East Of Russia Research Articles

The history of creation hospital surgery clinic in Kazan

In 1860, the Department of hospital surgery was organized at Imperial Kazan university. The reform of medical education to Western standards supposed the training of students in faculty and hospital clinics. The main task of the faculty Department is to teach the classical clinical picture of the most common diseases, while the task of the hospital Department is focusing to variants of clinical manifestations of the disease and improvement of practical skills. The first head of the Department of hospital surgery at Imperial Kazan University was Professor Andrey Beketov. Professor A.N. Beketov is one of the pioneers of the use of inhalation anesthesia, which he recommended for widespread use in the clinic. Besides, Beketov is the author of priority works in the field of traumatology and orthopedics. In a short time, the hospital surgical clinic in Kazan became one of the leading clinics in the East of Russia, the Urals and Siberia.

Polygonum orientale (≡ Persicaria orientalis; Polygonaceae) in Turkey re-discovered after 73 years and considerations about its status

Polygonum orientale (≡ Persicaria orientalis; Polygonaceae), a specie native to a wide region from India to Far East Russia and extending to North and South Australia. For this reason, in here, this taxon is recorded as a new alien species for Turkey. The species was first recorded in Turkey in the Marmara region (Sakarya province, Adapazarı district) in 1936. Subsequently, it was found in the Central Anatolia (Ankara province) in 1942, in the Eastern Black Sea Region (Rize province) in 1945, and finally in the South Eastern Anatolia (Urfa province) in 1947. Our finding represent was the first one in the Western Black Sea Region (Düzce province, Kaynaşlı district), 73 years after its last detection. Information about the current distribution and habitats of this species in Turkey, as well as its complete morphological description, were provided.

Coexistence of Three Divergent mtDNA Lineages in Northeast Asia Provides New Insights into Phylogeography of Goldfish (Carssius auratus).

Simple SummaryGoldfish (Carassius auratus) is a well-known fish as food and as a pet, which is also frequently used as experimental animal. A unique mtDNA sequence was detected in a sample from our experimental station, which motivated us to study genetic constitution of goldfish in Northeast Asia. Three divergent mtDNA lineages were confirmed to coexist in this region. Two of which corresponded to the known lineages (C2 and C6), which was consistent with the zoogeographical records that there were two sympatric subspecies in Amur river basin. However, the third one (lineage C7) was largely neglected in the previous studies. Our results suggested lineage C7 had a wide distribution from Central Asia to Northeast Asia.Goldfish (Carassius aurautus), which is a middle size cyprinid, widely distribute throughout Eurasia. Phylogeographic studies using mtDNA markers have revealed several divergent lineages within goldfish. In this study, mtDNA variations were determined to elucidate the phylogeographical pattern and genetic structure of goldfish in Northeast Asia. A total of 1054 individuals from Amur river basin were analyzed, which including five newly collected populations and four previously reported populations. Three distinct mtDNA lineages were identified in those samples, two of which corresponded to two known lineages C2 and C6, respectively. The third lineage referred to as C7, following six known lineages of goldfish in mainland Eurasia. AMOVA results suggested that most of the genetic variations were among lineages, rather than among populations or twice samplings. We noted that the control region (CR) and cytochrome b (cytb) sequences of lineage C7 have been reported in previous studies, respectively. However, the evolutionary position and distribution pattern of this lineage was not discussed in the context of the species. Our results showed that “odd” CR and “hidden” cytb sequences from Central Asia represent the same mtDNA lineage of goldfish. The known samples of C7 lineage were collected from Central Asia (Eastern Kazakhstan and Western Mongolia) to East Asia (Northeast China and Far East Russia), which suggested that it had a wider distribution, rather than limit in Central Asia.

Geochemical and sedimentological responses of arctic glacial Lake Ilirney, chukotka (far east Russia) to palaeoenvironmental change since ∼51.8 ka BP

