkisel, geometrik, nesneli ve mimari öğelerden oluşan alçı ve ahşap bezeme tespit edilmiştir. Caminin mihrabında alçı, minber, vaaz kürsüsü, tavan ve harim kapısında ise ahşap bezeme yer almaktadır. Alçı bezemeler baskı tekniğinde, ahşap bezemeler ise çakma tekniğinde yapılmıştır. Yapının mihrabındaki alçı süslemelerde, kenger yaprakları, vazodan çıkan çiçekler, kıvrım dallar gibi bitkisel motiflerin yanı sıra kandil motifleri ve mimari formlar kullanılmıştır. Bezeme üslubu Batılılaşma Dönemi özellikleri göstermektedir. Sivas’ta bu dönemlerde inşa edilen diğer yapılarda da karşılaşılan bu üslup dönemin beğenisini ve sanat anlayışını yansıtması bakımından önemlidir. Hoca İmam Camisi bu üslubun Sivas’taki önemli örneklerinden birini oluşturmaktadır.

Thermal Behaviour and Micro Climate Studies of Several Wall Insulation on Houses in a Tropical Climate (Aw) Area

Standard brick walls have caused a gradual increase in the area’s temperature due to the bricks’ emissivity. Therefore, several effective technologies to overcome this problem have been proposed, one of which is thermal insulation by covering the outer walls of bricks from exposure to sunlight. This study compares thermal insulation effectiveness with Glass Fiber Reinforced Cement (GRC) and Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) material to obtain better insulations. This study is performed by modeling the area of 4 housing units using ENVI-met V4 in a humid tropical climate, focused in an east-west direction in a clear sky. Each building measures eight times 6 m2, with 4 meters in height, with a distance between buildings of 3 meters. GRC and EPS are affixed to the entire surface of the outer wall of the building, both on the east side and west sidewalls. The parameter observed is the wall surface temperature. The results showed that walls with GRC and EPS gave more effective results in lowering the surface temperature of brick walls, with values ranging from 8-23%. The use of insulation intervention on the east wall at 06.00-12.00 and the west wall at 13.00-18.00 shows higher accumulated surface temperature than the standard brick wall at peak hours, which means that the insulation material controls solar radiation. However, the phenomenon on the east wall at 12.00-07.00 and the west wall at 18.00-13.00 shows a controlled temperature above the surface temperature when using a standard brick wall.

영덕 장육사 대웅전 벽화의 도상과 특징

As a building of Joseon Dynasty, Daeungjeon Hall at Jangyuksa Temple has jusimpo type gable roof with three bays in the front and three bays on the side, and inside the Hall, it attracts the attention of wall paintings and dancheong drawn on the wall and ceiling as well as Buddha statues and Buddhist paintings. Wall paintings and dancheong which make the interior of the Hall look majestic are usually drawn small because they are painted in the sense to focus attention on Buddha statues or Buddhist paintings as the main object of worship and form a religious atmosphere, but it receives attention since the east and west wall of Daeungjeon Hall at Jangyuksa Temple show unique iconography that is not seen in wall paintings of other temples. This paper looked into the layout focusing on wall paintings the inside of Daeungjeon Hall at Jangyuksa Temple and examined the iconographic origin of the iconography that is distinguished from wall paintings of other temples, such as Munsudongja(Child Majusri) on a lion, Bohyeondongja(Child Samantabhadra) on a white elephant, and Bicheon(aprasas) playing a musical instrument, etc. as well as the development process. This iconography was established as solo iconography in earlier period of wall paintings, and it was found that it had an influence on banner Buddhist paintings of Seoul&Gyeonggi area be drawn at the bottom from the end of the 19th century to the early 20th century. However, Arhat paintings and Portraits of Great Masters on Pobyeok wall show characteristics after the 19th century in the iconography, coloration, and detailed expression, so it is believed that they were repainted after a rebuilding. Then, based on the records handed down to the temple, the creation period of the wall paintings was examined. Most of the wall paintings the inside of Daeungjeon Hall were created in 1764 during a ceremony of Buddhist paintings, in which leading monk painters Doohoon(斗訓) and Jaeok(再玉) participated, and it can be said that they have great material value as representative works showing the iconography of Gisamunsudongja(Child Majusri on a lion) and Gisangbohyeondongja(Child Samantabhadra on a white elephant) in the mid-18th century.

