East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Research Articles

Aptamer and aptasensor technology for diagnosis of infectious diseases: A mini review

BackgroundAptamers are not so new a concept, however, it is scarcely discussed by medical fraternity. Aptamers are potent, new identification molecules set to rope in a new technique in the diagnostic arena. Aptamers have started almost a revolution in diagnostic assays since their discovery in the 90s. (Radu S. Current and previous disease outbreaks around the world, U.S. News & World Report. 2020 Mar 13 [cited 2024 Jun 17]. Available from: https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/slideshows/20-pandemic-and-epidemic-diseases-according-to-who) provides an overview of pandemics and epidemics as reported by the WHO. It is interesting to note that several endemic and epidemic diseases viz. Chikungunya, Cholera, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Ebola virus disease, Hendra virus infection, Influenza, Lassa fever, Marburg virus disease, Meningitis, MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus), Monkeypox, Nipah virus infection, Novel coronavirus, Plague, Rift Valley fever, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), Smallpox, Tularaemia, Yellow fever, and Zika virus disease have been identified by the WHO and are being explored for applicability of aptamer technology in their identification. ObjectivesOne of the most important necessities to control epidemic or pandemic diseases is early diagnosis. However, the majority of the diagnostic tests for these diseases are available only in tertiary care centres. The objective of this review is to discuss the potential of aptamer technology to provide undemanding, simple, specific, sensitive, and cost-effective diagnostic assays that are useable in remote and field conditions. ContentHere, we discuss recent advances and approaches in aptamer and aptamer engineering useful in the diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious conditions. This review also discusses a few sensing discoveries which are a gift of advanced engineering and technology using optical and electrochemical aptasensors. It's still a long way to go, and we need to take into account the technological challenges being faced by aptamer-aptasensor technology.

Development and characterization of three novel mouse monoclonal antibodies targeting spike protein S1 subunit of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus is a highly pathogenic virus that poses a significant threat to public health. The purpose of this study is to develop and characterize novel mouse monoclonal antibodies targeting the spike protein S1 subunit of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERS-CoV). In this study, three mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against MERS-CoV were generated and characterized using hybridoma technology. The mAbs were evaluated for their reactivity and neutralization activity. The mAbs were generated through hybridoma technology by the fusion of myeloma cells and spleen cells from MERS-CoV-S1 immunized mice. The resulting hybridomas were screened for antibody production using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). ELISA results demonstrated that all three mAbs exhibited strong reactivity against the MERS-CoV S1-antigen. Similarly, dot-ELISA revealed their ability to specifically recognize viral components, indicating their potential for diagnostic applications. Under non-denaturing conditions, Western blot showed the mAbs to have robust reactivity against a specific band at 116 KDa, corresponding to a putative MERS-CoV S1-antigen. However, no reactive bands were observed under denaturing conditions, suggesting that the antibodies recognize conformational epitopes. The neutralization assay showed no in vitro reactivity against MERS-CoV. This study successfully generated three mouse monoclonal antibodies against MERS-CoV using hybridoma technology. The antibodies exhibited strong reactivity against MERS-CoV antigens using ELISA and dot ELISA assays. Taken together, these findings highlight the significance of these mAbs for potential use as valuable tools for MERS-CoV research and diagnosis (community and field-based surveillance and viral antigen detection).

Modified streptavidin–biotin based lateral flow test strip for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 S1 antigen in saliva samples