Palaeoenvironmental reconstructions with temporal coverages extending beyond Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) three are scarce within the data sparse region of Chukotka, Far East Russia. The objective of this paper is to infer palaeoenvironmental variability from a 10.76 m long, OSL- and 14C- dated sediment core from Lake Ilirney, Chukotka (67°21′N, 168°19′E). We analysed high-resolution sediment-geochemistry (XRF), sedimentology (TC, TN, TOC, grain-size), mineralogy (XRD) and preliminary micropalaeontological data (diatoms and pollen) from the core as well as acoustic sub-bottom profiling data from the lake basin. Our results affirm the application of XRF-based sediment-geochemical proxies as effective tracers of palaeoenvironmental variability within arctic lake systems. Our study reveals that a lake formed during MIS3 from 51.8 (±4.1) ka BP, following extensive MIS4 glaciation. Catchment palaeoenvironmental conditions during this time remained harsh associated with the continued presence of a catchment glacier until 36.2 (±2.6) ka BP. Partial amelioration reflected by increased diatom, catchment vegetation and lake organic productivity and clastic sediment input from mixed sources from 36.2 (±2.6) ka BP resulted in a lake high-stand ∼15 m above present and is interpreted as evidence of a more productive palaeoenvironment coincident with the MIS3 interstadial optimum. A transitional period of deteriorating palaeoenvironmental conditions occurred ∼30–27.9 ka BP and was superseded by periglacial-glacial conditions from 27.9 (±0.8) ka BP, during the last glacial maximum. Deglaciation as marked by sediment-geochemical proxies commenced at 20.2 (±0.8) ka BP. Our findings are compared with lacustrine, Yedoma and river-bluff records from across Beringia and potentially yield limited support for a marked Younger Dryas cooling in the study area.

Роль фациальности биоклиматических условий почвообразования в географии буроземов прибрежно-островной зоны Приморского края (юг Дальнего Востока, Россия)

Показано, что в условиях приокеанического положения ландшафтов прибрежно-островной зоны Приморского края (юг Дальнего Востока, Россия) совместное воздействие муссонного климата, антропогенной трансформации растительности и внутрипочвенного выветривания на процессы почвообразования обусловливает многообразие морфологических и физико-химических показателей буроземов и их пространственную дифференциацию. На примере почв трех участков на территории Приморья – юго-восточного (о-в Петрова, мыс Островной), центрального (о-в Русский), южного (о-в Большой Пелис и побережье бухты Спасения) рассмотрено варьирование физико-химических показателей (рН, содержание гумуса и его качественный состав, содержание обменных оснований, степень насыщенности основаниями) в различных подтипах буроземов. Установлена связь их пространственной дифференциации с характером растительности, геоморфологическим положением и геохимическим воздействием моря. Показано, что в ландшафтах разреженно-травяных дубовых лесов со слабым геохимическим воздействием моря распространены буроземы типичные с сильнокислой, кислой реакцией среды. Для них характерно преобладание водорода среди поглощенных катионов, низкое поступление катионов кальция и магния в почвенные растворы, гуматно-фульватный состав гумуса с аккумулятивным типом его внутрипрофильной дифференциации. В ландшафтах разреженных остепненных дубовых лесов с хорошо развитым травяным напочвенным покровом и ландшафтах травяно-кустарниковых сообществ распространены буроземы темные иллювиально-гумусовые с реакцией среды от кислой до нейтральной. В составе их почвенных растворов преобладают щелочноземельные элементы как биогенного, так и морского происхождения. Гумификация проходит по фульватно-гуматному типу с формированием высоко- и глубокогумусированного профиля. В прибрежных ландшафтах постпирогенных дубовых лесов развиты буроземы иллювиально-гумусовые пирогенные, сохраняющие фульватно-гуматный состав гумуса. На побережье юго-восточного Приморья в специфических условиях импульверизационного привноса морских вод и морских осадков в ландшафтах обедненных дубовых лесов распространены коричнево-бурые иллювиально-гумусовые буроземы. Они имеют сильнокислую реакцию среды, слабую насыщенность основаниями, гуматно-фульватный состав гумуса и характеризуются активным иллювиированием фульвокислот в средней части профиля, что обусловливает яркую коричнево-бурую окраску иллювиально-гумусового горизонта. The research focuses on previously unstudied joint effect of monsoon climate, anthropogenically transformed vegetation, and soil weathering on burozem formation in coastal and insular landscapes of Primorsky Krai (southern Far East of Russia). Soils of three sites (southeastern – Petrov Island, Cape Ostrovnoy; central – Russky Island; southern – Bolshoi Pelis Island, Spaseniya Bay coast) are studied in order to provide insight into the variation of burozem morphology and properties (рН, humus content and composition, base saturation) due to the said effect. Burozem subtype spatial distribution is shown to be largely dependent on vegetation character, burozem geomorphic position, and seawater element input to soil. Landscapes of low-grass oak forests (downwind locations with low seawater element input) are characterized by typical burozem with strongly acidic or acidic soil reaction. Typical burozem soil solution has high H+ concentration while Ca++ and Mg++ concentrations are low due to low element input. Typical burozem humus is of humate-fulvate composition with accumulation in the upper part of the profile. Landscapes of steppe oak forests with the well-developed grass layer and landscapes of grass-shrub communities (upwind locations with considerable seawater element input) give rise to dark humus illuvial burozem with soil reaction ranging from acidic to neutral. This burozem soil solution is rich in Ca++ and Mg++ of both biogenic and seawater origin. The burozem has fulvate-humate humus composition and strongly and deeply humuficated soil profile. Landscapes of the fire-damaged (pyrogenically transformed) oak forests present humus illuvial pyrogenic burozem. The burozem humus is also attributed to fulvate-humate type. Landscapes of the depleted oak forests (southeast of Primorsky Krai, upwind coastline locations with active seawater element input by impulverization) present the cinnamon brown humus illuvial burozem. The burozem has strongly acidic soil reaction and low base status. The burozem humus is of humate-fulvate composition, with fulvic acids illuviating actively into the middle part of the profile which results in a bright cinnamon brown color of humus illuvial horizon. As for the coastal and insular landscapes of Primorsky Krai, the combined action of monsoon climate, anthropogenically transformed vegetation, and soil weathering on soil formation processes is the key factor in burozem morphological, physical, and chemical diversity and spatial distribution.

