East Station Research Articles

The large space Investigation and Analysis of railway station in winter: Taking Zhengzhou east and Changsha south railway stations as cases

As the landmark building of the city, railway station has the characteristics of large space, dense crowd and comfortable characteristics, while the waiting hall is an important space form in railway passenger station, and its thermal environment directly influences the human’s sensory experience. Taking Zhengzhou east station, Changsha south railway station as an example, through field testing and investigation in winter, to get the test parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and combining the investigation and study the thermal environment and comfortable condition, and discusses the possible problems.

Comparison and Selection of Construction Methods for Shallow and Submerged Large Section Tunnels in Urban Metro

Shallow-buried and Deep-Excavated large-section tunnels in Urban Metro have many characteristics, such as large span, complex construction procedures, multiple disturbances to surrounding rocks, and difficult to control ground subsidence. In the process of tunnel construction, the surrounding rock geological conditions and construction procedures have a very important impact on the stability and stress distribution of the tunnel. Based on the South limb project of Xiejiacun entrance and exit section of Tiantongyuan East Station of Beijing Metro Line 17, the applicability of dynamic partition method (DPM) and double-sided pilot excavation method is studied by numerical simulation. The ground subsidence, convergence point deformation, surrounding rock stress, initial support stress and extrusion deformation of palm face are taken as the judgment basis for analysis. The conclusions of this paper are as follows: the surface settlement, vault displacement and surrounding rock stress of DPM method are smaller than those of double-sided guide tunnel method, so it is concluded that DPM method is more suitable for this project; however, the difference of displacement and internal force between DPM method and DPM method is even slight, but when DPM (10) and DPM (15) are used in the construction of right guide tunnel, the internal force and displacement will change abruptly and can be strengthened appropriately. Finally, the deformations of the face during the construction of three construction methods are discussed to verify the feasibility and safety of DPM method, which provides a basis and guidance for the smooth implementation of the project and can be used as a reference for similar projects.

Innovative Design and Execution Lead to Successful Grand Banks Platform Operations

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 28803, “Hebron Platform: Innovative Design and Efficient Execution,” by Widianto, Justin Chichester, Adel Younan, and Jameel Khalifa, ExxonMobil; Krishna Komperla, WorleyParsons; and Knut Bidne, Kvaerner, prepared for the 2018 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, 30 April–3 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2018 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. The Hebron platform was successfully installed on the Grand Banks offshore Newfoundland and Labrador in June 2017. It consists of a single-shaft concrete gravity-based structure (GBS) supporting an integrated drilling and production topsides. The design of the platform was challenged by sub-Arctic and extreme metocean conditions that required innovative design and layout approaches for many elements considered routine for typical platforms. This complete paper highlights the underlying technologies, analytical and design methods, and capital-efficient execution strategies employed. Introduction The Hebron platform comprises a GBS and topsides installed in 93-m water depth. Produced crude oil is stored in storage cells and pumped to shuttle tankers by an offshore loading system. The topsides facilities (operating weight 65,000 tonnes) include the following major modules: Utilities and process module (UPM) Derrick equipment set (DES) Drilling support module (DSM) Ancillaries (flare boom, east and west liftboat stations) Living quarters (LQ) designed to accommodate 220 personnel during steady-state operations The total height of the platform with GBS is approximately 235 m, topsides length is approximately 183 m, and the width is approximately 75 m. The GBS concept includes a single shaft supporting the topsides and encompasses all wells in the initial development. It is designed to withstand sea ice, icebergs, and other meteorological and oceanographic conditions at the offshore Hebron site. The GBS is designed for an in-service life of 50 or more years to support future developments. The lower portion of the GBS up to an elevation of approximately 27 m was constructed in a drydock created by building a bund wall and dewatering the site behind it. Subsequently, the dock was flooded, the bund wall was removed, and the GBS base was towed approximately 3 km to a deepwater site. The floating GBS was held in place with mooring lines while the remaining construction was completed. All walls were constructed using the slip-forming technique. The topsides structure was fabricated in modules at various locations in Newfoundland and Labrador and South Korea. Two of the topsides modules, UPM and DES, were fabricated in South Korea using block/pancake construction methods (Fig. 1). After UPM and DES fabrication was completed, the modules were loaded out separately to heavy vessels for transportation to Bull Arm, Newfoundland and Labrador. All other topsides modules were integrated with the main UPM module at the finger pier in Bull Arm and the completed topsides structure was mated with the GBS while floating at the deepwater site. The mated platform then was towed offshore and installed at the final offshore location.