Compared to other infectious diseases, for which LFT development can take years, SARS-CoV-2 antigen LFTS were developed and deployed within months. LFTS for antigen detection were adopted on an unprecedented scale during the COVID-19 pandemic, but many of them lack the sensitivity especially for samples with low viral load. In our previous work, we developed an enhanced signal strip for detection of SARS CoV-2 SI antigens in saliva. Here we introduce some modification to improve the sensitivity, and specificity, and to lower the cost of the strip, by using biotin streptavidin (BS) system. In the modified BS strip, gold-streptavidin and biotinylated Nanobodies (Nbs) against S1 antigen were externally mixed with the tested samples (saliva or nasopharyngeal swab) before their application on the sample pad of the test strip containing angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE-2), as the capturing probe. The study included 320 individuals, with 180 being positively confirmed by RT-PCR and 140 confirmed negative, as well as, 45 health care workers, who were responsible for screening and handling of surgical cases in General Surgery Department and COVID clinic of TBRI. Our results proved that modified BS strip improved the overall sensitivity and specificity of S1antigen detection in saliva samples (95.21% and 99.29% respectively) compared to our previously developed enhanced LFTS (91.66% and 98.57% respectively). Also, the sensitivity of cases with Ct ≤ 30, Ct ≤\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\le$$\\end{document} 35, and Ct ≤\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\le$$\\end{document} 40 using the modified BS strip showed higher values (98.54%, 95.38%, and 88.89% respectively), compared to the corresponding results of our previously developed enhanced LFTS (95.86%, 92.31%, and 82.22% respectively). There were no cross-reactions with either Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV antigens. Furthermore, we found that the lower viral detection limit (LVD) of BS strip was obviously lower than our previous LVD limit of the enhanced LFTS (0.2 × 104 copies/ml vs. 0.4 × 104 copies/ml, respectively). Our developed BS strip showed that saliva samples gave better results than nasopharyngeal swabs of the same patients. The fact of using smaller amounts of Nbs, and ACE2, as well as the dispensing off of conjugate pad when applying BS strip modifications, justified the expected reduction in the costs of the strip. The implementation of BS strips on saliva samples of 45 health co-workers, who were tested 4 and 6 days after exposure to infection, showed an increase in the sensitivity, starting from the 4th day and reaching its highest level on the 6th day in both high risk and paramedic groups (90.9%, and 80.0%, respectively). This study provides evidence that employment of the modified BS system could increase the sensitivity of the strips, lower their cost, and render them an effective screening tool for early detection of the virus in saliva of suspected Covid-19 patients.

Isolation and genetic characterization of MERS-CoV from dromedary camels in the United Arab Emirates.

The study of coronaviruses has grown significantly in recent years.Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) replicates in various cell types, and quick development has been made of assays for its growth and quantification. However, only a few viral isolates are now available for investigation with full characterization. The current study aimed to isolate MERS-CoV from nasal swabs of dromedary camels and molecularly analyze the virus in order to detect strain-specific mutations and ascertain lineage classification. We isolated the virus in Vero cells and adapted it for in vitro cultivation. The isolates were subjected to complete genome sequencing using next-generation sequencing followed by phylogenetic, mutation, and recombination analysis of the sequences. A total of five viral isolates were obtained in Vero cells and adapted to in vitro cultures. Phylogenetic analysis classified all the isolates within clade B3. Four isolates clustered close to the MERS-CoV isolate camel/KFU-HKU-I/2017 (GenBank ID: MN758606.1) with nucleotide identity 99.90-99.91%. The later isolate clustered close to the MERS-CoV isolate Al-Hasa-SA2407/2016 (GenBank ID: MN654975.1) with a sequence identity of 99.86%. Furthermore, the isolates contained several amino acids substitutions in ORF1a (32), ORF1ab (25), S (2), ORF3 (4), ORF4b (4), M (3), ORF8b (1), and the N protein (1). The analysis further identified a recombination event in one of the reported sequences (OQ423284/MERS-CoV/dromedary/UAE-Al Ain/13/2016). Data presented in this study indicated the need for continuous identification and characterization of MERS-CoV to monitor virus circulation in the region, which is necessary to develop effective control measures. The mutations described in this investigation might not accurately represent the virus's natural evolution as artificial mutations may develop during cell culture passage. The isolated MERS-CoV strains would be helpful in new live attenuated vaccine development and efficacy studies.

Recent Challenges and Opportunities on Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERS Cov)

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERS CoV) is an extremely contagious viral illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS – CoV). Whats more disease is transmitted via respiratory droplets of infected patients during coughing or sneezing and affects primarily the lung parenchyma. Present work were focused on an update of recent challenges and opportunities on Middle East Respiratory Syndrome corona virus the discovery of this MERS-CoV in Saudi Arabia and Jordan in 2012, the health threat increased all over the world. Most of the respiratory diseases in this danger came to the fore, the reason behind the occurrence of MERS CoV is an animal i.e. dromedari camel, due to which the virus spread to humans again and again. This viral domestication is a factor associated with zoonotic transmission, a transmission system within camels. This disease is rare in community joint family and group living together. The virus is also transmitted through direct contact with a health care worker, during the diagnosis of patients in hospitals, and care of patients. Its outbreak increased rapidly. There are many such viral infections and they affect the health facilities. Similarly, people affected by MERS CoV viral and pose a serious threat and methods of transmission of health related treatment used in prevention patients from this infection have been explained. Furthermore the global impact of this new epidemic is yet uncertain there is a need of some effective technologies and vaccines to protect from further attack.