Coelosynapha, a new genus of the subfamily Gnoristinae (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) with a circumpolar, Holarctic distribution.

BackgroundThe subfamily Gnoristinae is one of the most diverse and taxonomically difficult subfamilies of Mycetophilidae, with new species and genera being described almost every year from various parts of the world. Through inventories of fungus gnats in the Nordic Region and Russia, a genus and species new to science was discovered, yet with links back to an illustration made by the late French entomologist Loïc Matile in the 1980s. DNA barcoding aligned it with yet another species new to science, distributed across Canada and documented through The Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) by Paul D. N. Hebert and colleagues at the BOLD team.New informationThe new Holarctic genus, Coelosynapha gen. n. is described, consisting of two new species, the Palaearctic Coelosynapha loici sp. n. and the Nearctic Coelosynapha heberti sp. n. DNA-barcodes assign the two new species to distinctly separated (8.27% p-distance) Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) which are most closely aligned to unidentified species of Mycetophilidae from South Australia and Costa Rica on BOLD. The new genus shows morphological characteristics in between the two Holarctic genera Coelosia Winnertz, 1864 and Synapha Meigen, 1818 and further shows affinity to the southern continents genus Austrosynapha Tonnoir, 1929. The Palaearctic Coelosynapha loici sp. n., for which habitat requirements are best documented, is largely restricted to pristine, old-growth conifer (mostly spruce, Picea abies ssp. obovata) forests within the boreal vegetation zone, although it is also recorded from hummock tundra along the Anadyr River in Far East Russia.

A new species of Elephantomyia crane fly (Diptera, Limoniidae) from Jeju Island, South Korea.

A new species of crane fly (Diptera, Limoniidae), Elephantomyia (Elephantomyia) hallasana Podenas & Podeniene, sp. nov., from Jeju Island, South Korea is described. Adult and larval characters are illustrated. Elephantomyia (E.) hallasanasp. nov. is the only species of the genus Elephantomyia Osten Sacken, 1860 recorded from Jeju Island, South Korea. Habitat, elevation range, and seasonality data are presented. Distributional notes on E. subterminalis Alexander, 1954 in the Far East of Russia (Khabarovskiy and Primorskiy regions) are discussed. An identification key for all Eastern Palaearctic species of subgenus E. (Elephantomyia) is presented.

