Ease Of Pronunciation Research Articles

Актуальные проблемы функционирования изафета в современном крымскотатарском языке

The purpose of the study is to explain the causes of grammatical and spelling errors in the phonetic constructions of the modern Crimean Tatar language. The article identifies and analyzes the actual problems of using izafat constructions of Turkic, Persian and Arabic origin in the modern Crimean Tatar language. It is established that the most frequent problems are the distinction and spelling of the Turkic izafat of the first type and a compound word due to their similarity to each other, as well as the problems of the transition of nominal phrase of the second type into the first type, which can be caused either by the antiquity of izafat of the first type or a lack of proficiency in the native language. The scientific novelty lies in identifying spelling and grammatical errors in the use of the alphabet and explaining the reasons for their appearance in the modern Crimean Tatar language. As a result, it was determined that the truncation of the affix of belonging in the defined word of the construction is due to the choice of the speaker because of ignorance of grammatical rules, ease of pronunciation and lack of linguistic intuition. Errors are common in phrases in which the definition is expressed by a verbal name, a derivative noun, a calendar year number, etc. Such mistakes take root in oral speech and sometimes manifest themselves in writing, becoming the norm.

Acronim Indonesian Language In Adolescents

This study describe the use of Indonesian acronyms among adolescents. This research is based on the phenomenon of the use of acronyms by teenagers on social media. Data was collected by looking for acronyms in the comments column, documenting them, classifying them, and finding their distinguishing features. The results of the analysis are presented in a descriptive and explanatory. Based on the results, the use of acronyms is divided into regular patterns and irregular patterns. Regular patterns are found in acronyms with two syllables. The pattern is abbreviation of the first syllable in the first word and the second word; abbreviation of the first syllable in the first word and the second syllable in the second word. The patterns varies is an addition of a phoneme before the first or second syllable. The addition of these phonemes is regular, namely taking phonemes before or after each abbreviated syllable. The regularity of this pattern is in line with the phonotactic conventions in Indonesian. Phonomatic patterns and rules in acronyms are in line with the ease of pronunciation and similarities with Indonesian word patterns. Based on these findings, Indonesian acronyms will continue to develop according to the dynamics of language use.

Phonological metathesis phenomenon in the early speech of Arabic-speaking children

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the phonological metathesis phenomenon in the early speech of Arabic-speaking children. Based on analysis of a longitudinal data from 11 children's speech, the study mainly aims at investigating (1) the characteristics/nature of the phonological metathesis process in early child speech and (2) how it is different from adult phonological metathesis. The study explores the causes behind the metathesis phonological process in child speech.Design/methodology/approach This paper explored the phonological metathesis phenomenon based on a longitudinal study of 11 monolingual Arabic speakers of Yemeni-Ibbi Dialect (YIA) and cross-linguistic data from various languages.FindingsThe data analysis showed that metathesis phenomenon in child speech has several characteristics. It occurs at an early age, at 2 years and decreases with age. It was found that metathesis occurs mostly in disyllabic and trisyllabic words or more complex syllabic words, but metathesis rarely occurs in monosyllabic words in children's speech. The results indicated that unlike metathesis in adult speech, metathesis in children's speech occurs in undeliberate, slow, fast speech. The study explored that adjacency of sounds with similar phonological features, the ease of pronunciation, or the sonority effect are the motivations that trigger metathesis phenomenon to occur in child speech.Originality/valueIn the literature, the metathesis phonological process has got a little attention from researchers, and this is due to the rare cases of metathesis and the inconsistency of cases and the occurrence of metathesis. However, there is no consensus among the researchers about the causes of emergence and the occurrences behind the metathesis process. However, this study argues that the metathesis process has unique characteristics in child speech in comparison to adult speech and that there are some causes for metathesis to occur in human speech particularly in children's data such as adjacency of sounds with similar phonological features or sonority effect.