Review on the epidemiology and its public health importance on Middle East Respiratory Syndrome corona virus

The Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Mers-Cov is a new zoonotic beta corona virus of the C lineage identified in dromedary camels in East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula that exhibits the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) receptor. It was first described in the Saudi Arabian kingdom of Saud in September of 2012, and worldwide in May of 2019. Camels are usually asymptomatic when afflicted. Unlike in camels, clinical signs and symptoms of MERS-CoV infection in humans range from asymptomatic or mild respiratory disease to severe respiratory illness and death. There is no pathognomonic manifestation in people or camels. Molecular and serologic tests are necessary to verify the diagnosis. There is presently no medication or vaccine available to treat or prevent MERS-CoV infection in humans. Strict restriction of camel movement, isolation of ill camels, camel handlers using personal protective equipment, and public awareness creation are all critical approaches for controlling MERS-CoV transmission, particularly among Ethiopian pastoralists who ingest unpasteurized camel milk. As a result, urgent epidemiological investigations are required, particularly in the nations' impoverished camel raising areas, to better understand the transmission patterns and human cases of MERS-CoV, as well as to guarantee that the aforementioned control measures are appropriately executed. As a result, the purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiology and public health implications of MERS-CoV in Ethiopia's highly exposed pastoralist community, which has intimate contact with camels, and to recommend the illness for further epidemiological monitoring and inquiry.

SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review

Viruses, which are incredibly tiny particles, are what give humans pandemic and epidemic diseases. Many viral infections have impacted human health throughout history, and epidemic and pandemic diseases have claimed many lives. Many viral infections, such as SARS, the Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus, Ebola, H1N1, and the current COVID-19, have affected people in this decade. Positive sense single-stranded RNA is present in SARS CoV2. The virus's structure is reminiscent of the Corona virus found in bats. SARS-CoV-2, which has its genesis in Wuhan, China's primary transportation hub, is the cause of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 spread globally from China. In 213 countries, 1.5 crore people have been diagnosed with COVID-19, and 6.3 lakh of them have died. The primary symptoms include headache, dry cough, myalgia, difficulty breathing, and fever. Serological testing, RT-PCR, and CT-Scan imaging are used to diagnose this condition. Like SARS virus, SARS-CoV-2 virus binds to ACE2 receptors. The same medications used to treat SARS are also utilized to treat COVID-19 patients. Drugs like Remdesivir, Ritonavir-lopinavir, and Umifenovir work well to lower viral loads in patients. The vaccine is being prepared in numerous nations. The COVID-19 disease vaccines are being made by Oxford University (AZD1222), the USA (MRNA-1273), India (COVAXIN), and China (INO-4800). Since the vaccinations are still in the clinical trial stage, we are still waiting for an effective vaccine.

Review on middle east respiratory syndrome corona virus in camel: Its public health importance and economic impact

Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV) is a novel lineage C beta corona virus derived from bats which can cause acute viral respiratory disease in humans and in camels. According to a WHO report, MERS cases have been reported from 27 countries and there have been 2,428 confirmed cases, resulting in 838 deaths. MERS-CoV is transmitted to humans through close contact with dromedaries and it causes asymptomatic or mild-to-severe illness in the human population. MERS-CoV uses dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) protein in Pipistrelluspipistrellus bats for cell entry. Dromedary camels are a host reservoir species for the MERS-CoV. It is suspected that nasal mucous, sputum, saliva, milk or uncooked meat of infected camels are the main sources of transmission. Several factors such as being male and comorbid pre-existing illnesses are associated with severe disease and high mortality rates in patients with MERS. Studies in Ethiopia, Burkina Faso and Morocco reported that the prevalence of MERS-CoV sero-positivity ranges between 85.1- 99.4%, 73.2-89.9% and 48.3-100%, respectively. The clinical presentation of infected patients often indicate the presence of hemoptysis, sore throat, fever, cough, shortness of breath, and other gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting. The average incubation period of MERS-CoV is 6-7 days. No vaccine or treatment is currently available for MERS-CoV. Supportive therapy necessitates respiration and circulatory support, preservation of renal and hepatic function, and prevention of secondary infections. This seminar paper is therefore, intended to highlight the public health and economic importance of the MERS-CoV.