Новинка дальневосточной селекции – сорт картофеля Артемовец

В результате селекционной работы на Приморской овощной опытной станции выведен среднеспелый сорта картофеля. Основной метод создания сорта – межвидовая гибридизация с использованием в качестве исходного материала лучших сортов мировой коллекции и сложных межвидовых гибридов – доноров тех или иных ценных признаков. Изучали 2010 одноклубневых гибридов из 15 комбинаций селекции ФГБНУ Всероссийский НИИ картофелеводства имени А.Г. Лорха. Принцип подбора исходного материала картофеля соответствовал целевому назначению для юга Дальнего Востока: сорт должен быть среднеспелым и устойчив к фитофторозу. Селекционный материал изучали по общепринятой в России методике. Погодные условия в период проведения исследований (2009–2017 годы) были наиболее благоприятными в 2014 и 2017 годах, когда урожайность гибридов составила 40 т/га и выше, и крайне неблагоприятными в 2016 году из-за избыточного выпадения осадков и эпифитотийного развития фитофтороза, в результате в большинстве случаев урожайность составила всего 8–10 т/га. Сильное развитие фитофтороза также отмечалось в 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015 и 2017 годах, что дало возможность достоверно оценить селекционный материал на устойчивость к этому очень вредоносному заболеванию картофеля. По результатам оценки из 2010 гибридов до конкурсного испытания дошло только два гибрида, в том числе под селекционным номером 1615–85, который имел существенное преимущество перед стандартом по урожайности и устойчивости к фитофторозу. Этот гибрид 1615–85 под названием Артемовец был передан в государственное испытание в 2017 году. По результатам этого испытания в 2018–2019 годах сорт Артемовец включен в Госреестр селекционных достижений РФ по Дальневосточному региону с 2020 года. As result of breeding work a new potato cultivar is bred at Primorye vegetable breeding experimental station. The main method of creating a potato cultivar is interspecific hybridization using the best cultivars of the world's collection as the source material and complex interspecific hybrids – donors of certain valuable traits. We studied 2010 single-club hybrids from 15 breeding combinations of the All-Russian research Institute of potato production named after A. G. Lorch. The principle of selecting the source material of potatoes corresponded to the intended purpose for the South of the Far East – the cultivar should be medium-ripened and resistant to late blight. Breeding material was studied according to accepted in Russia methodology. Weather conditions during the research period (2009–2017) were most favorable in 2014 and 2017, when the yield of hybrids was 40 t/ha or higher, and extremely unfavorable in 2016 due to excessive precipitation and epiphytotic development of late blight, as a result, in most cases, the yield was only 8–10 t/ha. Strong development of late blight was also noted in 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015 and 2017, which made it possible to reliably assess the selection material for resistance to this very harmful potato disease. According to the results of the evaluation of 2010 hybrids, only two hybrids reached the competitive test, including under the selection number 1615–85, which had a significant advantage over the standard for yield and resistance to late blight. This hybrid 1615–85 called Artemovets was passed to the state test in 2017. According to the results of this test in 2018–2019, Artemovets cultivar is included in the state register of breeding achievements of the Russian Federation for the far Eastern region from 2020.

First report of Pyrenophora teres f. teres causing leaf spot on wheat in Brazil.