Assessment of Pb, Cd, and Zn in Isfahan’s air dust during 2015-2017 (A case study: North, West, and East Stations of Isfahan)

The present study aimed to measure the heavy metals existing in Isfahan’s dust at three stations during 2015-2017. This study was carried out in three stations located at north and northwest, west and southwest, and east and southeast parts of Isfahan. In each station, 12 sediment traps were placed and the concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in these sediment traps were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The highest and the lowest concentrations of Pb in air dust were observed to be 490.1 and 70 mg/kg in western and eastern stations of Isfahan province, respectively. The highest and the lowest concentrations of Zn were 860.4 and 150 mg/kg in 2015, respectively. The highest Cd concentration (8.1 mg/kg) in air dust was found in the northern part of Isfahan province, while the lowest concentration of this metal (0.7 mg/kg) was observed in the eastern region of Isfahan. Similar results were obtained for the heavy metals enrichment factor with a maximum and minimum of 3.8 and 0.8 in 2015, respectively. The results of this study confirmed that the effect of human activities is significant in increasing the concentration of heavy metals such as Pb, Cd and Zn in dust. The assessment results for the enrichment factor of heavy metals revealed the contamination of dust by heavy metals. Accordingly, further attention is required to identify and control the pollutants sources such as heavy metals in dust in order to prevent the resulting pollution.

KARST CHARACTERISTICS AND GOVERNANCE MEASURES IN KUNMING METRO LINE 4

The geological conditions of Dianchi Basin are complex, and soluble rocks are distributed in many parts of the basin and the edge of the basin. The Karst problem is prominent and has a great influence on metro. The investigation of Karst in metro needs to be carried out through multiple stages using comprehensive survey technology to find out its characteristics, properties and hazards. After investigation and analysis, the Karst weak development of the Dahegeng Station of Kunming metro Line 4~Datangzi Station Section, Chenggong East Station(including)~Kunming South Railway Station Section, Liandajie Station~Chenggong East Station Section, Bailongtan parking lot and the Karst middle development of the entrance and exit section line, The Karst section of Jindingshan Station~Xiaocaiyuan Station developed strongly. Line 4 is covered Karst. Karst mainly develops in the 15m range below the base rock surface, and is dominated by filled caves with a height of 0.5~3.0m. The average hole rate of boreholes is 21%, and the average line Karst rate is 3.29%.The Karst area is divided into stable area, sub-unstable area and unstable area. Karst management should adopt corresponding treatment principles and engineering measures for different engineering types and Karst characteristics. Karst treatment generally adopts grouting reinforcement measures. For Karst with a small buried depth, excavation to expose backfill grouting can be used for reinforcement treatment. The pile foundation needs to pass through the Karst and be placed in the lower stable strata. This paper has some guidance for the Karst survey and treatment of metro in Kunming.

Solar energy for self-contained power supply

Solar energy relevance in self-contained utility system as well as economic feasibility for each class of consumers considered. The article will outline utilising features of self-contained photovoltaic stations in Middle East and Northern Africa.

