Earth's Interior Research Articles

Electrical conductivity of mantle minerals beneath East Asia revealed by geomagnetic observatory data

The electrical conductivity of the earth’s mantle can provide important information about geodynamic phenomena. East Asia is associated with complex tectonics and geodynamic processes. Hence, it is necessary to better understand the deep structure beneath East Asia. In this study, geomagnetic data obtained from East Asian observatories are employed to image the conductivity structure of the mantle at depths ranging from 410 to 900 km. First, the data are processed using the modified bounded influence remote reference processing (BIRRP) method and the ratio method is used to correct for the ocean effect. Thereafter, the stable C-response curves at the 27 observatories are estimated, and 1D electrical conductivity models for these observatories are established using the L-BFGS method. The conductivity-depth profiles reveal a heterogeneous distribution of the electrical conductivity beneath East Asia. The mantle transition zone (MTZ) beneath East China and Japan is found to be more conductive, whereas the MTZ beneath central and southern regions of China is more resistive. In East China, the dehydration of the stagnant Pacific slab may lead to an increase in the conductivity of the mantle minerals. There is also the possibility of upwelling of the thermal material from the lower mantle beneath the Japanese Island arc. In Northwest China, there exists a large high-conductive body beneath the Tarim area, which could indicate an upwelling of the Tarim mantle plume. Our results provide insights into the deep structure of the earth at the mantle scale.

Characterization of extreme rainfall changes and response to temperature changes in Guizhou Province, China

Different geographical zones have regional heterogeneity in underlying earth surface structure and microclimate which result in different evolution trends and their response to climate change varies in extreme rainfalls in these zones. In the Guizhou province of China, there are complex landforms, which lead to spatial redistribution of rainfall, frequent extreme rainfall, and disasters high risk of geologic disasters. Research on extreme climate in Guizhou mostly paid attention to its spatio-temporal characteristics and modeling, but lack of analysis on its characteristics of extreme rainfall variability and response to temperature changes under different subsurface conditions. This study investigated the characteristics of the extreme rainfall spatiotemporal and recurrence periods in Guizhou province and discussed the relationship between the response of extreme rainfall to temperature change. Daily rainfall data from 1990 to 2020 and 2021–2100 at 31 meteorological observation stations throughout the province were collected to calculate extreme precipitation. This research had the following results. (1) Both historical and future periods show an upward trend in extreme rainfall in Guizhou province, with a spatial distribution pattern of “high in the south and low in the north, high in the east and low in the west” and “high in the southeast and low in the northwest”, respectively; the spatial distribution of extreme rainfall under each recurrence period is consistent with the non-recurrence period. (2) Both historical and future periods show an upward trend in temperature in Guizhou province, with a spatial distribution consistent with that of the extreme rainfall in the corresponding period. (3) The change in extreme rainfall intensity with increasing temperature is almost always greater than the C–C rate for different periods and underlying earth surface structure; Extreme rainfall has a Hook response structure to temperature change, and the climate response structure shifts to the right with climate warming. The results of the study can provide a basis for decision-making on regional disaster prevention and mitigation in the context of temperature change.

Wave velocities and anisotropy of rocks: Implication for origin of low velocity zone of the Qinling Orogenic Belt, China

Structure and composition of Earth is of fundamental importance in exploring the dynamic evolution of the crust and mantle. The Qinling Orogenic Belt (QOB) is located between the North China plate and the South China Plate, and is one of the main orogenic belts in China. To explore the composition and origin of anisotropy and the low wave velocity zone of the QOB, ten rock samples (gneiss and schist) were collected from the five sites of the QOB and the P- and S-wave velocities of these samples were measured under 0.6 to 2.0 GPa and 100 to 550 °C. The wave velocities increase with increasing pressure and decreasing temperature. The VP and VS of the schist and gneiss match the velocity of the middle and lower crust of the QOB, indicating that schist and gneiss are important component of the QOB. All the schist and gneiss samples exhibit obvious seismic anisotropy with 1.64%–17.42% for VS and 2.93%–14.78% for VP under conditions of crust and upper mantle. The CPO/LPO and layering distribution of mica in rock samples are the main reasons for this anisotropy. The VS structures below the five sampled sites from seismic ambient noise tomography were built to explore the effect of schist and gneiss on the composition and structure of the QOB. The results indicate that orientation-arranged gneiss and schist driven by the tectonic stresses might be a new origin of the character of VP/VS, seismic anisotropy, and the low velocity zone in the QOB.