Thermal analysis of a house made of composite walls comprising of a solar PV panel and an epoxy/Al polymer located in Gulmarg

Thermal analysis of a house situated in Gulmarg made of composite walls comprising a solar photovoltaic (PV) panel and an epoxy/Al polymer has been performed analytically for a day. The PV panels absorb solar radiation; a part of it is used to produce electricity and the rest is converted to heat, which increases the temperature of the panel. The polymer sheet attached to the panel absorbs heat from the panel and conducts it to the room inside. The east, west and south walls contribute to heat transfer from the outside to the inside of the room. The northern wall is cool compared to other walls and contributes significantly to heat losses. Room temperature was found to increase uniformly and attain 26.4°C by 5 pm, thereby reducing the requirement for room heating during the daytime. It can be concluded that the composite wall is able to heat the room and can produce electricity during the daytime to meet energy demand.

Energetic and thermal comfort assessment of phase change material passively incorporated building envelope in severe hot Climate: An experimental study

Phase change materials (PCMs) can beneficially work as a successful thermal energy storage medium in different applications. PCMs have shown a remarkable enhancement in building energy-saving and thermal comfort in hot locations. In this paper, the thermal behaviour of a PCM-enhanced thermally-poor building envelope is studied experimentally. To this aim, two identical rooms, one loaded with PCM (PCM room) and the other without (reference room), are built and tested under a severe hot climate of Al Amarah city, Iraq. Previously examined parameters, such as the optimal position and thickness of the PCM layer in the roof and the best-thermally performed PCM capsules integrated concrete bricks, are considered to build the PCM room. Several energetic and thermal comfort indicators such as maximum temperature reduction (MTR), average temperature fluctuation reduction (ATFR), decrement factor (DF), time lag (TL), operative temperature difference (OTD), discomfort hours reduction (DHR) and maximum heat gain reduction (MHGR) are determined and discussed to show the potential of PCM. The experimental results revealed that the incorporated PCM could remarkably improve the thermal performance of building envelope exposed to high outdoor temperatures. Amongst envelope elements and compared with the reference room, the roof and east wall of the PCM room recorded the best thermal behaviour, where the MTR difference, ATFR, DF, and TL difference reached 3.75 °C, 6.5 °C, 25.6%, 70 min for the roof, and 2.75 °C, 2.4 °C, 12.8% and 40 min for the east wall, respectively. Moreover, the PCM room shows a thermal comfort enhancement by 11.2% and 34.8%, considering the DHR and MHGR, respectively, compared with the reference one. The study highlighted that suitable ventilation means are necessary to improve the building performance and reach acceptable thermal comfort when the PCM is incorporated passively.

CEA 모델을 활용한 아파트 에너지 사용량 및 태양광 잠재량 분석 : 혼합형 아파트 구조를 대상으로

Purpose: This study is to derive energy demand and solar power generation potential through CEA(City Energy Analyst) modeling for mixed type apartments in Gangnam-gu, where energy consumption is high. Method: For urban building energy modeling, EPW(EnergyPlus Weather) files were used to analyze the building energy demand and potential after installation of solar panels through CEA modeling. In the case of building energy and solar panels, solar radiation and energy-use types are derived for each building through the Solar Radiation and Schedule model in the CEA model. Result: The cooling and heating energy of buildings in the study site is greatly affected by ambient temperature and humidity, and it was found that there was a large fluctuation by season due to changes in solar radiation due to dynamics with surrounding building s and building structure.The study site had a mixed type apartment structure, so it was found that the potential for soloar power was high when mainly installed on the east wall. Using the results of this study, it is expected to be used as apreliminary data for stakeholders in future decision-making and research by presenting the necessity of research on building energy structure in cities for efficient building energy consumption and solar power generation.