SARS-Cov-2 Family: Characteristics and Clinical Manifestation and Presentation of Covid – 19: Descriptive Minireview

Corona virus is not a single virus, but rather a large family of coronaviruses that cause disease in humans and animals. The severity of symptoms of infection with one of the types of coronavirus in humans ranges from the common cold to severe acute respiratory infection (SARS). The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus (MERS-CoV) was first discovered in April 2012, when it was not known to humans, and it was causing severe illness in people with it and the death of half of the cases of infection. With the emerging corona virus (19-COVID), which has led to the death of a large number of people and confused life in all countries of the world nearly 6 million people have died all over the world. The aim of this descriptive minireview, generally, is to shed light on the SARS-CoV-2 family : Characteristics and Clinical manifestation and presentation of Covid – 19

Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19): A past and Present Prospective

Background: Corona virusis identified since 2002 and from seven strain severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus and middle east respiratory syndrome corona virus causes severity in patients and then in December 2019, an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome Corona virus 2 infection ensued in Wuhan, China and spread crosswise China and beyond. On February 12, 2020, WHO officially named the disease caused by the novel Corona virusas Corona virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Main Text: This form of virus comes up its growth when expose to any of the naturally expose material and the precaution for this is only single oriented, that is keeping yourself hygienic by washing your hands by utilizing high grade sanitizer. The literature survey revealed that Corona virus strain mainly severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus and middle east respiratory syndrome Corona virus and human corona virus preserve on various surfaces like metal, glass or plastic for about 9 days but inactivation of virus by utilizing various virucide. On infection, the virus has a surge of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which do damage to lung tissue, deterioration of lung function, and then eventually go to lung failure. Drug discovery against the virus is a challenging line of work owing to frequent recombination events. The evolution of a vaccine is another significant facet. Research is in ongoing stage to develop vaccine and medicines for COVID 19. In such circumstances, other system of medicineis widely used, like Allopathy, Ayurveda and Unani. Unani system of medicine utilized some measures for health protection during epidemics. In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, impurification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, health promotion and immune-modulation, and use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Conclusion: We require more structural biological details which put up rush up the drug or vaccine development process against corona virus. Thus, objective of this follow-up article is to focus on past to present perspective on corona virus pandemic.

Role of Epigenetics in Developing Therapeutic Strategies against COVID-19

Epigenetics showcases an interconnection between genes and the environment. The expression or repression of genes can result from epigenetic regulatory mechanisms like Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) methylation, histone modifications and chromatin remodelling. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) regulates host epigenetic machineries to mutate itself, improve its replication and increase its persistence by alienating the host's antigen-presenting molecules and modulating interferons expressing genes. The previous outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERS-CoV) reveals that DNA methylation by the virus plays a crucial role in the loss of antigen-presenting molecules in the host. Since these coronaviruses share an ancestorial link, it is believed that the new coronavirus acts similarly. Recent reports of increasing morbidity, mortality and persistence of COVID-19 points to the rapid mutation and evading of immunity of the host. Vaccines, although they have helped to prevent the pandemic but their action remains questionable with new developing variants. We explore the possibility of developing epigenetic-based drugs and vaccines and other immune modulators that are being investigated to end the present COVID-19 pandemic and open new avenues for any such pandemics in the future. Comprehensive review regarding COVID-19 was obtained from PubMed and other search engines. Insights about the COVID-19 vaccines were reported from scientific sources. Epigenetics is a crucial subject to explore for the development of therapeutic strategies against the COVID-19 virus. Epigenetic modulators that can be re-programmed to counter the replication and infection efficiency of this virus and medications, including transcription suppressors, nucleoside inhibitors, can be one of the new strategies which may have a better outcome.

Dental Healthcare Professionals (DHCP) - How Competent are we to Battle the New Foe? The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)

The outbreak of a pneumonia like disease was reported in China towards the end of 2019. It was later found that, a novel Corona Virus (nCoV) was the causative agent. In January 2020, China shared the genomic sequence of this virus, which was similar to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (SARS-CoV), and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERS-CoV). This virus was named as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the pneumonia caused by it was called as Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic owing to the uncontrolled spread and the threat caused by the virus. Thereafter, the rapid spread of COVID-19, keeps continuing to cause chaos and catastrophe to mankind. Though mortality ranges about 1-3%, with mild variations worldwide, the rate of infectivity is much higher than SARS-CoV. The understanding on the pathogenesis of this virus remains mysterious and unclear. As frontline warriors against the COVID-19 battle, Healthcare Professionals, are more susceptible to succumb to this disease. Dental healthcare professionals (DHCP), owing to a closer contact with patients, during dental operating procedures are at a higher risk of acquiring and spreading the infection due to increased aerosol production. This review, gives an insight about the structure, transmission characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and the possibility of spread through aerosol. It also highlights the precautions and safety measures that need to be followed within the dental operatory setting.