Temporal Behavior of Glacially Induced Stresses and Strains at Potential Sites for Long‐Term Storage of Used Nuclear Fuel in Canada

AbstractContinental‐scale glaciations cause deformation, geopotential, rotation and stress changes of the Earth. Subsurface stress changes have implications to future activities such as carbon capture and storage, enhanced oil recovery and deep geological disposal of nuclear waste. We model glacially induced stresses, strain changes and deformation for North America, with emphasis on the two potential sites for long‐term storage of used nuclear fuel in Canada (Saugeen Ojibway Nation (SON)‐South Bruce area in southwestern Ontario and Wabigoon Lake Ojibway Nation (WLON)‐Ignace area in northwestern Ontario). We apply a revised, high‐resolution ice history of the past glacial cycle from the University of Toronto Glacial Systems Model, assumed to be representative for future glacial cycles, together with a set of seven different one‐ and three‐dimensional earth structures. We find that glacially induced stresses and strains can vary strongly throughout a glacial cycle, whereas especially the horizontal components can change from tensional to compressive in nature. Such changes can happen within a few 1,000 years, caused by drastic and rapid ice thickness increase or decrease above the potential site. Despite SON‐South Bruce being located further away from the ice sheet center than WLON‐Ignace and temporarily in the forebulge of the developing ice sheet during glaciation, stresses and strains are very similar in magnitude and range at both sites. We also see the potential that the glacially induced stresses can alter the direction of the pre‐existing maximum horizontal stress at SON‐South Bruce. These results will be incorporated in the site safety and site selection process.

Recycled Oceanic Crust in the Source of the Intraplate Changbaishan‐Tianchi Volcano, China/North Korea

AbstractContinental intraplate volcano is an ideal probe to unravel the composition and structure of the deep Earth. The intraplate Changbaishan‐Tianchi volcano was one of the most hazardous eruptions on the Earth's planet. The long‐term activity of this volcano from the Pleistocene to 946 CE has erupted materials with a broad compositional range from basalt to rhyolite, which are expected to be associated with the continuous northeastward subduction of the Pacific plate, but the magma source remains controversial. In this paper, we present a comprehensive data set of in situ zircon Hf and O isotope data, combined with whole‐rock element and Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotope compositions, for selected eruptions of the Changbaishan‐Tianchi volcano, aiming to provide new insights into their magma source and the associated geodynamics. Radiogenic isotopic ratios and incompatible trace element compositions indicate that the erupted volcanic rocks at different stages, although with a varied differentiation degree, were derived from a common magma source characterized by a mixture of DM and EM1 end‐members. Zircon Hf and O isotopes are both relatively homogeneous for different lithologies and eruption stages, with the εHf(t) values varying between −5 and +5, and δ18O values between 3.58‰ and 5.97‰. Modeling of source mixing indicates that high‐temperature altered oceanic crust materials are an important component in the source of Changbaishan‐Tianchi volcano, likely derived from an ancient stagnant slab that has been reactivated by the subduction of the Pacific plate. This study demonstrates that the recycling of deeply subducted oceanic crust is potentially an important source and trigger for continental intraplate volcanism.

Imaging Attenuation From Array Analysis of Surface Waves

AbstractAnelastic attenuation provides key insight in our understanding of thermal and rheological structures and the associated deformation and dynamic mechanisms of the Earth's deep interior. Unfortunately, attenuation tomography is advanced far behind wave‐speed tomography due to the challenge in properly excluding the complex effects of elastic heterogeneities on seismic wave amplitude. By taking advantage of phase tracking in seismic array analysis, here we derive a new theory of Helmholtz tomography that well accounts for attenuation, source radiation, and scattering, etc., and present a technique called Helmholtz Multi‐Event Tomography (HelMET) to retrieve the attenuation properly. The effectiveness of this method is then validated by synthetic inversions. Our synthetic seismograms are calculated using a newly developed three‐dimensional finite‐difference algorithm that accounts for physical dispersion and dissipation in anelastic media and remains accurate and stable even if strong attenuation exists. Compared to the traditional method poorly performed in the synthetic inversion, the HelMET well recovers the input attenuation anomalies, suggesting that this method can be used to successfully isolate attenuation from the complicated effects of elastic heterogeneities. Our results underline the implication of the new theory and method in accurately imaging high‐resolution attenuation structures and unambiguously interpreting the anelastic heterogeneities of the Earth by array‐based earthquake and ambient noise data with inexpensive computation.

