East Coast Of Surabaya Research Articles

Barnacle analysis as a microplastic pollution bioindicator on the East Coast of Surabaya

Background Plastic pollution is a significant issue on the East Coast of Surabaya, emphasizing the need to develop microplastic monitoring programs. Barnacles became one of the potential microplastic bioindicator species on the East Coast of Surabaya. This study aimed to characterize the visual and polymers of microplastics found in barnacles and assess their potential as a bioindicator species for microplastic pollution on the East Coast of Surabaya. Methods Microplastic polymer analysis was performed using ATR-FTIR. Results A total of 196 microplastic particles were found in barnacles, water, and sediment. The size of microplastics in barnacles, water, and sediment varied, with the size in barnacles dominated by class 1 (1–10 µm), in water by class 2 (10–50 µm), and in sediments by class 3 (50–100 µm). Fragments dominated the shape of microplastics in barnacles, while water and sediment were dominated by fiber. The microplastic color in barnacles, water, and sediment was dominated by blue, and the microplastic polymer composition on barnacles, water, and sediments was dominated by cellophane (36%). Amphibalanus amphitrite was found to be predominant and identified as a potential microplastic bioindicator because it is a cosmopolitan species. Its population was found to correlate positively with cellophane (CP) accumulation. The Pearson’s correlation test between barnacle length and microplastic length at a = 0.05 was inversely proportional to r = − 0.411 (p < 0.05), categorized as a strong enough correlation. These findings are essential in developing monitoring programs and mitigating the impact of microplastics on the marine environment.

Phytoplankton Diversity as Bioindicator of Water Quality in Mangrove Area of Surabaya East Coast

Phytoplankton Diversity as Bioindicator of Water Quality in Mangrove Area of Surabaya East Coast

Production and Decomposition of Mangrove Species Rhizophora apiculata Blume in Surabaya East Coast Indonesia

The mangrove ecosystem is supported by the production and decomposition of leaf litter, as well as the release of nutrients into the environment and the neighbouring coastal seas. The release of phosphorus and nitrogen contributes significantly to the improvement of the nutritional values, which benefits marine species and the neighbourhood. In the current study, nutrient release, leaf decomposition rate, litter generation, and mangrove habitat at Surabaya East Coast, Java, Indonesia were all examined. Three transects and three plots in each transect were established. The percentage of initial dry mass remaining in the litter bags were determined by using two sample t-test in Statistica 6.0 software. The decomposition of Rhizophora apiculata leaves was studied by using litter bag technique. They were made of synthetic nylon with the dimension of 15×15×25 cm and mesh size of 1×1.25 mm2. Senescent leaves were used because they present major leaves on the forest floor. According to the findings, daily mangrove litter production (dry weight) varied between 2.15 and 3.28 g/m2. Branch litter (9.43 – 13.27%), reproductive parts (8.20 – 14, 31%), and leaf litter (76.26 – 78.53%) were the other major contributors. The 345.6 ha of mangrove forests along the east coast of Surabaya are the results of reforestation, which has the potential to produce nitrogen and phosphorus at the rates of 109.43 to 173.549 kg/ha/year and 5.467 to 8.12 kg/h/year, respectively. These results imply that decomposition breakdown rates differ across the research area due to the variation in the nutrients availability. Changes in the breakdown of detritus point to variations in nutrient intake, which is crucial for mangrove ecosystems.

Rob Flood as impact of sea level rise around Kenjeran Beach Tourism Surabaya

Kenjeran Beach is located in the coastal area of the East Coast of Surabaya (Pamurbaya) where most of the ecosystems are mangroves, so this area has the potential to be inundated with water (flood). This study aims to analyze tidal flooding as the impact of sea level rise and formulate appropriate adaptation & mitigation strategies so that tourism utilization can be carried out in a sustainable manner. The method used in this study was the tidal calculation which produces sea level rise predictions and the Geographic Information System method which produces a map of the vulnerability of the tidal flood area. The map results were analyzed to determine adaptation and mitigation strategies from the tidal flood. Based on the analysis of sea level rise, the area inundated due to tidal flooding was around 42 cm in the next 50 years. In an effort to adapt and mitigate sea level rise disasters, it was carried out with structural (physical or technical) mitigation and non-structural (non-technical) mitigation.