FUNCTION AS PLAZA AND MANAGEMENT OF ELEVATED PEDESTRIAN DECK FACING RAILWAY STATION

An elevated pedestrian deck that has been constructed over a station plaza is a facility to connect a station with surrounded area in order to achieve smooth traffic. Approximately 230 decks has been constructed along with railway station in Japan, and the aging of the decks becomes a problem recently. With the case study of Kashiwa Station East Deck “Double Deck” which is the oldest deck in Japan, the purpose of this paper is to examine process and system of the deck management as a plaza with achieving revitalization of the decks as urban open spaces. The reason why the Double Deck had been built was not only to create a pedestrian friendly space within downtown in Kashiwa, but also to provide a traffic plaza space that was lacked at this moment. Applying the Urban Redevelopment Project provided for the Urban Renewal Act, one third of the station square floor was built with the deck in 1973. At the time of its completion, the deck space was the road under a law, but it became popular place as a symbol plaza and event space because of the first elevated car-free space. In fact, the number of music performances on the deck has increased since 1990s, and then Kashiwa city made the rule about performance on the deck, “Kashiwa Rule” in 2005, to support their activity. It allows performers to do their activities throughout a year with easy and low-cost registration procedure. After 40 years from construction, in 2012, its seismic repair was accomplished. Along with this repair, the deck also increased plaza floor for event space. In the same period of deck repair, private sector which is composed of 4 shopping street organizations redeveloped the space below the deck as pedestrian plaza in order to create a pedestrian friendly environment at the ground level. After its redevelopment, the private sector handed over an arrangement to the Kashiwa city about management of the plaza. These two redevelopments make the station square more friendly for pedestrians, and it became more fascinating space. Moreover, the station square leads the public private partnerships in public space management on the Double Deck. The Kashiwa Rule is also the part of its management system. Logistical management work are taken by NPO and local private organization under an arrangement with Kashiwa city. On the other hand, from 2016 April, the Kashiwa Machidukuri Kosha Public Corp. started a comprehensive management including the Double Deck and its ground pedestrian plaza, following private sector's management. This total management aims to increase diversity of activities in the station square, with deregulating road occupancy permission by the Act on Special Measures concerning Urban Reconstruction. The Kashiwa east station square including the Double Deck is still “road” in law. However, through spatial regeneration and formation of management by public private partnership, it has become almost “plaza” spatially and functionally. Many of the pedestrian decks built in Japan are still planed only as a part of transportation hub. In order to promote the revitalization of downtown around the railroad station in the future, it is necessary to reconsider the function of a station square and its deck, and also to establish a guideline to design a station square as a more vibrant and more pedestrian friendly space.

Seagrass species distribution, density and coverage at Panggang Island, Jakarta

This study aimed to assess species distribution, density and coverage of seagrass in Panggang Island, within Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park, northern Jakarta. Seagrass sampling was conducted between March to April 2016 at three observation stations in the West, East, and South of Panggang Island. A total of 6 seagrass species was recorded during sampling period, including Cymodocea rotundata, C. serulata, Halodule uninervis, Syiringodium isoetifolium, Enhalus acoroides, and Thalassia hempricii. All species were observed in the South station, while in the West and East station found only three species (C. rotundata, E. acoroides, and T. hemprichii). While, C. rotundata and T. hemprichii were observed at all station. The highest density was observed for C. rotundata (520 ind/m2) and for T. hempricii (619 ind/m2) in the West station and South Station, respectively. The lowest density was observed in South Station for C. serulata (18 ind/m2), Halodule uninervis (20 ind/m2), and Syiringodium isoetifolium (15 ind/m2). Seagrass coverage of Thalassia hempricii was the highest (43.60%) and the lowest observed at Syiringodium isoetifolium (0.40%). This could be basic information for the management of seagrass ecosystem in the Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park.

Study on Deformation Monitoring of Subway Station Deep Foundation Construction

This paper deals with the construction of the foundation pit of the East Station of Meixi Lake, belonging to Reme Area underground supporting transport system of Changsha, China. A description is given of the deformation monitoring of the open excavation. During site operations, the construction process monitoring data are continuously analyzed. It has been found that the deformations induced by the excavation of the foundation pit have some influence on the surrounding buildings. Monitoring of both horizontal pile-top displacement and ground surface settlements are extremely important to ensure safety of the neighboring constructions. Based on the monitoring information gathered during construction, engineers should adjust construction parameters to optimize the design at any moment, and adopt effective treatment measures to ensure the follow-up constructions can safely and successfully complete.

Effects of eutrophication on the planktonic food web dynamics of marine coastal ecosystems: The case study of two tropical inlets

We studied the plankton dynamics of two semi-enclosed marine coastal inlets of the north of Jurong Island separated by a causeway (SW Singapore; May 2012–April 2013). The west side of the causeway (west station) has residence times of ca. one year and is markedly eutrophic. The east side (east station) has residence times of one month and presents lower nutrient concentrations throughout the year. The higher nutrient concentrations at the west station did not translate into significantly higher concentrations of chlorophyll a, with the exception of some peaks at the end of the South West Monsoon. Microzooplankton were more abundant at the west station. The west station exhibited more variable abundances of copepods during the year than did the east station, which showed a more stable pattern and higher diversity. Despite the higher nutrient concentrations at the west station (never limiting phytoplankton growth), the instantaneous phytoplankton growth rates there were generally lower than at the east station. The phytoplankton communities at the west station were top-down controlled, largely by microzooplankton grazing, whereas those of the east station alternated between top-down and bottom-up control, with mesozooplankton being the major grazers. Overall, the trophic transfer efficiency from nutrients to mesozooplankton in the eutrophic west station was less efficient than in the east station, but this was mostly because a poor use of inorganic nutrients by phytoplankton rather than an inefficient trophic transfer of carbon. Some hypotheses explaining this result are discussed.