English

Corona virus disease 2019, also known as Covid-19, is a public health crisis that is threatening the world. It is rapidly spreading and highly contagious. The etiological agent is SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus - 2). It is even more contagious than SARS - CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS - CoV). This ailment was declared as a ‘pandemic’ by WHO and Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). It was reported first in Wuhan, China in 2019. The most probable route of human to human transmission is mainly through respiratory droplets, touching or coming into contact with infected person or contaminated surfaces. Recently corona virus has mutated and new strains have been produced. Among the new variants, the UK variant which is known as ‘B.1.1.7’ is 40 to 70 percent more transmissible than the original corona strain. New strains of corona virus have been producing new strange symptoms. These symptoms are called ‘Non classic symptoms’. New strains are causing more weakness and lethargy. Oral manifestations are more common in the new variants. Pediatric symptoms vary depending on the stage of the disease, prior health status, and the presence of comorbidities. For the first 3 months during Covid-19 pandemic, it was expected to be an immunizing non - relapsing disease. But many secondary infection cases are reported recently. On considering the modes of transmission, dentists are in a very high risk category, because of the close contact with patients and the nature of the dental treatment. This article mainly emphasizes the importance of new strains of corona virus and its symptoms, oral manifestations, pediatric symptoms, reinfection potential and dental considerations. KEY WORDS Covid-19, Variants, Coronavirus, Oral Manifestations,Dentistry.

Antimicrobial Resistance: The Potent Enemy Lurking Behind COVID-19

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as a global pandemic due to its high transmissibility and pathogenicity. It is a beta clade zoonotic coronavirus like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Though no effective medication has been developed against the deadly COVID-19 disease, henceforth old antimicrobial drugs have been repurposed to treat the COVID-19 patients. In this report, a brief account of the used medication and the potential mechanism of antimicrobial drugs against SARS-CoV-2 has been provided. Based on the earlier incidences, the antimicrobials are expected to lose the battle against SARS-CoV-2. The vast lacuna in the research and development of vaccines has led to overuse of the already formulated antimicrobial drugs, which in turn has led to a distressing problem called “Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)”. A complete assay of AMR has been given including its cause, mechanism, spread, and consequences. The other two interlinked problems, namely environmental deterioration and secondary infections, are elaborated. Moreover, to combat the AMR problem, the way forward has been discussed in detail.

Exploring the Need for More Women in Leadership Roles in Public Health and Emergency Response Logistics

Situations like Coronavirus (COVID-19), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses, and the damaged caused by Hurricane Maria in September 2017 in Puerto Rico create complex health public health management logistics problems. Disasters and pandemics often demand logistics planning to involve large-scale transportation of medical aid in the form of personnel and supplies, specialized equipment, and personnel for search and rescue, food, shelter, and other commodities used in massive relief operations. The research suggests improvements in organizational culture, modernization of recruitment strategies, and enhancement of leadership and professional development as approaches to improve gender diversity in leadership roles in emergency public health supply chain and logistics management. This paper provides emergency and disaster public health supply chain and logistics management practitioners and scholars insight into the dynamics of gender disparity in leadership roles in public health supply chain management.

Activity, Effect on Human and Salvation from effect of COVID-19

At present most of the world is at a standstill for the exponential increment of novel Corona virus outbreak. Novel Corona virus is one of the most dangerous viruses in the world. After extensive investigation, now it is clear that the onset of the current novel Corona virus started from Wuhan Seafood Market during December 2019, possibly from different zoonotic events. [1] Corona virus is actually a respiratory infection in humans, where the characteristics of Corona virus are similar with the characteristics of SARS-CoV. SARS-CoV originated in Guangdong, China, in the year 2002, a total of 8098 people were affected from the virus in 37 countries [2]. After that another Corona virus, namely the Middle East respiratory syndrome Corona virus (MERS-CoV) which was first identified in Saudi Arabia in the year 2012 [3]. At present the whole world is suffering for another Corona virus named 2019-novel Corona virus (2019n-CoV), which originated in Wuhan, China. Among SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV and 2019n-CoV there are many similarities. Whereas the novel Corona virus is transmitted from humans to another human, the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have found in animal body [4]. The necessary figures related to COVID-19 outbreak in all over the world is – Confirmed cases – 29,59,929, Confirmed deaths – 2, 02, 733 and Countries, areas or territories affected - 213 based on the WHO’s report of 28-April-2020. in order to defeat the COVID-19 we should gather more knowledge about this pandemic, hence in this paper we will discuss about various demerits and merits of novel Corona virus pandemic.