Pyrenophora teres f. teres is well known for causing net form net blotch on barley, but its pathogenicity on wheat has also been reported in Hungary (Tóth et al. 2008) and east Russia (Mikhailova et al. 2010). The report from Hungary mentioned symptoms of dark brown necrotic lesions with or without chlorotic margins, while the report from Russia described symptoms similar to tan spot. A survey of fungal pathogens causing leaf spot diseases on wheat in the humid subtropical areas of Paraná State, southern Brazil, was conducted in 2016. Twenty four isolates, representing different wheat fields in the municipalities of Guarapuava and Pinhão, in the state of Paraná, were collected from wheat plants at the soft dough stage. The isolates analyzed in our study were obtained from leaf fragments of wheat cv. Toruk and were removed from the edge of lesions resembling tan spot, a major fungal disease of wheat in that region, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. The leaves presented oval, diamond, or elongate-shape lesions with tan necrotic spots. Still, they did not always show the brown center, which seemed not very characteristics of tan spot caused by P. tritici-repentis. Yellow halos surrounded the necrotic lesions. The fragments were superficially disinfected for 30 sec in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, washed in sterile water, dried with a sterile paper towel, and transferred to petri plates containing potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. After four days of incubation at 24±2ºC and a photoperiod of 12 h, hyphal tips were removed from the PDA medium and transferred to petri plates containing V-8 medium. Plates were incubated for 14 days in alternate cycles of 12 h at 23±2ºC under light and 12 h at 19±2ºC in darkness for sporulation. Pure cultures were obtained from single conidia produced on V-8 medium. Single spore isolates, representing different fields, were obtained from individual leaves. Conidia measuring 38-82 µm × 16-20 µm were smoothly cylindrical and straight, with rounded ends, subhyaline or yellowish brown, with four to seven pseudosepta. Genomic DNA extracted from cultures grown in yeast extract broth medium was used for PCR amplification of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers and the 5.8S ribosomal DNA gene (ITS-5.8S rDNA) using the primers ITS4 and ITS5 described by White et al. (1990). A BLAST search of the GenBank database revealed that the ITS-5.8S rDNA sequence fragments (505 bp) from 12 out of 67 isolates were 99-100% similar to P. teres accession number EF452452 (Andrie et al. 2008). The DNA sequences of three P. teres isolates (20C3, 20A3, and 20A1) were deposited in GenBank (accession nos. MH594043.1, MH594042.1, and MH594041.1, respectively). These isolates were obtained from different fields in the municipality of Pinhão (25° 42 '26 "S; 51° 38' 0" W), in Paraná State. To test the pathogenicity of the isolates 20C3, 20A3, and 20A1, a conidial suspension for each isolate with 2-3 × 103 conidia per mL was sprayed at the boot stage (BBCH-scale 45) on leaves of wheat cv. Toruk and on susceptible barley cv. Ana 01 plants growing in pots. Each pot containing 5-7 plants was considered as replicate. Wheat plants were also inoculated with a P. tritici-repentis isolate with a conidial suspension at the same concentration described above to serve as reference of symptoms for tan spot. Wheat and barley plants were also inoculated with sterile water to serve as a control. Six replications were inoculated for each treatment. After inoculation, the plants were maintained in a dew chamber for 24 h and then moved to a growth room at 20±2ºC and 16 h photoperiod. Initially, the leaves of wheat plants inoculated with P. teres exhibited small, irregular, dark lesions surrounded by yellow halos, and later exhibited oval to elongate, pale brown, necrotic lesions, and yellow halos. Differently from tan spot caused by P. tritici-repentis, the wheat leaves inoculated with P. teres f. teres presented a more diffuse yellowing, and the center of necrotic lesions was pale brown. The symptoms observed in the barley leaves were the net form net blotch, which allowed us to infer that the disease was caused by P. teres f. teres isolates. All inoculated plants presented symptoms, with some variation among them. Pyrenophora teres f. teres was reisolated from the inoculated wheat and barley plants. This is the first report of P. teres f. teres causing leaf disease on wheat in Brazil. The finding contributes to a better understanding of the etiology of wheat leaf spots in humid subtropical areas of southern Brazil.

Long‐term monthly climate data at the forest stations of Kyoto University

AbstractLong‐term climate monitoring by universities provides fundamental data for various disciplines in the natural sciences. Kyoto University once managed 10 university forest stations and is currently managing five. At these stations, climate data have been monitored almost since the establishment of each station until today, with the exception of the stations in foreign countries. We compiled and report the monthly climate data at these forest stations from the start of monitoring until December 2018. These data are important for investigating environmental changes in East Asia, including China (Taiwan), South Korea (Chosen) and Russia (Sakhalin, Karafuto) over the last 100 years. Long‐term monitoring often involves minor and major changes in the monitoring procedures, devices and even monitoring sites due to unavoidable circumstances, such as technological advances, changes in standard methods and climatic and anthropogenic disasters. Therefore, associated metadata on the monitoring methods are also important. We also compiled metadata on changes in monitoring methods. In addition, to examine the effects of changes in the methods on the observed climate data, we compared the values recorded before and after the change for each climate variable at each monitoring site. Methodological changes affected only a few variables, with the exception of humidity. Careful interpretation may be required when a researcher uses humidity data in any analysis.The complete data set for this abstract published in the Data Paper section of the journal is available in electronic format in MetaCat in JaLTER at http://db.cger.nies.go.jp/JaLTER/metacat/metacat/ERDP-2020-03.1/jalter-en.

First records of contemporary testate amoeba assemblages from the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia and potential for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction

The Kamchatka Peninsula in the far east of Russia is a substantial landmass that is poorly documented in terms of most elements of biodiversity. Here we provide the first study of modern assemblages of testate amoebae, a widespread group of protists that are particularly abundant in soils. We present a data set of 78 widely distributed samples, including forest, fen, scrub and bog habitats. Testate amoebae are abundant and diverse across Kamchatka with 119 taxa identified. The assemblage is primarily composed of widespread taxa, but rarer occurrences such as Cyclopyxis puteus hint at important biogeographical differences that will require confirmation with molecular data. Assemblages from mineral soils are significantly different from those of peatlands with the former characterized by small idiosome taxa and the latter by larger taxa, often with secretion tests. Water table depth explained significant variance in the peatland samples, supporting the use of testate amoebae in palaeoecological studies. This study adds to our knowledge of the biodiversity of Kamchatka and the global biogeography of protists, and it paves the way for palaeoecological studies to understand long‐term environmental change in this region.