On the Vowel Epenthesis and Epithesis in Turkish Texts in the Manuscripts of Lithuanian Tatars

Adding a vowel that is not in the original of a word to that word for various reasons is called vowel derivation. There is no morphological reason for vowel derivation and it aims to facilitate the pronunciation. There are three types of vowel derivation: at the beginning of the word, within the word and at the end of the word. The derivation of vowels at the beginning of a word in Turkish is not seen much in standard Turkish and is more common in dialects. Vowel epenthesis is a common phonetic event in standard Turkish. This phonetic event is encountered both in borrowed words and in words of Turkish origin. One of the reasons for the vowel epenthesis in Turkish is to make the borrowed words that do not fit the syllable structure of Turkish fit the syllable this structure and thus to eliminate the difficulty of pronunciation in the borrowed words. As it is known, only some consonant pairs can be found together at the end of words of Turkish origin. For this reason, in words borrowed with consonant pairs that are not suitable for the syllabic structure of Turkish, we come across vowel derivations within the word. This vowel derivation, which first appeared in the spoken language, can also pass into the standard language over time. The vowel epenthesis can also be seen in some Turkish origin words in order to add strength to the meaning. In Turkish, vowel epithesis is not as common as vowel epenthesis. The vowel epithesis is mostly seen in dialects and there are very few examples in standard language. The vowel epithesis is a phonetic event that is more common in some Turkic languages than in Türkiye Turkish. The derivation of vowel at the end of the word, especially seen in borrowed words, provides ease of pronunciation in words of foreign origin that do not fit the sound system of the Turkish language. The vowel epithesis occurs in borrowed words containing consonant pairs that are not suitable for the syllable structure of Turkish, as well as in borrowed words with twin consonants at the end of the word.
 It is seen that examples of vowel epithesis in Turkish texts found in manuscripts of Lithuanian Tatars are more common than in Türkiye Turkish. In particular, the Miraj text and some poems belonging to the Old Anatolian Turkish period, which are among the manuscripts in the “kitab” type, provide us with a rich material on this subject. In these texts, examples of vowel epenthesis and epithesis in borrowed words from Arabic and Persian are used in pairs in an interesting way. In other words, we see that the same borrowed word is used both with vowel epenthesis and epithesis. In this study, events of vowel epenthesis and epithesis in Turkish texts found in manuscripts of Lithuanian Tatars are examined and the reasons for the higher incidence of vowel epithesis in these texts are discussed.

The Impact of Kadatua Dialect on Students' English Pronunciation

This paper presents descriptive quantitative research investigating how the Kadatua dialect can influence the English pronunciation of second-grade students of SMPN 1 Maginti. The subjects of this study were 8 second-grade students at SMPN 1 Maginti with Kadatua ethnic background. The research instrument used was an interview and a test. The test was done by asking students to read a list of several English words to record and analyse their pronunciation. The results show that Kadatua dialect influenced students’ pronunciation of the following sounds: /?/, /æ/, /??/, /??/, /a?/, /??/, /e?/, /??/, /ð/, /?/, and /?/. Although some sounds cannot be pronounced correctly, it does not mean they are affected because these sounds do not exist in the Kadatua dialect alone. This would mean that the Kadatua dialect does not affect the overall students' English pronunciation. Some of the sounds that are not influenced by the Kadatua dialect are as follow: /?/, /?/, /i?/, /u?/, /??/, /??/ /e/, /e?/, /a?/, /??/, /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, /t?/,/d?/, /f/, /s/, /z/, /?/, /h/, /m/, /n/, /?/, /l/, /r/, /j/, and /w/. Although these sounds can be pronounced properly and correctly, it does not mean that all these sounds are only found in the Kadatua dialect. This ease of pronunciation is identified because of the dialect features similarity of Kadatua with English language.

English Loanwords Adaptation and Substitution Process in Lasi

Loanwords often go under the adaptation process with native words. In loanwords adaptation, phonology has a vital role. The loanword phonology highlights more features in a particular language. The phonological pattern of loanword phonology is novel. It is the reflection of native phonology. The English loanwords are adapted in the Lasi. This paper addresses the questions: Which sounds are substituted in Lasi? and How substitutions with English loanwords occur in Lasi? The data are collected through observation and interviews. Optimality Theory is used for data analysis and presentation. It is the most used framework in the current era. Optimality Theory is used by Ito and Mester (1995, 1999), Davidson and Noyer (1996) Broselow (2004), and other constraint-based approaches by Paradis and LaCharité (1997), LaCharité and Paradis (2005) as well as Crawford (2007). Towards the end, it has been seen that an English loanword and its Lasi counterpart have a different structure, they are adopted and used by Lasi speakers in different ways, in their own style. Lasi natives prefer one feature-changing rule for ease of pronunciation. In English, loanwords adaptation terminal devoicing, continuant feature, retroflexion, and palatalization are common. Lasi natives prefer unmarked constraints in adaptation. These words are pronounced according to Lasi phonological pattern. It can be claimed on the base of the inputs and outputs that Lasi adapts English loanwords according to it is own pattern. The substitution processes take place while changing one feature. Substitutions have been occurred from marked to unmarked. The preference for a distinct features is given to the unmarked features. So, the process of lenition occurs in Lasi English loanwords. It is common that languages always prefer unmarked as compared to markedness. So, the same rule has been followed by Lasi.