Sex Determination of Sea Cucumber Acaudina rosettis from Madura Straits, Indonesia

Acaudina rosettis is one of the commercial sea cucumber species that is widely consumed on the east coast of Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. Although its abundance in nature has begun to show signs of decreasing, studies on this species are still very limited. This study aimed to examine indicators that can be used to determine the sex of A. rosettis individuals. Acaudina rosettis samples were collected from Madura strait in the mid of Hijri month for three months. The sea cucumber samples were then dissected. Body wall without viscera and gonads was weighed. The gonads were then characterized macroscopically and microscopically, prepared into histological slides with hematoxylin-eosin staining. The results showed that A. rosettis samples could be classified into three sex groups based on the type of gamete cells observed in the tubules; male (spermatogenic), female (oogenic), and undetermined sex (no gamete cells found). Gonads had three colors; yellow, pink, and orange and were in five stages of reproductive phase; gametogenesis (G), mature (M), spawning (S), and post-spawning (PS). Male samples had yellow and orange gonads, female samples were pink and orange, and all undetermined sex were orange. The G gonads were yellow and orange, M were yellow and pink, while S and PS were orange. Body wall and gonad weight at the same reproductive phase did not show any difference between males and females. Based on the results, gonad color can be used as an indicator of sex determination, but only in G and M reproductive phases.

Mapping of mangrove forest and carbon stock estimation of east coast Surabaya, Indonesia

Abstract. Hidayah Z, Rachman HA, As-Syakur AR. 2022. Mapping of mangrove forest and carbon stock estimation of east coast Surabaya, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 4826-4837. The mangrove forests on Surabaya's east coast are an important protected area, providing habitat for a variety of marine organisms and water birds. This area is also vital for carbon storage and sequestration. The purpose of this research is to determine the changes in mangrove areas over the last 20 years and to calculate the amount of carbon stored in these mangrove forests. Changes in the area of mangrove forests and Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVI) were determined using Landsat-7 in 2000 and Landsat-8 in 2020. The vegetative carbon stock of mangrove stands was calculated using allometric measurements. The study results reveal that the mangrove forest area has increased significantly from 257.13 ha in 2000 to 753.48 ha in 2020. The results of regression models also show that NDVI has a significant influence on aboveground biomass (AGB), as indicated by the coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.7 (F test, df = 28, p-value < 0.05). The estimated aboveground and belowground carbon stock is 46.35 ± 13.65 ton C ha-1 and 13.65 ± 6.74 ton C ha-1 respectively. Accordingly, it is observed that the mangrove forest of East Coast Surabaya can sequester at least a total of 192.72 tons CO2 ha-1 in above and belowground biomass.

Effect of Administration of Sea Cucumber (Phyllophorus sp.) extract on the pain response of Mice (Mus musculus) Induced by Acetic Acid

Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensation experienced by an individual. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are drugs that are often used to relieve pain. Sea cucumbers are fisheries commodities that have high economic value and are very popular in the international market, one type of the sea cucumbers in Indonesia, especially found on the East coast of Surabaya, sea cucumber (Phyllophorus). In several studies, it has been proven that sea cucumber flavonoids have anti-inflammatory effects. This study uses a post-test only control group design. This study used 25 mice, which were divided into 5 groups. Group 1 was given aquades 10mL/kg BW, group 2 was given acetosal 150mg/kg BW, group 3 was given sea cucumber extract dose 20mg/kg BW, group 4 was given sea cucumber extract 40mg/kg BW, and group 5 was given sea cucumber extract 80mg/kg BW. Each group was induced with pain with acetic acid intraperitoneum 0.7% dose of 10ml/kg BW. Wait 5 minutes. Then do observation and calculation the mice stretching every 10 minutes. The data are taken observation and calculation 3×. Descriptive analysis results showed a decrease in the average stretching of mice in the acetosal therapy group 150mg/kg BW and better than another groups. The results of statistical analysis with Mann-Whitney U showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) between the positive control group and the treatment group dose of 20mg/kg BW (p<0.05); positive control group and the treatment group dose 80mg/kg BW (p<0.05); the treatment group dose 20mg/kg BW and the treatment group dose 40mg/kg BW (p<0.05). From these results, it can be concluded that the sea cucumber extract (Phyllophorus sp.) Dose 40 mg/kg BW has better analgesic effect compared to the treatment group with doses of 20mg/kg BW and 80mg/kg BW but not better than the positive control group.

PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT PESISIR (STUDI PADA KOMUNITAS BANK SAMPAH BINTANG MANGROVE KELURAHAN GUNUNG ANYAR TAMBAK, KECAMATAN GUNUNG ANYAR, KOTA SURABAYA)

Community empowerment is an effort to raise awareness and build community capacityin managing natural potential as well as being able to overcome problems in coastal areas. Garbage in the east coast of Surabaya disrupts the balance of the mangrove ecosystem which can result in environmental pollution and can endanger public health. This study aims to describe the process of empowering coastal communities through waste management carried out by the Bintang Mangrove Waste Bank community. The method used is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. This research was analyzed using theory 3 (three) aspects of empowerment, namely enabling, empowering, and protecting.Based on the results of the research on Coastal Community Empowerment (Study on the Bintang Mangrove Garbage Bank Community, the community empowerment process was successfully carried out using waste bank media with several elements of program innovation whose benefits were intended for the community. Suggestions that could be raised were, the need to develop savings and loan programs so that they can become cooperatives and communities need to establish cooperationby expanding networks with institutions that can support waste banks.
 Keywords: Community Empowerment, Coast, Waste Bank, Mangrove

Litter fall and decomposition of mangrove species Avicennia marina in Surabaya east coast, Indonesia

Litter fall and decomposition of mangrove species Avicennia marina in Surabaya east coast, Indonesia

New Recorded of Saltwater Crocodile Crocodylus porosus Schneider, 1801 from East Coast Mangrove Ecosystem in Surabaya, East Jawa, Indonesia

A single specimen of saltwater crocodile Crocodylus porosus Schneider, 1801 (1.50 cm in length) was captured and photographed by a local fisherman by gill net at fishpond around mangrove ecosystem of east coast Surabaya on December 2020. The location where the estuarine crocodile caught is an important wetland area in Surabaya with an excellent mangrove cover. Wonorejo mangrove location is about 10 km from the centre of Surabaya, the second-largest city in Indonesia. This finding is considered as a first reported of C. porosus in Surabaya, and at the same time is proof of the importance of the mangrove area on the east coast of Surabaya as a habitat for wildlife that must be conserved appropriately. Routine monitoring of mangrove areas, including their wildlife, is essential so that they are not displaced by the development of the city which changes the land function to become a residential area.

Strengthening Capacity through Expansion of Community Participation in Mangrove Ecotourism Management in Pamurbaya

The movement of the public sector in development has become important in relation to the governance agenda (Pomerantz in Bevir,2011;164) . Development failures in many developing countries are due to the presence of insignificant community participation in poverty alleviation (Grindle,2004;526). Surabaya is an example of a city that is trying to continue to empower its people through various activities under Dinas Pertanian dan Ketahanan Pangan.The potential of coastal areas that are rich in mangroves in Surabaya along the East Coast of Surabaya (Pamurbaya) is the choice to empower the community with mangrove ecotourism designn. Theoretically the phenomenon of empowerment in the view of researchers is interesting to study. Considering even though there have been many empowerment programs implemented in Pamurbaya. The existing program has not been able to fully complete community capacity development. Active community participation was also still limited and the achievement of prosperity that needs to be improved.