Platinum mineralization of the Epilchik Ural-Alaskan type zoned complex (Far East Russia)

The Epilchik Ural-Alaskan type mafic-ultramafic zoned complex, located in the northernmost part of the Koryak-Kamchatka Platinum Belt (Russian Far East), contains lode platinum mineralization. The outcrops of the complex are crossed by the Snegovaya River, which hosts placer platinum-group minerals (PGM) occurrences. The primary PGM assemblage of the Epilchik lode chromitites is typical for Ural-Alaskan type complexes, dominated by Ir-rich isoferroplatinum which occurs as small euhedral inclusions within chromite. Secondary alloys include tetraferroplatinum (PtFe), tulameenite (Pt2FeCu), an unnamed Fe3Pt compound, and Pt-bearing native iron, which form alteration rims around isoferroplatinum or occupy fractures in chromite. Other secondary minerals from lode chromitites are hollingworthite (RhAsS) and Os-Fe alloy (“hexaferrum”). The PGM assemblages of the Snegovaya River placer occurrences are comparable with those of the lode chromitites with a predominance of Ir-rich isoferroplatinum and secondary alloys, including tetraferroplatinum, tulameenite, and an unnamed Fe3Pt compound. However, placer occurrences are much richer in regard to mineral diversity, comprising native osmium (Os,Ir), native iridium (Ir,Os), laurite (RuS2), erlichmanite (OsS2), cuprorhodsite (CuRh2S4), cuproiridsite (CuIr2S4), Co-malanite (Cu(Pt,Co)2S4), unnamed sulfides Rh3S4, (Rh,Pt)S, sperrylite (PtAs2), platarsite (PtAsS), irarsite (IrAsS), hollingworthite (RhAsS), osarsite (OsAsS), cooperite (PtS), native gold, unnamed telluride (Pt2Te), and an unnamed Fe-Ir-Rh alloy. Similarities between lode and placer mineralization indicate that the Epilchik complex was the dominant source for the placers. The larger diversity of PGM in placers may be attributed to the heterogeneity of samples which could be derived from unsampled or unexposed outcrops of the complex. Alteration of isoferroplatinum to secondary intermetallic compounds occurred via progressive development of reduced conditions as a result of serpentinization. Subsequent pervasive As-mineralization redistributed platinum-group elements, including Os and Ir. A final mineralizing pulse deposited sporadic native gold and Pt telluride minerals. A comparison of key mineralogical and physical features between the Epilchik complex and other Ural-Alaskan type complexes is used to determine the economic potential for placers along the Snegovaya River. Key criteria include (1) the size and degree of erosion of the outcrop area of the complex; (2) the predominance of isoferroplatinum over native platinum; (3) high Ir content in Pt-Fe alloys; and (4) the predominance of secondary intermetallic compounds over sulfides. Based on these criteria, the occurrences associated with the Epilchik complex are considered prospective for high volume and economic grade accumulations of PGE. This method is useful for assessing the economic potential of placer occurrences during indirect early-stage prospecting with a limited sample suite.

Corrigendum to “Sedimentology and biostratigraphy of upper Triassic atoll-type carbonates from the Dalnegorsk area, Taukha terrane, far East Russia” [Global and Planetary Change 184 (2020)

Corrigendum to “Sedimentology and biostratigraphy of upper Triassic atoll-type carbonates from the Dalnegorsk area, Taukha terrane, far East Russia” [Global and Planetary Change 184 (2020)

Redescription of Cerebratulus marginatus auct. (Nemertea: Pilidiophora) from Hokkaido, Japan, as a new species.