GEOGRAPHICAL CROSS AND BIOSPHERE: RELATIONSHIPS, SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES

This article explores the doctrine of the geographic crust and the biosphere, their relationship, similarities and differences, as well as A.A. Grigoriev's theory, landscape crust and epigeosphere, geographic crust and geographic environment, landscape crust, recommendation by I.B. Zabelin replace the concept of the geographic crust with the concept of the biogenosphere, since the origin and development of life took place in the geographic crust, the upper and lower layers of the earth's crust. upper part of the geographic crust Among scientists here are different opinions about the lower limits of the earth's crust, the presence of substances in three states in the geographic crust, that the Biosphere is the outer crust of the Earth, about the composition, structure and boundaries of the biosphere, and the cycle of substances in nature.

GEOGRAPHICAL CROSS AND BIOSPHERE: RELATIONSHIPS, SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES

This article explores the doctrine of the geographic crust and the biosphere, their relationship, similarities and differences, as well as A.A. Grigoriev's theory, landscape crust and epigeosphere, geographic crust and geographic environment, landscape crust, recommendation by I.B. Zabelin replace the concept of the geographic crust with the concept of the biogenosphere, since the origin and development of life took place in the geographic crust, the upper and lower layers of the earth's crust. upper part of the geographic crust Among scientists here are different opinions about the lower limits of the earth's crust, the presence of substances in three states in the geographic crust, that the Biosphere is the outer crust of the Earth, about the composition, structure and boundaries of the biosphere, and the cycle of substances in nature.

Limited sensitivity of Antarctic GIA mass change estimates to lateral viscosity variations

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) has revealed spatiotemporal mass changes in the Antarctic Ice Sheet. However, GRACE data must be corrected for the gravity changes due to glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). Here we investigate the sensitivity of GIA-induced gravity changes in Antarctica to the lithospheric thickness and upper mantle viscosity using a one-dimensional (1-D) model that assumes a radially varying Earth structure. The sensitivity is assessed using several Antarctic ice-history models that have been widely used to correct GRACE data. The results indicate a trade-off between lithospheric thickness and upper mantle viscosity in evaluating the Antarctic GIA correction. This trade-off exists for all ice-history models; however, the reason for the trade-off differs among models. Furthermore, since there is a sharp contrast in the Earth structure between West and East Antarctica, the adopted ice histories are separated into West and East Antarctic components to examine their contributions to the Antarctic GIA correction. We consider 1-D Earth structures that are averaged from the seismically derived three-dimensional Earth structure for West and East Antarctica. These results indicate that the contributions of the East and West Antarctic loads do not significantly affect the GIA corrections for the West and East Antarctic regions, respectively, and that the trade-off between lithospheric thickness and upper mantle viscosity results in minimal divergence in the assessment of the Antarctic GIA correction between the averaged Earth models of West and East Antarctica. Therefore, the contrast in Earth structure beneath Antarctica may have a limited effect on the ice-mass change estimates for the entire Antarctic Ice Sheet.

Initial Study of Students' Critical Thinking Ability Level and Concept Mastery on Earth Structure Material

Critical thinking and concept mastery is an important ability for every student to have. So, educators need to get information about the level of skills possessed by student. This study aims to describe the initial level of critical thinking skills and mastery of students' concepts, as well as the relationship between critical thinking skills and mastery of students' concepts on earth structure material in class VIII at SMP Negeri 2 Namang. The methodology used in the research is descriptive quantitative, using a critical thinking ability test and concept mastery test, and qualitative, using interviews. Students' critical thinking and concept mastery tests showed an average score of 43.78 and 55.94, with a fairly low category. The average value of the inference indicator was 25.97, and the indicator of making further explanations was 37.01. Both are the lowest indicators that still need to be improved. In contrast, the average value of the strategy and tactics indicator is 73.95, which is in the high category. The significance value obtained is <0.001, which indicates that there is a strong, significant, and directly proportional relationship between critical thinking skills and concept mastery, with a correlation coefficient value of 0.803. The results of the interview show the low enthusiasm of students in learning the structure of the earth due to the lack of a variety of media used and test questions that are not used to being done.

DRRGlobal: Uncovering the weak phases from global seismograms using the damped rank-reduction method

Some target seismic signals in the earthquake data can be very weak compared with interfering phases, and are thus difficult to detect, which further hinders the effective usage of these weak phases for subsequent high-resolution imaging of earth interiors. The strong ambient noise makes this situation even more troublesome since the weak signals can be mostly buried in the noise. Here, we present an open-source package for uncovering the weak phases from global seismograms. We adopt a two-step scheme to reconstruct and denoise array data. The first step is weighted average interpolation which puts the data into irregular grids. The second step adopts the weighted projection-onto-convex sets based on damped rank-reduction to further interpolate and denoise for the binned data. Taking the complexity of the weak signal into consideration, we adopt the automatic strategy to select an appropriate rank in different localized windows. We conduct several synthetic tests to carefully investigate the performance regarding effectiveness, robustness, and efficiency, and compare the algorithm with the frequency–wavenumber-domain projection onto convex sets method that is already used in the global seismology literature. Finally, the proposed framework is validated via a recorded array data set of the 1995 May 5 Philippines earthquake.