Non-proportional bioaccumulation of trace metals and metalloids in the planktonic food web of two Singapore coastal marine inlets with contrasting water residence times

We analyzed the concentrations of trace metals/metalloids (TMs) in the water, sediment and plankton of two semi-enclosed marine coastal inlets located north of Jurong Island and separated by a causeway (SW Singapore; May 2012–April 2013). The west side of the causeway (west station) has residence times of approximately one year, and the east side of the causeway (east station) has residence times of one month. The concentrations of most of the TMs in water and sediment were higher in the west than in the east station. In the water column, most of the TMs were homogeneously distributed or had higher concentrations at the surface. Preliminary evidence suggests that the TMs are primarily derived from aerosol depositions from oil combustion and industry. Analyses of TMs in seston (>0.7μm; mostly phytoplankton) and zooplankton (>100μm) revealed that the seston from the west station had higher concentrations of most TMs; however, the concentrations of TMs in zooplankton were similar at the two stations. Despite the high levels of TMs in water, sediment and seston, the bioaccumulation detected in zooplankton was moderate, suggesting either the presence of effective detoxification mechanisms or/and the inefficient transfer of TMs from primary producers to higher trophic levels as a result of the complexity of marine planktonic food webs. In summary, the TM concentrations in water and seston are not reliable indicators of the bioaccumulation at higher trophic levels of the food web.

Research on the Resorting Capacity Analysis and Strengthen Measures of Kunming East Station

Kunming East Station as the only regional marshalling station of Kunming hub, its resorting capacity shortage problems have become a station development bottleneck. According to the actual survey, its arrival freight trains are very unbalanced which has an impact on the resorting capacity of marshalling station. Therefore, this paper calculates its resorting capacity by a marshalling station resorting capacity method based on unbalanced transportation. The results show that hump break-up capacity is the station resorting capacity weaknesses and hump break-up operation time standard is higher. Moreover, this paper analyzes factors affecting the hump break-up capacity and recommends some corresponding measures to enhance its capacity. The results will make a reference for Kunming East Station capacity expansion.

AVS-SEM relationships and potential bioavailability of trace metals in sediments from the Southeastern Mediterranean sea, Egypt

In risk assessment of aquatic sediments, much attention is paid to the difference between acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) as indicators of metal bioavailability. Distribution of AVS and SEM (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined in 20 representative sampling sites collected along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. Total SEM concentration [ΣSEM] ranged from 0.012 to 0.241 μmoleg−1. AVS concentrations were much more variable, showing significant spatial variations. The values ranged from 0.015 to 31.326 μmoleg−1. The different relationships between AVS and SEM to establish mechanical models such as the ratio of ΣSEM and AVS [ΣSEM/AVS], the difference between the ΣSEM and AVS [ΣSEM–AVS], or the organic carbon normalised difference between SEM and AVS [ΣSEM-AVS]/foc models were used as parameters to evaluate potential bioavailability. Considering SEM/AVS model, sediments at the Western Harbour, Eastern Harbour, Ras El-Burr, El-Gamil East, and Port Said stations are occasionally toxic, while according to SEM-AVS model, no indication of associated adverse toxic effect would occur at any of the sampling sites. Calculated [ΣSEM-AVS]/foc was<130 μmoleg−1 in the sediments indicating that sediments should pose a low risk of adverse biological effects owing to cadmium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc. Association of adverse effects to aquatic organisms was determined, using the classification of the sediments according to the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs). The marine Threshold Effect Levels (TEL) and Probable Effect Levels (PEL) were used in this work and in order to obtain a more realistic measure of predicted toxicity, mean PEL quotients (PELq) were calculated. The mean PELq calculated for the sampling sites was (0.11–1.5) and categorised as slightly toxic at all stations except Baghoush, Nobarreya and western harbour, which had PELq<0.1 and categorised as non-toxic. The obtained data concluded that the remobility and bioavailability of trace metals contained in surfacial sediments of the Egyptian Mediterranean coastal area are low.