The heteronemertean Cerebratulus orochi sp. nov. is described based on material collected intertidally at a muddy beach in Akkeshi, northern Japan. For the last 80 years, the species has been confused with Cerebratulus marginatus Renier, 1804; the latter was originally described from the Adriatic and once believed to occur in many places in the northern hemisphere including Japan. Cerebratulus orochi sp. nov. is morphologically different from all the congeners including C. marginatus by the following combination of characters: several layers of diagonal-muscle meshwork coated with connective tissue, proximo-distally distributed in cross section from the distal portion of the body-wall outer longitudinal muscle layer to the cutis-gland zone throughout the anterior portion of the body from the precerebral to the foregut regions; the cephalic vascular system consisting of lateral and mid-dorsal vessels; and the sub-rhynchocoelic vessel possessing a pair of antero-lateral diverticula before the former forks posteriorly into a pair of lower lateral vessels in the post-cerebral, pre-oral region. Previous records of C. marginatus from Japanese waters are no longer considered to be substantiated. Multi-locus phylogenetic analyses based on the mitochondrial 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), as well as the nuclear 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and histone H3 genes among heteronemerteans comprising the "Cerebratulus clade" indicated that C. orochi sp. nov. was closely related to C. cf. marginatus from the US Pacific coast. A MegaBLAST search at the NCBI website with the 16S rRNA gene sequence from C. orochi sp. nov. followed by a couple of species delimitation analyses suggests that larvae of the species are also distributed in Vostok Bay, Far East Russia.

Hydrogeochemical processes in the Tunguska reservoir during in situ treatment of drinking water supplies

Increased concentration of iron (up to 25–28 mg/l), manganese (up to 3 mg/l) and silicon (up to 15–30 mg/l) prevent the use of fresh groundwater for drinking needs of the population in the Amur River basin (Far East of Russia). In the aquifer of the Tunguska groundwater reservoir, the water-rock system has been studied both in natural conditions and in the zones of biogeochemical reactors (subsurface iron and manganese removal) around production wells during the preparation of drinking water in situ. It is assumed that oxidized iron and manganese compounds generated in this process are converted into technogenic thin-crystal Mn - containing siderite under the influence of natural groundwater with high CO2, negative Eh, and low pH values. Composites consisting of rolled matrix grains of sand, micro-fragments of feldspar, pyroxenes and quartz, cemented with fine-grained aluminosilicate material, are the main components that colmatate the screen space of production wells.

N. V. Ustryalov about the Factor of Japan in the East of Russia after the Defeat of Kolchak

The article reveals the position of N. V. Ustryalov in the question of overcoming the tension and the mistrust between the Soviet Russia and Japan after the defeat of Kolchak’s regime. In his opinion, Japanese authorities should not have encroached upon the sovereignty of Russia, also it should reject the support of the anti-Soviet movements on the East of the country and should recognize the Far East Republic. Also, N. V. Ustryalov says, that Bolshevist Moscow should make commitments not to disseminate communistic ideas in the Asia region. This was supposed to become a good platform for the normalization of the diplomatic relations and for the development of mutually beneficial economic ties between these two countries.

GEOPOLITICS OF IRAN ACCORDING TO THE THEORY OF GEOGRAPHICAL BUFFER SPACES

With the occupation of India by one of the global powers namely Britain (1770), and its territorial expansion toward the West and Iran’s borders, Russia (the other global power) started to expansionism and move toward Indian Ocean and Iran’s north borders from the first of 19th century (1804-1813/ 1826/1828). Britain from East and South and Russia from North intruded on Iran’s borders, and buffered Iran and Afghanistan in order to not to collide with each other. In the rivalry pattern of buffered states, their geographic spaces should be separate. Low power geographic space is required between the powers. Geopolitical boundaries of these two powers should not contact because in such a case, the possibility of conflict can arise. So, the buffer space takes the form of vacuum space between the buffered powers.The research main question is that what are the nature, functions, characteristics and political behavior of geographic buffer space? Which geographic values and functions cause buffer space act as a buffer space and attract great powers?In this research, a new definition of buffer space is presented, and the process of formation of buffers (the whys and wherefores), functions and characteristics of buffers in two internal and external dimensions are investigated. Then, the validity of the variables is investigated using library and field findings, and is used in the process of evaluation of internal and external experts. The results are analyzed using statistical methods and SPSS. Finally, these variables are evaluated in the context of Iran.The research findings show that the pattern of geopolitical rivalry of great powers has been reflected in Iran’s space in the last two centuries, namely not only foreign relations, but also Iran’s internal political situation are reflections of the pattern of rivalry of great powers resulted from Iran’s buffer situation. The behavior of Iranian politicians and people have been affected by the behavior of buffered powers. This situation has caused some behaviors to be created like xenophobia, lack of trust in politicians, de-utilization etc. The buffer space cannot make decision without considering the interests of buffered states. In the buffer space, all of the political phenomenon are the reflection of buffered space.