Dense Hydrated Magnesium Carbonate MgCO3·3H2O Phases.

The study of the structural stability of carbonates under different pressure and temperature conditions is important for modeling the carbon budget in the Earth's interior and the stability of carbonation products of carbon capture and storage (CCS) solutions. In this work, we confirm the existence of the two dense polymorphs of the hydrated magnesium carbonate MgCO3·3H2O nesquehonite mineral previously reported, and we characterize their structures using synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction at 3.1 and 11.6 GPa. Phase transitions entail the distortion and atomic rearrangement of the Mg-centered polyhedra and the tilting of the [CO3] carbonate units. In particular, the Mg coordination number increases from 6 in nesquehonite to 7 in the second high-pressure phase, while maintaining a topology based on complex MgCO3(H2O)2 chains. We also studied their vibrational behavior upon compression using Raman spectroscopy and complemented the experimental results with density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. The role played by hydrogen bonds in the compressibility and the polymorphism of this hydrated carbonate is also discussed.

Effect of stress conditions on concentrated leak erosion resistant of fine-grained soils with different characteristics

AbstractInternal erosion is one of the most important factors that cause earth structures that retain water, such as embankment dams, to collapse. Concentrated leak erosion, one of the forms of internal erosion, occurs in cracked fine-grained soils and pressurized flow conditions. To evaluate the concentrated leak erosion risk of cracks/voids, it is necessary to ascertain the erosion resistance of these materials. The erosion rate and critical shear stresses determine internal erosion resistance in concentrated leak erosion. This study determined soil’s concentrated leak erosion resistance using test equipment that allowed the flow to pass through a hole with stress-free (no loading), anisotropic-compression stress, anisotropic-expansion stress, and isotropic stress conditions. The stresses that developed in the samples’ hole wall where erosion occurred were determined with numerical modeling as pre-experimental stress conditions. The experiments were performed under a single hydraulic head on four selected cohesive soils with different erosion sensitivity. Time-dependent flow rates obtained from the test system can be used to determine hydraulic parameters, such as energy grade lines, with the help of basic theorems of pipe hydraulics in theoretical hydraulic models. Moreover, the erosion rates were quantitatively determined using the continuity equation, while critical shear stresses were qualitatively compared for concentrated leak erosion developed by the dispersion mechanism. As a result of the experiments, stress conditions influence the concentrated leak erosion resistance in the soil samples with dispersive erosion. Moreover, the shear strength in the Mohr–Coulomb hypothesis can explain the erosion resistance in these soils under stress conditions depending on the sand/clay ratio.

К оценке геодинамической устойчивости геосфер Земли

The Earth, as a system, is characterized by certain average state parameters (density, temperature). These parameters cannot but depend on similar states of internal geospheres (subsystems), which follow the unified law of increasing entropy of the cooling Earth from the center in the direction of the Earth's radius. As a model for assessing the dynamic stability of the Earth's internal geospheres relative to each other, the principle of the golden proportion (golden section) was used with the given parameters of density, temperature, power of the geospheres to the extreme ratios of their states at points (0.618; 1.618; 2.618), which determine the conditions for the stable dynamic equilibrium of the compared parameters of geospheres. And if these relations satisfied the known theoretical, model, geophysical data, then the conclusion was made that the geospheres in the compared parameter relations were in a state close to a stable dynamic equilibrium of the exchange of matter and energy between them. Otherwise, it was recognized that the compared geospheres of the Earth were in a state of either unstable dynamic equilibrium with an assessment of the level of this deviation from the golden numbers, or the known values of the density and temperature of the geospheres, as well as their structure, should be subject to clarification. Average model estimates of the parameters of the Earth's internal geospheres reach a stable dynamic equilibrium at a level of deviation from the golden numbers of up to 2.72 %. This allows estimating the model duration of the modern geological activity of the Earth for another 124 million years until the formation of a new state of the existing continents. The instability of the dynamic equilibrium of density and temperature of matter is established at the boundaries: continental and oceanic crust; oceanic crust and Golitsin layer; at the boundary between the outer part of the Earth's core and the lower mantle; inside the Earth's core at the level of identified transition zones in the four-layer core model. The presence of spheres with a high core density from 16.05 to 26.45 g/cm3 suggests the stratification of its central part into essentially gold and platinoid. The presence of instability boundaries in the dynamic state of geospheres is in good agreement with the concept of plate tectonics and with the depths of plume origin. It can be assumed that the relative equilibrium of the internal structure of the Earth will continue for about 124 million years until the beginning of the formation of a new Pangea Proxima, which, according to Cristofor Scotese, will arise in 200 million years.