GT0 Explosion Sources for IMS Infrasound Calibration: Charge Design and Yield Estimation from Near-source Observations

Three large-scale on-surface explosions were conducted by the Geophysical Institute of Israel (GII) at the Sayarim Military Range, Negev desert, Israel: about 82 tons of strong high explosives in August 2009, and two explosions of about 10 and 100 tons of ANFO explosives in January 2011. It was a collaborative effort between Israel, CTBTO, USA and several European countries, with the main goal to provide fully controlled ground truth (GT0) infrasound sources, monitored by extensive observations, for calibration of International Monitoring System (IMS) infrasound stations in Europe, Middle East and Asia. In all shots, the explosives were assembled like a pyramid/hemisphere on dry desert alluvium, with a complicated explosion design, different from the ideal homogenous hemisphere used in similar experiments in the past. Strong boosters and an upward charge detonation scheme were applied to provide more energy radiated to the atmosphere. Under these conditions the evaluation of the actual explosion yield, an important source parameter, is crucial for the GT0 calibration experiment. Audio-visual, air-shock and acoustic records were utilized for interpretation of observed unique blast effects, and for determination of blast wave parameters suited for yield estimation and the associated relationships. High-pressure gauges were deployed at 100–600 m to record air-blast properties, evaluate the efficiency of the charge design and energy generation, and provide a reliable estimation of the charge yield. The yield estimators, based on empirical scaled relations for well-known basic air-blast parameters—the peak pressure, impulse and positive phase duration, as well as on the crater dimensions and seismic magnitudes, were analyzed. A novel empirical scaled relationship for the little-known secondary shock delay was developed, consistent for broad ranges of ANFO charges and distances, which facilitates using this stable and reliable air-blast parameter as a new potential yield estimator. The delay data of the 2009 shot with IMI explosives, characterized by much higher detonation velocity, are clearly separated from ANFO data, thus indicating a dependence on explosive type. This unique dual Sayarim explosion experiment (August 2009/January 2011), with the strongest GT0 sources since the establishment of the IMS network, clearly demonstrated the most favorable westward/eastward infrasound propagation up to 3,400/6,250 km according to appropriate summer/winter weather pattern and stratospheric wind directions, respectively, and thus verified empirically common models of infrasound propagation in the atmosphere.

Upper-lower crust thickness of the Borborema Province, NE Brazil, using Receiver Function

Abstract The thickness estimates of the upper-crust and the V p / V s ratios are essential in order to detail the structures and geologic features. They also corroborate the regional tectonic evolution models. The crust study using the Receiver Function is performed with teleseismic P-waves that reaches the interface, under the station, with an almost vertical angle. The Receiver Function is obtained through the deconvolution of the horizontal component from the vertical one. The synthetic seismogram of the Receiver Function has a higher peak of direct P-waves, followed by minor peaks of Psc waves, where P converted into S in the upper-lower crust limit and multiple reflections. It was used the phase weighted slant-stacked method for the estimate of upper-crustal thickness and m b ratio. The best estimates are correctly stacked. The Normal Moveout correction for the Psc phase was used for the upper-crust thickness, simulating a vertical incidence. A total of 8 stations on the Borborema Province in the Brazilian Northeast was analyzed. The results show that there is an upper-lower crust limit in all the analyzed signs. The thickness estimates showed two thickness regions. The first one in Coast Region, that indicates of the thin upper-crust and the second, continental regions characterized by uniform thicker upper-crust. East station data suggests underplating of mafic bodies.

A Study on the Planning Method of Underground Space in Urban Core District - Taking Hangzhou Eastern New City Zone as an Example

Nowadays, Underground space exploitation is one of the directions of the main focus in the construction of Hangzhou. This paper comprehensively introduces the schematic design of the underground space exploitation of Hangzhou east station, combined with the underground space development project of the core area in Hangzhou eastern new city zone. Firstly, the background of the surrounding area is discussed to illuminate the important status of the core area of eastern new city zone in Hangzhou’s future construction. Then, the holistic design concept and construction goal of the underground space exploitation of the core area are presented, and its functions and layout are clarified focusing on the railway construction and circumjacent exploitation project of Hangzhou east station. Lastly, the executive plan about the underground space exploitation of the core area of Hangzhou eastern new city zone is expatiated comprehensively.