Policy Review On Returning Protected Area East Coast Of Surabaya

This study aims to identify steps to restore the function of the protected area of East Coast of Surabaya (Pamurbaya) by the government, to analyze the impact on the fulfillment of the rights of the people residing at Wisma Tirto Agung Phase IV, and to analyze the impact caused by evictions. This study used a qualitative analysis method with sociolegal research type, as well as an empirical juridical approach. The data used are primary data sourced from interviewers and other secondary data. This research was conducted on the basis of a violation of the sale and purchase of land plots which continued with the construction of residents' houses in the protected area of East Coast Surabaya (Pamurbaya), namely in Gunung Anyar District, Rungkut District, Sukolilo District and Mulyorejo District. The results of this study indicate that the Surabaya Municipal Government has not provided a clear solution to the cases that occurred so that the residents of Wisma Tirto Agung stage IV continue to live in their respective homes. The plan to return the function of the protected area by means of eviction is still in the assessment stage because the Surabaya City Government cannot decide to evict without paying attention to the rights of the community to have a proper place to live. In carrying out evictions, of course there are impacts that arise from psychological, economic, and social aspects. Keywords: Protected Area, Right to House, Eviction

Identification of compounds isolated from a methanolic extract of Acanthus ilicifolius leaves and evaluation of their antifungal and antioxidant activity

Abstract. Andriani D, Revianti S, Prananingrum W. 2020. Identification of compounds isolated from a methanolic extract of Acanthus ilicifolius leaves and evaluation of their antifungal and antioxidant activity. Biodiversitas 21: 2521-2525. Acanthus ilicifolius L. (Acanthaceae) is commonly found in mangroves along the east coast of Surabaya. It can be used as an indicator of environmental pollution and damage in mangrove ecosystems. Studies have reported that A. ilicifolius has antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, antileishmanial, and hepatoprotective activity due to the chemical compounds in the plant. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical compounds in methanolic extracts of A. ilicifolius and their antifungal and antioxidant activity. The study involved laboratory experiments with a post-test only control group design. Antifungal activity against Candida albicans biofilm was determined using microtiter plates. Antioxidant activity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Phytochemical screening used colorimetric methods. Methanolic extracts of A. ilicifolius at 16% and 20% concentration had the same inhibitory effect as nystatin against C. albicans (about 70% inhibition of biofilm). Chemical compounds identified in the extract included flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, polyphenols, tannins, and steroids. Methanolic extracts of A. ilicifolius have strong antioxidant and antifungal activity, and the plant’s phytochemical compounds are potential candidates for antifungal therapy.

Pemanfaatan dan pusim penangkapan kepiting jangkang (Macrophthalmus japonicus de Haan 1835) di perairan pesisir timur Kota Surabaya

Aktivitas perikanan tangkap di pesisir timur Kota Surabaya menggunakan beragam alat tangkap yang sederhana. Salah satu diantaranya adalah perikanan tangkap dengan cara memungut kepiting jangkang sebagai target tangkapan. Nelayan menggunakan papan untuk meluncur di atas hamparan lumpur guna menangkap target tangkapan berupa kepiting jangkang (Macrophthalmus japonicus) yang kondisi karapasnya masih lunak. Nelayan tidak menangkap kepiting yang kondisi karapasnya keras. Penelitian bertujuan menentukan jenis spesies sumber daya kepiting jangkang target tangkapan, lokasi penangkapan kepiting jangkang serta pola musim penangkapannya. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif yang bersifat survei. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Februari sampai dengan Juli 2018. Lokasi penelitian di perairan pesisir Kota Surabaya. Responden adalah nelayan penangkap kepiting jangkang dengan lokasi tangkapan di pantai timur Kota Surabaya. Untuk penentuan jenis spesies, dilakukan sepuluh kali sampling terhadap hasil tangkapan, masing-masing sebanyak 25 ekor kepiting dalam kondisi karapas lunak. Lokasi penangkapan ditentukan oleh nelayan, pembuatan peta lokasi dengan menggunakan program Arcview 3.3. Pola musim penangkapan dilakukan dengan penentuan nilai Indeks Musim Penangkapan (IMP). Hasil penelitian sebagai berikut: 1). Jenis kepiting yang menjadi target tangkapan nelayan adalah jenis Macrophthalmus japonicus; 2). Daerah penangkapan kepiting adalah pada hamparan pasut dengan dasar berlumpur di wilayah pesisir timur Kota Surabaya pada koordinat 7014’24”–7015’05” LS dan 112048’09”–112049’04” BT; 3). Pola musim penangkapan kepiting berdasarkan IMP adalah, musim puncak secara berturut berlangsung pada bulan: April (612,96%), dan Mei (164,68%). Musim sedang pada bulan: Juli (77,76%), Maret (68,61%), Februari (64,04%), dan Januari (59,47%). Musim paceklik pada bulan: Juni (42,69%), November (36,59%), Agustus (32,02%), Oktober (18,30%), Desember (18,30%), dan September (4,57%).

