East Anatolian Red Research Articles

Determination of Phylogenetic Relationships of Turkish Native Cattle Breeds with Other Cattle Breeds Using Mitochondrial DNA D-loop Sequence Polymorphism

The aim of this study was to determine the specific polymorphic sites in cattle breeds and inter- and interbreed genetic variation among breeds and to develop a databank of Turkish native cattle mtDNA using sequence analysis. The entire D-loop region was analyzed based on DNA sequences in Turkish Grey, East Anatolian Red, South Anatolian Red, and Anatolian Black native breeds. In total, 68 nucleotide differences were observed at 26 different sites. The variable positions consisted of 22 transitions, two transversions, and two insertions, but no deletions. Haplotype number, haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity, and mean number of pairwise difference values were found to be 17, 0.993, 0.00478, and 4.275, respectively. In addition, a phylogeny was developed by comparison among cattle populations for which the entire D-loop sequence was available. A high level of genetic variation was observed within and among the native cattle breeds.

Associations of Growth Hormone Gene Polymorphisms with Milk Production Traits in South Anatolian and East Anatolian Red Cattle

Associations of Growth Hormone Gene Polymorphisms with Milk Production Traits in South Anatolian and East Anatolian Red Cattle

Leptin Gene Polymorphisms in Native Turkish Cattle Breeds

Summary The aim of the study was to determine leptin gene polymorphisms in South Anatolian Red (SAR), East Anatolian Red (EAR) and Turkish Grey Cattle. In the study unrelated 40 SAR, 40 EAR and 40 Turkish Grey cattle were used. Target sites in leptin gene exon 2, exon 3 and intron 2 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) consisting site in exon 2, exon 3 and intron 2 were determined as a result of digestion with Kpn2I, HphI and Sau3AI restriction enzymes, respectively. The highest T allele frequency related with production traits for Kpn2I polymorphism was found for SAR cattle. For HphI polymorphism, T allele frequencies were detected clearly predominant. Within each breed for Sau3AI polymorphism B and C allele frequencies that effect production traits were found to be dramatically lower than A allele frequency. As a result we can suggest that there was no clearly difference that can create any advantage in terms of leptin gene SNPs among the three native Turkish cattle breeds.

Determination of Genetic Distance Between East Anatolian Red, Brown Swiss, Holstein and Simmental Breeds of Cattle Using Polymorphic Systems

Dogru, U., Ozdemir, M., Soysal, M.I. and Topal, M. 2008. Determination of genetic distance between East Anatolian Red, Brown Swiss, Holstein and Simmental breeds of cattle using polymorphic systems. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 33: 145–148. Genetic distances were determined according to Nei, Cavalli-Sforza and Reynolds methods between the Brown Swiss (173), Simmental (80), Holstein (18) and East Anatolian Red (51) cattle breeds using milk protein (αs1) and blood protein types (Hb and Tf). The distribution of phenotypic frequencies in all the four breeds for all systems except αs1-Cn was significant (P<0.01) using chi-square test. Phylogenetic trees based on the polymorphic systems of the populations obtained by three different methods of Nei, Cavalli-Sforza and Reynolds were found to be similar. According to the phylogenetic trees Brown Swiss and Simmental cattle breeds fall in one group and dairy (Holstein) and Native (East Anatolian Red) breeds in different groups.

Genetic polymorphisms of osteopontin (OPN), prolactin (PRL) and pituitary-specific transcript factor-1 (PIT-1) in South Anatolian and East Anatolian Red cattle

The objective of the present study was to determine the genotype and allele frequencies for osteopontin (OPN), prolactin (PRL) and pituitary-specific transcription factor-1 (PIT-1) that are claimed to be associated with milk production traits in cattle in South Anatolian Red (SAR) and East Anatolian Red (EAR) cattle. In this study, 40 cattle for each of SAR and EAR were used. OPN in intron 4, PRL in exon 3 and PIT-1 in exon 6 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the resulting PCR products were subjected to digestion using BseNI, RsaI and HinfI enzymes, respectively, to determine the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Results showed that frequencies of the OPN allele C, PRL allele B, and PIT-1 allele A which are associated with milk production tarits were found low in SAR and EAR. As a result, SAR and EAR cattle breeds have the lower allel frequencies that influence the milk production traits for three genes than high-yielding European dairy cattle breeds.

Relationships Between Beta-Lactoglobulin and Beta-Casein Polymorphisms and Production Traits in Brown Swiss and Holstein

Ozdemir, M and Dogru, U. 2007. Relationships between beta-lactoglobulin and beta-casein polymorphisms and production traits in Brown Swiss and Holstein. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 31: 165–168. To study the effects of Beta-Lactoglobulin (β-Lg) and Beta-Casein (β-Cn) polymorphism on milk production traits, milk samples from Brown Swiss, Holstein and East Anatolian Red cows were analyzed for β-Lg and β-Cn AA, AB and BB types using horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis method. Differences of both β-Lg and β-Cn among breeds studied in terms of proportion of phenotype were significant on gene variants. While effects of β-Cn phenotypes on studied yield traits were not significant, there was a main effect of β-Lg genotype on fat concentration, actual milk yield, actual fat yield, 305 d fat yield and lactation period in Brown Swiss and Holstein cows, but not on 305-days milk yield. We suggest that production and percentage of fat ratio may be maximized by the use of β-Lg AA genotype and milk production by the use of β-Lg AB genotype with selective goal in herds.