Synthetic cannabinoids and their semi-systematic naming developed in Europe – Overview of the chemical diversity and practical guidelines

A nomenclature for the naming of synthetic cannabinoids (SC) notified to the EMCDDA was developed. The harmonized names shall convey the structural features of SCs accurately and consistently without the need for a complex systematic name. SCs are the largest group of new psychoactive substances monitored by the EMCDDA and are heterogeneous in their structural makeup. Consistent, concise, and informative naming of SCs has been an ongoing challenge. Over time, several naming conventions have been employed to refer to SCs to avoid the complex but unambiguous systematic IUPAC name, which gives clear hints at the molecular features. Each naming approach aims to make SCs accessible to and recognizable by non-chemists/non-experts/regulators. However, ease of pronunciation and simplicity comes at the cost of detailed information on the structure accessible through the assigned name. All compounds classified as cannabinoids monitored by the EMCDDA were analyzed, and the four building blocks in each SC were identified and abbreviated using consistent letter codes. Inconsistencies in the formerly used names were reviewed and included in developing new consistent letter codes. Rules of the nomenclature and an expanded syntax that combines the letter codes abbreviating the structural features, were developed. The developed nomenclature enables the consistent naming of SCs, which is easy to understand and can be applied by the forensic community, researchers, clinical practitioners, and policy-makers alike. The framework is presented with hands-on guidelines and examples. The chemical diversity of SCs is visualized and made accessible through an electronic data file on all 227 SCs covered. The nomenclature was built on the established letter code system for the molecular building blocks (core, linker, linked group, and tail) implemented by the EMCDDA in 2011 and was expanded to incorporate more structural features through substitution. The main principle of the nomenclature is to reuse previously assigned letter codes, making it easier to recognize the molecular structures. The overall vocabulary is limited by sharing abbreviations of common features across building blocks. Whenever a letter code has to be derived for a new moiety, all previous building blocks and the derived letter codes are taken into account to maximize consistency and minimize complexity. The time of notification of an SC significantly impacts the letter code assigned to the molecular structure. Because of this, the scope of application for the nomenclature has intentionally been limited to SCs which have emerged on the drug market. The developed nomenclature streamlines the process of assigning letter codes to SCs. The nomenclature has already been used to assign names to the most recent SCs detected in the EU. The formerly used name (common name) will continue to be available for reference purposes.

Analysis Of Verbs In The Works Of Mahmud Zamahshari

This article, devoted to the analysis of parts of speech in the works of Makhmud Zamakhshari, addresses the question of conjugation of verbs in the last chapter named “Tasrifu-l-af’al” of the book “Mukaddamatu-l-adab”. The article emphasizes that the verb is an important part of speech in Arabic, that it is impossible to master the grammatical rules and categories without knowing its morphological features, that some parts of speech, especially masdars, the degrees of adjectives are formed from verbal roots. In “Mukaddamatu-l-Adab” was written that verbs in Arabic are divided into verbs with three and four roots and the majority are the verbs with three roots. Verbs with four roots, as well as verbs with three roots, lean with the help of those suffixes and prefixes. In the formation of the present tense forms, imperative forms, masdars, participles are also based on the same rules as for three-verbs. Makhmud Zamakhshari, defining the doubled verbs as verbs in the three-root group, in which the second and third roots consist of the same letter, emphasizes that the hamza is a “healthy” letter, not defective, and because of its complex pronunciation it is either changed with another letter or sometimes it is missed when pronounced and this provides ease of pronunciation. The question of writing hamza and its spelling has always been a difficult question of the language. Since Zamakhshari created his work for the quick study of Arabic and its grammar by non-Arab people, he did not go deeply into the essence of some difficult questions of Arabic language. The scientist notices that ings are added to the verbs of the actual voice gives samples conjugation of regular verbs in the past tense, and says that all regular verbs and verbs that are similar to regular verbs are conjugated in the above order. In his work, Zamahshari gave a sample of the conjugations of the verbs of the passive voice and examples of adding personal endings to such verbs, as well as conjugations of regular verbs, and verbs similar to regular verbs, empty and defective verbs. The scholar’s work not only gave conjugation of verbs, but also provided exceptions to the rules, it also highlighted a separate chapter in the interpretation of the imperative form in Arabic. The work contains information that the formation of an imperative form from verbs of the present-future tense. The article emphasizes that the verbs of surprise are formed only from the first chapter of the three-root verbs, that such forms are not formed from verbs expressing physical imperfection. Ways of expressing astonishment from doubled and defective verbs are commented. Regarding the verb conjugation, which is devoted to the chapter on the study of infinitives (masdar), the author dwells on the names of actions, ways of forming masdars from empty verbs, gives definition to real and passive participles, gives examples of their formation. This chapter provides information on the formation of real and passive participles from the derived chapters and four-root verbs, an interpretation of the adjective forms of the excellent and comparative degrees.