Copper Accumulation byAvicennia marinaat Mangrove Eco-forest in Wonorejo, Surabaya

Large quantities of wastewater from industries and households were released to Wonorejo river in Surabaya East Coast area. The concentration of Cu at the Wonorejo Estuary reached 3.186 mg/L at brackish water in 2009 One of the inorganic pollutants that can be removed by mangrove is copper (Cu). The purpose of this research was to determine the potency of Cu accumulation byAvicennia marinathat was grown for ten years at Wonorejo Estuary. The sampling activities were conducted using a transect quadrat sampling method with a 10x10 m dimension. There were ten points of location sampling, the sediment and root ofA. marinasamples were collected in those location sampling. All samples of sediment and root were extracted before those samples were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The calculation of the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) was conducted using a equation formulation. The results showed that concentration Cu in sediment was 27 mg/kg until to 150 mg/kg. The Cu accumulation by roots ofA. marinareached 53 mg/kg until to 128 mg/kg. The BCF value inA. marinawere 0.91 to 3.22 In conclusion,A. marinashowed potential as a hyperaccumulator for Cu.

ISOLASI DAN KARAKTERISASI BAKTERI RESISTEN TEMBAGA DARI PANTAI TIMUR SURABAYA

Copper pollution in the East Coast of Surabaya is one of the serious cases of heavy metal pollution in Indonesia. Pollution at this location has been proven to result in fish deaths and brain damage of local residents because they consume too much copper-contaminated fish. Copper bioremediation using indigen bacteria isolated from polluted environments is a promising solution to overcome copper pollution problems. Bacteria that commonly live in polluted environments can be isolated and used as copper bioremediation agents. This study aims to do: 1) isolation and characterization of copper resistant bacteria from the East Coast of Surabaya, 2) resistance testing of bacterial isolates, and 3) copper accumulation and biosorbtion tests of bacterial isolates. The bacterial isolates were characterized by the morphology of the colonies and their cells based on Gram staining. Resistance testing is done by determining Minimum Inhibitory Concentration/MIC. The accumulation test is carried out by separating the cell and growth medium, then each of them is distructed using HNO3. The results of isolation and characterization obtained six isolates of copper-resistant bacteria, namely PmbC1, PmbC2, PmbC3, PmbC4, PmbC5, and PmbC6 with MIC = 3 mM - 5mM CuSO4. PmbC4 isolate is the most resistant bacteria with the MIC of 5 mM and is capable of accumulating copper of 6.25 mg per gram of cell dry weight and biosorbtion of 92.17%.

Antibacterial Effect of Streptomyces sp-MWS1, Streptomyces sp-MWS3, and Streptomyces sp-MWS6 ON Klebsiella pneumoniae Producting Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)

Klebsiella pneumoniae as an opportunistic pathogen can cause nosocomial infection. The main concern on this bacterium is directed on the extended-spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. The therapy of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae infections is very limited because of its multidrug resistance. It had been found new local isolates Streptomyces sp-MWS1, Streptomyces sp-MWS3, and Streptomyces sp-MWS6 in mangrove East Coast of Surabaya. These isolates have potential to produce antibiotics (Retnowati, 2008). This study was aimed to prove these isolates may inhibit the growth of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumonia.
 The test of antibacterial activity of Streptomyces sp-MWS1, Streptomyces sp-MWS3, and Streptomyces sp-MWS6 using the modification Agar print method against clinical isolates of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. The diameter of inhibition zone (mm) formed shows activity of these isolates.
 The profiles of antibacterial activity of Streptomyces sp-MWS1, Streptomyces sp-MWS3, and Streptomyces sp-MWS6 were different in terms of periode required to reach peak activity, duration of activity and inhibition zone diameter produced during 10 days of observation. Streptomyces sp-MWS3 reached the peak activity most rapidly on day 3 with the largest inhibition zone diameter of 9 mm in ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae.
 There were significant differences in inhibition zone diameter between Streptomyces sp-MWS1, Streptomyces sp-MWS3, and Streptomyces sp-MWS6 against ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Potensi Mikroorganisme Resisten dari Pantai Timur Surabaya Sebagai Biosorben Seng