Impacts of Courtyard Envelope Design on Energy Performance in the Hot Summer–Cold Winter Region of China

This paper aims to investigate the effects of courtyard envelope design on the energy performance of office buildings in the hot summer–cold winter region of China. Two types of courtyard buildings were simulated with 200 energy models by changing the following variables: window–wall ratio (south, north, east, and west walls), window U-value, wall U-value, solar heat gain coefficient, and orientation. The treed Gaussian process (TGP) sensitivity analysis method was employed to quantify the contributions of parameters related to courtyard design that result in the changes of annual cooling, heating, lighting, and total energy consumption. The results show that the courtyard envelope design has a significant effect on the energy consumption in this case study. The most influential factor affecting annual cooling energy consumption and the annual total energy consumption is the orientation, which is responsible for 37% and 81%, respectively, in two layouts to annual cooling energy use. The corresponding proportion increased to 45% and 86% in terms of the total energy consumption. The most influential factor influencing annual heating energy use is the window U-value, which explained nearly 60% of the changes to the heating energy use. The effect of the solar heat gain coefficient in two kinds of layouts is as high as 82% and 79% for lighting energy use in this case study. Due to the different courtyard forms, the magnitude of the effect of the parameters on energy consumption and the main trend of the effect is slightly different.

An experimental comparison on regional thermal environment of the high-density enclosed building groups with retro-reflective and high-reflective coatings

Highly-reflective coatings (HR-coatings) are used to reduce the building heat gain and thereby, alleviate urban heat island, but the solar radiation reflected by HR-coatings will be absorbed by the surrounding building surfaces and solar heat gain will not be reduced or even increase. To overcome this inherent optical defect of HR-coatings, Retro-reflective coatings (RR-coatings) are proposed to reflect solar radiation along the incident direction with the potential to improve the urban thermal environment. Selecting the reasonable reflective coating is important to improve outdoor thermal environment, especially for high-density enclosed building groups. According to this aim, RR-coatings and HR-coatings were covered on two small-scale models of high-density enclosed building groups. The regional albedo, wall temperature and air temperature were taken as the evaluation parameters to compare the impact of RR-coatings and HR-coatings on the regional thermal environment of the high-density enclosed building groups. Experimental results showed compared with HR-coating model, RR-coating model had better cooling potential, and its peak regional albedo was increased by 5.0%. And air temperature in enclosed space of RR-coating model was 2.3℃ lower than that of HR-coating model, but they were higher than outdoor natural air temperature. Moreover, compared to HR-coatings, covering RR-coatings could reduce the peak and average wall temperature by 2.5℃∼15.2℃ & 0.3℃∼3.8℃ in the daytime and 1.3℃∼7.9℃ & 0.2℃∼4.4℃ in the nighttime, and its application in the roof and east wall had the higher efficiency.

CFD modeling of air flow, humidity, CO2 and NH3 distributions in a caged laying hen house with tunnel ventilation system

In poultry houses, the ventilation system should provide a favorable standard living environment for hens. In addition to uniform distribution of velocity and temperature, concentration of gaseous CO2 and NH3 pollutants and the humidity distribution, which affect the air quality in the poultry house, are of prime importance. In previous numerical studies on caged laying hen houses with tunnel ventilation system, these five concerns have not been examined concurrently. To address all of these issues, in this numerical study a previously studied laying hen house with 4 rows of cages equipped with tunnel ventilation system using evaporative cooling pads has been considered in summer. 3D numerical simulations indicated the deficiency of previous models for provision of proper temperature and velocity distributions also ignoring investigation of humidity and concentration of gaseous pollutants. Thus three new models were proposed, in which the position and number of evaporative cooling pads and exhaust fans and their capacity were altered. Evaluation showed that the second new model, in which 15 fans are on the east wall and three evaporative cooling pads are on the west wall, provides the best performance. In this model, the speed at the levels of the birds is 2.5 m.s-1 and the maximum temperature is 308 K. Also, the relative humidity is between 60 and 75%, which is 10% lower than that of the original model of previous study and CO2 and NH3 concentrations are within the tolerable range everywhere. The CFD techniques utilized in this study may be extended to simulate other poultry houses with any ventilation system such as tunnel, mixed or any other inlet/outlet arrangements, however for the results to be reliable simulation should involve air flow, thermal and humidity fields as well as CO2 and NH3 concentrations.