من صور التناسق الصوتی فی العربیة دراسة تطبیقیة على القرآن الکریم

من صور التناسق الصوتی فی العربیة دراسة تطبیقیة على القرآن الکریم

Sosiolek Bahasa Bali Berdasarkan Variabel Usia dan Etnik

The study of dialectology focuses on language variations based on geographic variables or geographical dialects so that it is known as the study of dialectical geography or linguistic geography but in its development, the study of dialectology extends to language variants based on social variables resulting in social dialectology (Chmabers & Petyt 1980). The social dialects that arise from the layers of society cause variations in the pronunciation of a sound or word in a language. Bali in particular Denpasar is a small city with a heterogeneous society so that inevitably the contacts of the language of the settlers with native speakers. The occurrence of these influences is related to extralinguistic and linguistic factors (intralinguistik). The linguistic (extralinguistic) situation associated with the person to whom the speaker is speaking, the topic of conversation, and the impulse of the speaker, such as the urge to be parallel / acceptable in the use of language by other speakers of language is the social reason of a person using other language elements. In addition, the factor of readiness or ease of pronunciation of certain language elements is the language factor of a person using other language elements. Ethnic differences result in differences in sound or phonological systems that are adapted to give rise to a dialect. The existence of ethnic Javanese and ethnic Balinese on the island of Bali is characterized by phonological differences that occur in a speech or communication so that withoutintroducingourselveswealreadyknowtheoriginofthesespeakersfromJavaorfromBali.

Behavioral Factors Affecting the Home Bias Phenomenon: Experimental Tests

ABSTRACTAlthough international portfolio theory states that an optimal portfolio should be well diversified, in practice, investors tend to invest excessively in domestic assets. This tendency, which is commonly referred to in the finance literature as “home bias” (HB), has puzzled economists for many decades. This research develops and presents experiments designed to test the behavioral factors related to HB discussed in the literature. In particular, these experiments test whether the factors of “familiarity” and “fluency” (ease of pronunciation) affect HB. In addition, using a method of controlled experiments, we examine the willingness to take risk as a basic source of HB. We also examine HB under three different market conditions (normal, bear and bull markets). Results indicate that subjects tended to take less risk with foreign, unfamiliar and nonfluent (difficult to pronounce) assets compared with local, familiar and fluent assets. This tendency increased significantly when the three factors were present together (foreign, unfamiliar and nonfluent assets) compared with when only one of the three factors was present. The results also revealed that HB increased during bear market periods.

Ticker fluency, sentiment, and asset valuation

Abstract The objective of this study is to examine whether investors channel their propensity to speculate differently depending on the fluency of a stock's ticker (i.e., the ticker's ease of pronunciation). Baker and Wurgler (2006) suggest that this propensity to speculate defines investor sentiment, and Green and Jame (2013) contend that fluency of a company's name can affect the level of investor recognition for the stock. We hypothesize that when investors speculate, they speculate in stocks that have greater recognition and thus cause such stocks to be overvalued. We test this hypothesis by examining whether, when beginning-of-period sentiment is high, stocks with most-fluent tickers underperform stocks with least-fluent tickers (as measured by returns). We find that in periods preceded by high sentiment, stocks with most-fluent tickers have lower returns than stocks with least-fluent tickers have. This study contributes to the literature by documenting that stock prices are affected by characteristics of securities with no bearing on stocks’ underlying cash flows, risk characteristics, or required returns. Additionally, a readily usable measure of the affinity that an investor might have for a particular ticker is presented and developed.