Seasonal and spatial variability of remotely sensed chlorophyll and physical fields in the SAZ-Sense region

The Sub Antarctic Zone Sensitivity to environmental change (SAZ-Sense) project focused on the northern boundary of the Southern Ocean south of Tasmania where there is a persistent and large summer zonal gradient in remote sensed ocean color surface chlorophyll (Chl). This paper presents the seasonality and spatial variability of surface Chl, nutrients, temperature, light availability in the region. First, we verify that remotely sensed ocean color zonal gradient reflects a real gradient in Chl. From seasonal and spatial patterns in the region, we conclude that neither temperature, macro-nutrients nor light availability can account for the observed large zonal gradient in the surface Chl. Other factors such as iron or ecosystem structure must explain the gradient. We also explore variability in the remote sensed observations during the cruise. At the SAZ east station, there is high mesoscale variability with corresponding high variability in Chl concentrations, with the spatial variability around the station exceeding the expected difference between the SAZ east and SAZ west processes stations. The interpretation of the collected cruise station data, particularly at the SAZ east site needs to consider mesoscale variability. Comparison of Seawifs images with cruise data shows good agreement, particularly for low Chl values (less than 1.5 mg m −3).

Singapore: Ishihara — TiO 2

We analyzed the concentrations of trace metals/metalloids (TMs) in the water, sediment and plankton of two semi-enclosed marine coastal inlets located north of Jurong Island and separated by a causeway (SW Singapore; May 2012–April 2013). The west side of the causeway (west station) has residence times of approximately one year, and the east side of the causeway (east station) has residence times of one month. The concentrations of most of the TMs in water and sediment were higher in the west than in the east station. In the water column, most of the TMs were homogeneously distributed or had higher concentrations at the surface. Preliminary evidence suggests that the TMs are primarily derived from aerosol depositions from oil combustion and industry. Analyses of TMs in seston (> 0.7 μm; mostly phytoplankton) and zooplankton (> 100 μm) revealed that the seston from the west station had higher concentrations of most TMs; however, the concentrations of TMs in zooplankton were similar at the two stations. Despite the high levels of TMs in water, sediment and seston, the bioaccumulation detected in zooplankton was moderate, suggesting either the presence of effective detoxification mechanisms or/and the inefficient transfer of TMs from primary producers to higher trophic levels as a result of the complexity of marine planktonic food webs. In summary, the TM concentrations in water and seston are not reliable indicators of the bioaccumulation at higher trophic levels of the food web.

Nanoflagellate predation on auto- and heterotrophic picoplankton in the oligotrophic Mediterranean Sea

Dynamics of autotrophic and heterotrophic prokaryotes and their consumption by nanoflagellates were studied in the euphotic zone at nine stations located from the Levantine Basin (34°E) to the Balearic sea (5°E) in June 1999. Bacterial biomass constituted the largest proportion of living biomass at all stations. Integrated bacterial production at the furthest east station, was sixfold lower than integrated bacterial production at the furthest west (13 and 75 mg C m−2 d−1 respectively). Estimated heterotrophic nanoflagellate bacterivory accounted for 45–87% of bacterial production. Small protists (<3 μm) dominated the bacterivore assemblage and accounted for more than 90% of the heterotrophic bacterial consumption. Our results indicated that there was no negative selection against Synechococcus and that both picoplankton groups were grazed according to their standing stocks. An estimated consumption of Synechococcus derived from food vacuole content analysis of nanoflagellates revealed that they consumed from 0.5 to 45% (mean 13%) of Synechococcus stock per day. These data are among the first documenting the relative grazing impact of heterotrophic nanoflagellates on bacteria and Synechococcus in situ. Assuming that there was no selection for or against Prochlorococcus, heterotrophic nanoflagellates could ingest from 1.4 to 21% (mean 6%) of Prochlorococcus stock per day. The amount of organic carbon obtained by heterotrophic nanoflagellates from photosynthetic prokaryotes represented 27% of the total amount of carbon obtained from total prokaryotes

Sanctuary in Spitalfields

A series of musical events June 4–22, 2001. The Winter Festival is held on Dec 13–21, 2001, and the next Summer Festival will be on June 10–28, 2002. Spitalfields is 6 minutes walk from Liverpool Street or Aldgate East stations. For further information from the Spitalfields Festival tel +44 (0)20 7377 0287 and www.spitalfieldsfestival.org.uk.