중국 산동성에 남은 신라 사신의 흔적 -제남시 장천구 효당산석사의 새김글-

Xiaotangshan Shrine(孝堂山石祠) is located in Xiaolipu village(孝里鋪村), Changqing district(長淸區), Jinan city(濟南市), Shandong province(山東省), China. It is on the side of the way from Shandong to Chang’an(長安) and Luoyang(洛陽), which were the capitals of several dinasties of China, such as North Wei(北魏) and Tang(唐). People from Silla(新羅), after getting off ships in Mizhou(密州) or Dengzhou(登州) harbor, used to take this route to visit them. It is estimated that the shrine was built in the latter half of the 1st century.<BR> Inside the shrine, not only on the east, west, and north inner walls, but also on the surface of pillars are relief stone sculptures(畫像石), and some inscriptions have been found among them, including visitors’ names, date, or purpose of visit, etc. Among about 140 inscriptions, eight were identified to be engraved by people from Silla, one is associated with Baekje(百濟). <BR> An inscription was engraved by members of the Song(宋) delegation in 1083, when they were ready for dispatch to Goryeo(高麗). Articles about Yang Jinglüe(楊景略), the top Song delegate, are found in many Chinese literatures, while any clues to identify Silla people’s names found on the walls, are not found in Korean literatures for now. Articles in remaning literatures are just indicating the very parts of such prominent figures as many people could keep their names in mind for generations. These inscriptions tell researchers on ancient history to be humble.

Integration of a solar air heater to a building equipped with PCM to reduce the energy demand

The main focus of the article is to investigate the effects of radiation on PCM advantageousness in buildings. Numerical methods were used to estimate the intensity of radiation on horizontal (roof) and vertical (walls) surfaces and then its effect was applied as heat flux in boundary conditions. To examine PCM, the heat exchange (HE) through horizontal and vertical surfaces was determined and compared with the surfaces without PCM. For surfaces without PCM, the highest HE was for roof (4348 kWh/year) and followed by east (3919), west (3906), north (3656) and south (3520 kWh/year) walls. By adding a 5 cm layer of PCM to the outermost layer, HE through roof dropped by 34% while this figure was 23.4% for east wall and followed by 23.2% (west), 18.9% (north) and 16.7% (south). To enhance the effect of PCM, its installation location was examined in four cases and it was found that if PCM is mounted in the outermost layer, there is the most energy-saving (i.e., 4576 kWh/year). Finally, adding a solar air heater was led to more energy-saving by 325 kWh/year.

AVERHAM, ST MICHAEL, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE: A NEWLY IDENTIFIED PRE-CONQUEST CHURCH

The church of St Michael and All Angels, Averham, is largely constructed of counter-pitched rubble and has long been interpreted as being of the early Norman period. Recent archaeological investigations by the authors have revealed conclusive evidence that the date of part of the fabric is pre-Conquest and that the west tower was originally a possible two-storey porch. Ground-based remote sensing has further revealed complex anomalies in the south and east walls of the tower.

Assessment of thermal and electrical performance of BIPV façades using simplified simulations

Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) facades are a solution to consider when it comes to electricity generation on the building site. One of the main challenges attributes to this technology is finding the best trade-off between the electrical efficiency of BIPVs and the energy use of the building. This study aims to identify a scenario that yields the optimized results for electrical and thermal performance in a test building. Among the scenarios, the original wooden cladding in the test building is either replaced with PV panels or the PV modules are added to the existing facade. Rhinoceros 3D CAD software and its visual programming plugin Grasshopper are used to perform various simulations for both east-oriented and west-oriented façades with low and high thermal inertia wall structures. Although a complex flow phenomenon behind BIPVs is simplified in the 3D heat transfer model, relatively reliable results are obtained using the chosen simulation tool. It is observed that the east-faced BIPV facade in the test building has higher electrical efficiency. This could be attributed to the lower inertia of the east wall that allows easier propagation of heat through the structure.