Activities of the Mining Police in Pre-Revolutionary Russia in the Early 20th Century (the Irkutsk and Priamursk Governorates-general, as an Example)

The article is devoted to a less studied topic — research of the main directions of activity of mining police of the beginning of the 20th century in the East of Russia. Far Eastern and East Siberian mining-police units were headed by the mining police chiefs (ispravniki), who were subordinate in their activities — the Irkutsk and Priamursk governorates-general. In the East of Russia, the mining police at the beginning of the 20th century carried out activities to protect public order, monitor compliance with criminal, labour and commercial legislation in the zone of mountain districts.
 The article deals with the structure of the mining police, the powers of the mining police. Normative legal acts regulating the regular construction of mining police in the region under study are being studied.
 The materials of the study were articles of scientists, norms of legislation of the Russian Empire, departmental acts of the Ministry of State Property, archival documents. The methodological basis of the study is a set of popular scientific methods, such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, and special methods — historical-legal, systemic-structural, comparative-legal.
 The result of the study was an analysis of the process of gradual change of the legislation of the Russian Empire in terms of the description of the functions of the mining police in the zone of mines of the Irkutsk and Priamursk governorates-general.

Growing a triple hybrid of russian, siberian and amur sturgeons in a warm-water fish farm

Biological and production indices are presented for spawning females of triple hybrid between russian sturgeon, siberian sturgeon and amur sturgeon (RS × SS) × AS and other commercial forms of sturgeon grown in cages of the warm-water fish farm in Luchegorsk, Far East of Russia. In conditions of warm-water pools, survival rate of the triple hybrid larvae and juveniles was higher than that of amur sturgeon and russian-siberian hybrid sturgeon. Weight of the triple hybrid specimens at the age of 3 and 4 years was 1.58 kg and 2.36 kg, respectively, that was higher than that of the russian-siberian hybrid sturgeon and close to the values for amur sturgeon. Fish harvest reached 94 kg/m2 of cage, or 134 kg/m2 of cage in sum with the realized fish. Up to 93 % of females matured after using of hormonal stimulation. The first female of the triple hybrid sturgeon matured at the age of 9 years, with its body weight of 13.1 kg. Other females became matured in different age, up to 16 years, but ¾ of them were matured at the age of 10–12 years. The maximum registered weight of the triple hybrid female was 29 kg (age 14 years). Inter-spawning intervals for 97 % of females were 1–2 years. Average annual yield of hard roe obtained from one female at the age of 9–16 years was 2.28 kg, average weight of one egg was 17.6 mg, average fecundity was 132 . 103 eggs/female or 7.4 . 103 eggs/kg, average oosomatic index was 12.8 %. These values of production indices for the triple hybrid females are mainly intermediate between the indices of initial species. In 3–4 spawning seasons, the yield of 5.25 kg of hard roe, on average, was harvested from one female of the triple hybrid, or 30 % of its body weight. The yield from the most productive females was 10.8–11.0 kg of roe, or 55–73 % of their body weight. These values are lower than the yeild from amur sturgeon but similar to the yield value for russian-siberian hybrid sturgeon. Caviar manufactured from the roe of triple hybrid sturgeon is distinguished by high quality. Its females are technologically advanced for the eggs harvesting and have a good survival, about 98 % during long-term exploitation. So, the triple hybrid of russian, siberian and amur sturgeon can be recommended for commercial cultivation in warm-water sturgeon farms with intensive harvesting.

First shark record from the Upper Cretaceous of the Kuril Islands, Far East Russia

The first find of a Late Cretaceous shark tooth, or of any cartilaginous fish for that matter, from the Kuril Islands in the Russian Far East is recorded as Carcharias sp. (Lamniformes, Carchariidae). The specimen originates from Maastrichtian strata on the island of Shikotan that are assigned to the Malokurilsk Formation. It constitutes an extremely rare find from rocks of this age in the northwest Pacific region. External and internal dental structures have been reconstructed by the use of computed tomography. The vasculature of this lamniform tooth is first modelled by CT scanning and shown under different angles, which allows an assessment of the spatial arrangement of hierarchically organised vascular channels in this holaulacorhize tooth.