Structure, Transmission, Diagnostic Symptoms, Host and Entry Mechanism of COVID-19: A Review

Abstract: In Wuhan, China, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been reported and caused coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). The coronavirus infection is pathogenic and highly transmittable and spread quickly around the world by the human to human contact. Through genomic analysis, it has been revealed that the primary reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 is bats due to having severe acute respiratory syndrome-like (SARS-like) viruses phylogenetically. The viral infection is rapidly transmitted by the human to human contact, but the intermediate source of their origin and transfer is not known. To date, any clinically approved vaccine or antiviral drug has not been prepared against COVID-19. However, researchers and scientists have evaluated some broad-spectrum antiviral drugs against COVID-19 through clinical trials and they have found satisfactory clinical recovery. This review summarizes the comparative analysis of the emergence and pathogenicity of COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). This review is also focused on the development of effective vaccines or antidrug and also provides details related to an approach to practice therapeutic combinations to fight against this viral outbreak.

A New-fangled Corona virus coupled with Human Respiratory and AI in COVID-19 Discovery

Recently a very strange time to fight with invisible enemy. The Corona virus ailment 2019 also known as COVID-19 outburst, which emerged from Wuhan, the Hubei Province, China, had broaden to all the regions of China and 28 additional countries. Corona viruses are a group of viruses with non segmented, single stranded and positive–sense RNA genomes. Corona viruses is also popular to contaminate human hosts and effect respiratory disease like brutal SARS-CoV (Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus) and MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus). In this paper we discussed on detail analysis of COVID-19 disease.

COVID-19 Pandemic. A Review Based on Current Evidence from Sri Lanka

Pandemics are large-scale outbreaks of infectious disease that can extremely increase mortality and morbidity over a wide geographic area and cause significant social political and economic. Evidence suggests that the likelihood of pandemics has increased over the past century because of increased global travel and integration, urbanization and greater exploitation of the natural environment. The emergence and spread of infectious diseases with pandemic potential occurred regularly throughout history. Major pandemics and epidemics such as plague, cholera, flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV) have already afflicted humanity. The world is now facing the new corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.The sudden outbreak of COVID-19, originated in China in December 2019, struck the Sri lanka so hard affecting all the economic and daily activities of humans. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of COVID-19 on poverty, employment, gross domestic product, inflation, stock market, external sector performance, household income, tourism, Import & export, government revenue & Gross domestic product in the context of Sri Lanka. Further gradually describe the influence of industrial, agriculture and service sector. A global recession is likely to significantly reduce the demand for Sri Lanka’s exports, and lead to considerable job losses especially in the apparel sector. The closing of the Sri Lankan border for foreign passenger arrivals in mid-March, combined with global travel restrictions undoubtedly lead to further losses. Uncertainty will be part of the backdrop for the foreseeable future. Coherent, coordinated, and credible policy responses provide the best chance at limiting the economic fallout from what is already and sadly a human tragedy.

Corona Virus Infection (Novel CoVid 19) - Update on specific and supportive medications

Coronavirus belongs to the family of Coronaviridae and is structurally enveloped with positive sense single strand. The virus undergoes replication by transcription of a minus strand template by RNA dependent RNA polymerase. The search is ongoing for the specific targeted treatment of corona virus infection. Among the available drugs to treat viral infections, there are few with promise to treat or reduce viral load. Never the less prevention is the best method to tackle the viral infection. The drugs used in the treatment of CoVid 19 according to the evidence available from the past with management of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (SARS Covid 2) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERS Covid). The options available for treatment of Covid 19 are antiviral drugs and supportive interventions. The currently available drugs used in viral infections are explored for their additional benefit in treating CoVid 19 along with the immune boosters which include vitamins, essential minerals and biological response modifiers. Keywords: Covid 19, potential drugs, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome, Immune boosters