Things Always Come in Three: Non-Invasive Investigations of Alexander and Roxane’s Wedding Room in Villa Farnesina

Non-invasive optical spectroscopical analyses were conducted on the three main walls of Alexander and Roxane’s Wedding Room in Villa Farnesina, Rome. The north and the east walls were frescoed by Sodoma in 1519. The decoration of the third wall was subsequent and neither the author nor the period is known. The north and east walls underwent various restorations, some even very invasive. For these reasons, the supposed remaining original parts of the two walls by Sodoma were studied and compared with the third one, aiming to obtain more information about its author and epoch. The results show the use of the same pigments for the three walls. In particular, the same yellow pigments including lead antimonate, the use of enamel blue with Bi impurities whose use is time-limited, and the use of a certain kind of purple hematite. The commonality in the pictorial technique also emerged, especially in the yellow parts, painted in the same way on each wall. This information, and documentary sources, reinforce the hypothesis that the third wall was decorated shortly after the death of Agostino Chigi by someone who was well-acquainted with the materials and techniques used by Sodoma for the other two walls.

Energy saving performance optimization and regional adaptability of prefabricated buildings with PCM in different climates

In recent years, prefabricated building is widely used in residential building and construction site. However, due to the high heat transfer performance of prefabricated building envelopment, the indoor thermal environment of prefabricated building is poor. The application of phase change material (PCM) of prefabricated building envelopment is an effective mean to improve the indoor thermal condition in building. In this paper, the thermal performance and energy consumption of prefabricated building with PCM were investigated by using EnergyPlus software in five different climatic regions. Results showed that PCM placed inside the building wall or roof is more energy-saving than outside; PCM placed on the east or west side building wall is better for energy saving and indoor air temperature improvement; cetane has the best energy-saving effect among the five kinds of PCM; thickness of PCM with optimal energy saving is 10 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm and 30 mm in the areas of severe cold, cold, mild, hot summer and cold winter, hot summer and warm winter, respectively. Conclusively, PCM can significantly improve the thermal and energy performance of prefabricated building in different regions, which promote the development of such buildings.

Revolution, Renewable: Subsoil Political Ecologies in Rivera’s Song of the Earth

This paper argues that in centering the interior of the earth as crucial to the political goals of the revolution, Diego Rivera contests not only the ownership of subsoil resources, but also capitalist epistemologies of the subsoil and their understanding of the relationship of the subsoil to social and political ecologies. In The Song of the Earth and Those who Till and Liberate It, the liberation of both people and the earth are cast not as linear teleologies with fixed endpoints, but rather as cyclical temporalities of constant renewal. These cycles are depicted not as parallel, but rather as interdependent life cycles of a larger ecology; the resulting deaths of the West wall’s revolution are figured as elemental geneses of the East wall’s cycle of organic life. The Chapingo murals thus reveal an important complexity to Rivera’s revolutionary ideology: a belief in the mutual dependence between environmental sustainability and the equitable distribution and control of resources. Ultimately, these murals reflect the extent to which in post-revolutionary Mexico, the renewability of subsoil resources was not seen as just important to the success of revolutionary goals, but also dependent upon them.

Effects of urban geometry on thermal environment in 2D street canyons: A scaled experimental study

Changes in urban geometry significantly alters the urban microclimate. Suitable urban geometrical layouts can effectively improve the urban thermal environment to achieve a more sustainable and healthier city. A quantitative assessment of the relationship between the urban geometry and thermal environment is essential to provide scientific guidance for better urban and building design. Hence, we performed a scaled outdoor measurement to investigate the diurnal variations in air, and west and east wall temperatures within two-dimensional (2D) street canyons. We adopted the daily average temperature T‾, daily temperature range DTR, and hottest time tmax to describe the diurnal temperature characteristics. The influence of aspect ratios was considered (building height/street width, H/W = 0.5, H = 0.5 m, and H/W = 1, 2, 3, 6, H = 1.2 m). Canyon air experienced a smaller T‾ and DTR compared with the east and west walls. With an increase in the aspect ratio, no significant difference was observed in the T‾ of canyon air. The east and west walls of H/W = 2, 3, and 6 experienced lower T‾ (26.1–26.9 °C) and smaller DTR (11.7–18.4 °C) than those of H/W = 0.5, 1 (T‾=26.7–28.7 °C and DTR = 16.0–26.1 °C). A higher phase lag of tmax occurred between H/W = 0.5, and H/W = 6. As the aspect ratio increased, the differences in T‾, DTR, and tmax between the east and west walls decreased. This study improves our understanding of how urban morphology influences urban thermal environment and provides meaningful references for urban planning. Such high-quality experimental data can be used to validate and further improve numerical simulations and theoretical models.