East coast of Surabaya is one of region in Indonesia which contaminated by heavy metals, such as zinc. Zinc is one of essential heavy metals for organisms but be dangerous for human if comsumed in high concentration. So, it is important to to solve the problem to reduce the concentration of zinc in east coast of Surabaya through bioremediation using microorganism. Zinc resistant microorganism could be isolated from zinc contaminated region and be used for bioremediation agent because some microorganism developed resistance mechanism to zinc by bioaccumulation or biosorption. The aims of this study are to isolate and characterize zinc resistant microorganism from east coast of Surabaya. The most resistant microorganism will be observed for the growth in medium supplemented with zinc and without zinc. The potency of the chosen isolate to biosorb of zinc was also analyzed. Water sample from east coast of Surabaya was serries dilluted and innoculated on Luria Bertani Agar medium using spread plated method. Microbial resistance to zinc was analyzed by grown the cell on medium containing various concentration of zinc to determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value of each microbial isolate. Cell turbidity will be observed in the chosen isolate using spectrophotometer in wave length of 600 nm to get the growth curve. The potency of the chosen isolate to biosorb of zinc was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. From this study, six bacteria and three yeast have been isolated from east coast of Surabaya, designated as PmbZn1, PmbZn2, PmbZn3, PmbZn4, PmbZn5, PmbZn6, PmbZn7, PmbZn8, dan PmbZn9. All isolates could grow on medium containing 8 mM ZnSO4. The most resistant bacterial was isolate PmbZn5 with the MIC of 9 mM ZnSO4. The potency of the isolate to biosorb of zinc was 94,79 and 93,57% in medium containing 4 mM and 7 mM ZnSO4, respectively.Key words: Bacteria, biosorb, resistant, yeast, zinc.

Identification of changes mangrove areas toward shoreline changes in East Coast of Surabaya 2004-2017

Changes in the mangrove area is the crucial cause for the shoreline changes, it happens since that vegetation stores sediments which lead to accretion and if that vegetation is reduced or damaged, it will cause abrasion. This research aims to identify the changes in the mangrove area and the shoreline of the east coast of Surabaya (Purmabaya) during 2004-2017. This research uses Landsat image 7 ETM + and Landsat image 8 OLI by applying overlay method which is spatial analyzed. During 2004-2017, there was a reduction on mangrove area for 167,701 Ha and the width was increasing for 374,183 Ha. At the same time, there was an abrasion for 12,1 Ha and an accretion for 314,661 Ha. In Kalisari, the widest accretion was 233,833 Ha which was followed by the increasing width of the mangrove area, while in Keputih had the widest abrasion, 6,87 Ha. The conclusion is the changes of the mangrove area Purmabaya keep increasing likewise the shoreline changes, especially the accretion width or the increasing width which keep changing during 13 years (2004-2017).

Stock status of ark clams (Anadara spp.) based on dredge fishing of the east coast of Surabaya, Indonesia

Ark clams (Anadaraspp.) are one of the potential fishery resources off the East Coast of Surabaya. The purpose of this research was to determine the condition and stock status of Anadara spp. The biomass dynamic model was the method used to obtain the stock status of this species. For the estimation of biomass, starting in 1960, it continued to increase until finally it stabilized. Starting in the 2000s, the condition of the ark clam biomass began to decline. For the limit reference point (LRP), the value is expected to be about 7,215.55 tons with a catch effort (fmsy) of 334 units and with the Bmsy being 6,7121,38 ton; this includes MSY. For the condition of the stock in 2016, the catch was 1,2957 ton and the effort was 445 units. This means that the actual stock of the ark clam (Anadara spp.) off the East Coast of Surabaya exceeds the MSY, fmsy, and Bmsy. This is an indication of overfishing in the coastal area.