Short Communication: A Polymorphism in ABCG2 in Bos indicus and Bos taurus Cattle Breeds

A single nucleotide change (A/C) in exon 14 is capable of encoding a substitution of tyrosine-581 to serine (Y581S) in the ABCG2 (ATP binding cassette, subfamily G, member 2) gene and affects milk production traits. The ABCG2A allele decreases milk yield and increases protein and fat concentration. The allele frequencies were determined in 32 Bos taurus and 3 Bos indicus breeds; ABCG2A was predominant in all populations. This allele approached fixation in 23 out of 35 breeds, including all 3 Bos indicus breeds. The ABCG2C allele was found in the Belgian Blue (beef), Belgian Blue Mix, British Friesian, Bohemian Red, East Anatolian Red, German Angus, German Black Pied, German Brown, German Simmental, Israeli Holstein, Menorquina, and US Holstein breeds. Thus, the genetic gain expected from selection for ABCG2A may be limited. The detection of ABCG2C only in Bos taurus breeds may indicate that ABCG2A is the ancestral allele, and that the Y581S substitution occurred after the separation of the Bos indicus and Bos taurus lineages.

Detection of Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (BLAD) in Turkish native and Holstein cattle

The purpose of this work was to study whether the bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD) allele is present in native cattle breeds and the Holstein breed in Turkey. Blood samples were obtained from 120 Holstein, 20 Brown Swiss, 20 Anatolian Black, 20 Turkish Grey, 20 South Anatolian Red and 20 East Anatolian Red cattle. The isolated DNA materials were multiplied in PCR using the primer developed by Kriegesmann et al. (1997). In order to determine the area of mutation in PCR products, the PCR products were digested with TaqI endonuclease enzyme. The resulting fragments were analysed on 2% agarose gel for the absence of a TaqI restriction site. It was found that two of the Holstein cattle (a bull and a cow) were heterozygote BLAD carriers. There was no homozygote BLAD animal. The BLAD allele was not found in the other breeds used in the study. The mutant BLAD allele frequency in the 120 Holstein cattle calculations was 0.0084.

Relationship Between Kappa-casein Polymorphism and Production Traits in Brown Swiss and Holstein

Özdemir, M. and Doğru, Ü. 2005. Relationship between kappa-casein polymorphism and production traits in Brown Swiss and Holstein. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 27: 101–104. To study the effect of kappa-casein polymorphism on milk production traits, milk samples from Brown Swiss, Holstein and East Anatolian Red cows were analyzed for kappa-casein, AA, AB and BB variants using horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis. Differences among breeds studied were not significant on gene variants. Although the effects of kappa-casein phenotypes on fat percentage and 305d fat yield in Brown Swiss and Holstein cows were found to be significant (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively), there was no effect on milk yield, 305d milk yield, lactation period and milk fat yield. This study provides evidence that production and percentage of fat ratio can be maximized by the use of kappa-casein BB genotype and milk production by the use of kappa-casein AB genotype with selective goal in herds and increase in frequency of kappa-casein B genes in herd could contribute to significantly improve yield traits.

Relationships Between Alfa-casein Polymorphism and Production Traits in Brown Swiss and Holstein

Ozdemir, M. and Dogru, U. 2004. Relationships between alfa-casein polymorphism and production traits in Brown Swiss and Holstein. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 25: 5–8. To study the effect of αs1-Cn polymorphism on milk production traits, milk samples from Brown Swiss, Holstein and East Anatolian Red cows were analyzed for αs1-Cn BB and BC types using horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis method. Proportion of αs1-Cn BB and αs1-Cn BC in terms of αs1-Cn phenotype were 74.3% and 25.7%, respectively. No significant differences were found among breeds in frequencies of αs1-Cn phenotype. Although the effects of αs1-Cn phenotypes on milk yield, milk fat yield and 305-days milk yield in Holstein cows were found to be significant (P<0.05), no effect on these traits in Brown Swiss and lactation period, 305-days fat yield and fat percentage in both the breeds were observed.

ESMER, SİYAH-ALACA, SARI-ALACA VE DOĞU ANADOLU KIRMIZISI SIĞIR IRKLARININ BAZI POLİMORFİK KAN (Tf, Hb) GENETİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ARAŞTIRMALAR

OZET : Arastirmada Dogu Anadolu Kirmizisi (D.A.K.), Siyah-Alaca, Sari-Alaca ve Esmer sigir surulerinin transferrin, hemoglobin protein yapilari incelenmistir. Surulerde transferrin (Tf) gen yeri bakimindan 6 allel gen tarafindan belirlenen 15 fenotipin, hemoglobin (Hb) gen yeri bakimindan 2 allel tarafindan belirlenen iki fenotipin tespiti yapilmistir. Arastirmada irklarin kan karekterleri bakimindan cok onemli (P<0.01) derecede farkli genetik yapida olduklari belirlenmistir. GenetIc structure of PolymorphIc Blood TraIts (T f, Hb) of Brown-SwIss, HolsteIn, SImmental and Eastern AnatolIan Red Cattle Breeds SUMMARY : In this study, genetic structures of transferrin and haemoglobin of Brown-Swiss, Holstein, Simmental and East Anatolian Red cattle breeds have been examined. As a result of this study the total 15 transferrin (Tf) phenotypes determined by six Tf alleles and 2 haemoglobin (Hb) phenotypes determined by two Hb alleles with respect to different locus were determined. It has been concluded that the genetic structures of in herent characteristics of all the breeds are significantly (P<0.01) different.