Distributions of Ion Density Irregularities and Their Gradients Inside Low‐Latitude Ionospheric Plasma Bubbles Based on C/NOFS Planar Langmuir Probe Data

AbstractData from the planar Langmuir probe onboard the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System has been processed, with focus on the: (1) identification of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles located within the eclipse sections of the satellite orbits; (2) subdivision of each Equatorial Plasma Bubble into three sections (West Wall, Center, and East Wall); and (3) statistical analyses of the standard deviations and gradients of ion density data for each section. The statistical distributions resulted from the application of the above processing to structures identified during the years October 1, 2008 to September 30, 2009 (solar minimum conditions) and June 5, 2012 to June 4, 2013 (close to maximum conditions of solar cycle 24). The statistical distributions have also been classified considering all longitudes or three 60° longitude sectors in South America, Africa, India‐Asia, as well as all altitudes of the C/NOFS satellite or the limited range from 650 to 800 km. It will be shown that all the parameters (Equatorial Plasma Bubble sections, solar activity, longitude sector, and altitude range) affect the resulting statistical distributions. Additionally, the probability density functions (pdfs) of ion density gradients for the EPB West Walls, Centers, and East Walls and the South American longitude sector, detected during 2012 and estimated with different resolutions will be compared. While the pdfs based on 1‐Hz low‐resolution data (sampling large‐scale structures) display east‐west asymmetries, those based on the original 512‐Hz high‐resolution data (sampling small‐scale structures), created by secondary plasma instabilities, are essentially symmetric around the reference 0 mm/km gradient.

Reinas e infantas en la decoración escultórica del claustro basilical de San Isidoro de León

The main cloister of San Isidoro of León, reconstructed from 1731, features an scuptural decoration of relieves covering the upper part of the North and East walls. The main motives are portraits of queens and infantas of the medieval monarchy of León and Castilla, accompanied by sibyls, biblical women, allegories, triunphal chariots, etc. A decoration which is used to exalt the values of the monarchy, legitimized by tradition.

Correcting the historical record for Kīlauea Volcano's 1832, 1868, and 1877 summit eruptions

Three fissure eruptions are known to have occurred along the northeastern edge of Kīlauea's summit caldera in the 19th century—in the years 1832, 1868, and 1877. Modern portrayal of these eruptions on maps and in written sources indicates that the 1832 eruption was from a fissure on the side of the Poliokeawe scarp south of Byron Ledge, the 1868 eruption was from a fissure on the southern wall of Kīlauea Iki Crater and fed a lava flow that covered the bottom of that crater, and the eruption in 1877 occurred on the floor of Keanakākoʻi Crater, as well as from a fissure of uncertain location on the east wall of the caldera below Byron Ledge. New geologic mapping and a review of historical documents and maps contradict these views. We find, instead, that: (1) the 1832 eruption discharged from a fissure on Byron Ledge (not Poliokeawe scarp), from another fissure on the southwestern wall of Kīlauea Iki Crater, and from at least one fissure along the east side of Kīlauea caldera below Byron Ledge; (2) the 1868 lava erupted through the floor of Kīlauea Iki Crater, not from a fissure in its southwestern wall; and (3) the 1877 lava erupted from Kīlauea Iki Crater's mid-wall fissure (until now believed to have opened in 1868), from the fissure previously assigned an 1832 date on Poliokeawe escarpment, and from a precisely relocated vent on the northeastern wall of the caldera. Finally, no conclusive first-hand accounts of the late 19th century eruption in Keanakākoʻi Crater were identified, leaving in doubt the often-inferred 1877 date for this event. Possible alternative dates include 1868, 1879, and 1881.