How are brand names of Chinese companies perceived by Americans?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to conduct an experimental design of Americans’ preferences for the English version of Chinese brand names by drawing from prior research in psychology, linguistics and marketing. The impact of string length and semantic relevance to English on meaningfulness, memorability and likeability of brand names from Chinese companies was assessed. Design/methodology/approach – A 2 × 2 experimental design was used, whereby brand names are categorized by string length (short vs long) and semantic relevance to English (with vs without). Respondents’ perception of the Chinese language in terms of pronounceability, language familiarity and language attitude is used as covariate. Findings – Results reveal shorter brand names, and those with semantic relevance to English are perceived as more memorable. It was also found that pronounceability of the brand name does influence brand name preference in terms of their meaningfulness, memorability and likeability. Research limitations/implications – This exploratory paper is limited to Americans’ perceptions of the English version of Chinese automobile brand names. Practical implications – Chinese companies should therefore carefully consider the brand name characteristics in terms of string length and semantic relevance, as well as their ease of pronunciation when choosing and introducing their brand name in the USA. Originality/value – This is the first paper which assesses Western consumers’ perception of brand names from Chinese automobile companies in terms of their brand meaningfulness, brand memorability and brand likeability.

The Roles of Semantic and Phonological Information in Word Production: Evidence from Spanish–English Bilinguals

The research investigated the roles of semantic and phonological processing in word production. Spanish-English bilingual individuals produced English target words when cued with definitions that were also written in English. When the correct word was not produced, a secondary task was performed in which participants rated the ease of pronunciation of a Spanish prime word. We varied the relatedness between target and prime words. In related conditions, the target and prime words were cognates (i.e., similar in meaning and sound), false cognates (i.e., similar in sound, but different in meaning), or noncognates (i.e., similar in meaning, but different in sound). In unrelated conditions, target and primes were dissimilar in sound and meaning. The results showed that participants' performance was influenced by semantic as well as phonological information. These results provided evidence that semantic as well as phonological information can influence word production, as is predicted by memory models in which representations for semantic and phonological levels of representation are interconnected.

Two-year-olds' productivity with verbal inflections

Previous research has examined children's ability to add inflections to nonsense words. The current experiments were designed to determine whether children, ranging in age from 1;9 to 2;10 (N = 34), could demonstrate productivity by dropping verbal inflections. In Experiment 1, children added -ed and -ing to novel stems, and dropped them from novel inflected forms and did so largely appropriately. In Experiment 2, they dropped -ing from verbs, but not from nouns, suggesting that when young children drop inflections they tend to do so appropriately, and not simply for ease of pronunciation.

A PC-based semiautomated reporting system.

Hardware included an IBM-AT personal computer with 640K random access memory, a 1 .2-megabyte floppy disk drive, a 40-megabyte hard disk drive, and a monochrome graphics adaptor and monitor. Output was printed on multipart radiology report forms with an IBM Propnnter. Wordperfect Version 5.0 (Wordperfect Corp., Orem, UT) was used as the word processing program. Wordperfect’s macro programming language allows a group of keys (words, phrases, sentences, etc.) or keystrokes to be assigned to a single command or letter. Basically, a “macro” can be thought of as similar to the recall or programmable button on modern electronic telephones. Multiple keystrokes (i.e. , letters or words) can be combined into one letter [1]. Radiographs from the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were selected because of their repetitive nature and unique findings. Radiographs and their reports were carefully analyzed for several weeks, and repetitive items found within the dictations were noted. Macros were assigned to replace phrases or whole sentences indicating the positions of tubes and catheters and to describe the findings of common clinical entities. Tube positions were assigned a mnemonic letter for the name of the tube and a second mnemonic letter for its position. If the position of the tube was uncommon, the first mnemonic letter would be followed by free text, dictated by the radiologist. Additional free text could be placed at any position in a report. The mnemonic letters were selected for ease of pronunciation and recognition. The codes and translations were posted in the dictating areas for quick reference.

Aural paired-associate learning: Pronunciability and the interval between stimulus and response

Summary Aurally presented (tape recorded) trigram-number or number-trigram eight-item paired-associate lists were learned by two groups of 60 S s. The trigrams varied in rated pronunciability from easy to difficult. On study trials, half the S s in each group learned their list with a 2-sec. interval between the onset of the stimulus and response unit (intra-SR interval), the other half with a 6-sec. interval. Acquisition consisted of 15 alternating study and test trials. All S s had 2 sec. to respond on test trials. In terms of mean total number of correct responses on test trials, the following was found. (1) Performance and rated ease of pronunciation are directly related for both loci of trigrams with a greater effect of pronunciability when trigrams are responses than when they are stimuli. (2) A 6-sec. intra-SR interval was accompanied by better performance than a 2-sec. interval for both loci of trigrams. Interval and pronunciability did not interact either when trigrams were stimuli or when they were responses.