Global mantle conductivity imaging using 3-D geomagnetic depth sounding with real earth surface conductivity constraint

The water content in the Earth's interior is of great significance for material circulation and the dynamic evolution of the planet. The water content in mantle minerals significantly affects their conductivities. By measuring the variations in conductivity within the Earth, we can infer the water content in the mantle and study the movement and processes of materials within the Earth. The geomagnetic depth sounding is a widely used method for imaging the mantle conductivity as it has large sounding depth. However, the ocean induction effects can seriously impact geomagnetic data that can't be well corrected using conventional methods. Here, we present a novel three-dimensional inversion method for geomagnetic depth sounding to overcome the ocean induction effects by directly adopt the real earth surface conductivity into the inverse model. In this method, the unstructured tetrahedral grids are used to represent the model in multi-scale and the vector finite-element method is adopted to accurately compute the geomagnetic responses. The synthetic model tests show that the earth surface conductivity has serious effect on the inversion results, but it can be well suppressed by directly modeling it in the inverse model. We further invert the data from 128 geomagnetic stations around the world and obtain a more accurate new model of global mantle conductivity.

Two-dimensional ideal magnetohydrodynamic waves on a rotating sphere under a non-Malkus field: I. Continuous spectrum and its ray-theoretical interpretation

Two-dimensional ideal incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) linear waves at the surface of a rotating sphere are studied as a model to imitate the outermost layer of the Earth's core or the solar tachocline. This thin conducting layer is permeated by a toroidal magnetic field the magnitude of which depends only on the latitude. The Malkus background field, which is proportional to the sine of the colatitude, provides two well-known groups of branches; on one branch, retrograde Alfvén waves gradually become fast magnetic Rossby (MR) waves as the field amplitude decreases, and on the other, prograde Alfvén waves undergo a gradual transition into slow MR waves. In the case of non-Malkus fields, we demonstrate that the associated eigenvalue problems can yield a continuous spectrum instead of Alfvén and slow MR discrete modes. The critical latitudes attributed to the Alfvén resonance eliminate these discrete eigenvalues and produce an infinite number of singular eigenmodes. The theory of slowly varying wave trains in an inhomogeneous magnetic field shows that a wave packet related to this continuous spectrum propagates toward a critical latitude corresponding to the wave and is eventually absorbed there. The expected behaviour whereby the retrograde propagating packets pertaining to the continuous spectrum approach the latitudes from the equatorial side and the prograde ones approach from the polar side is consistent with the profiles of their eigenfunctions derived using our numerical calculations. Further in-depth discussions of the Alfvén continuum would develop the theory of the “wave–mean field interaction” in the MHD system and the understanding of the dynamics in such thin layers.

A long section of serpentinized depleted mantle peridotite.

The upper mantle is critical for our understanding of terrestrial magmatism, crust formation, and element cycling between Earth's solid interior, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Mantle composition and evolution have been primarily inferred by surface sampling and indirect methods. We recovered a long (1268-meter) section of serpentinized abyssal mantle peridotite interleaved with thin gabbroic intrusions. We find depleted compositions with notable variations in mantle mineralogy controlled by melt flow. Dunite zones have predominantly intermediate dips, in contrast to the originally steep mantle fabrics, indicative of oblique melt transport. Extensive hydrothermal fluid-rock interaction is recorded across the full depth of the core and is overprinted by oxidation in the upper 200 meters. Alteration patterns are consistent with vent fluid composition in the nearby Lost City hydrothermal field.

Controllable Seismic Velocity Synthesis Using Generative Diffusion Models

AbstractAccurate seismic velocity estimations are vital to understanding Earth's subsurface structures, assessing natural resources, and evaluating seismic hazards. Machine learning‐based inversion algorithms have shown promising performance in regional (i.e., for exploration) and global velocity estimations, while their effectiveness hinges on access to large and diverse training data sets whose distributions generally cover the target solutions. Additionally, enhancing the precision and reliability of velocity estimation also requires incorporating prior information, for example, geological classes, well logs, and subsurface structures, but current statistical or neural network‐based methods are not flexible enough to handle such multimodal information. To address both challenges, we propose to use conditional generative diffusion models for seismic velocity synthesis in which we readily incorporate those priors. This approach enables the generation of seismic velocities that closely match the expected target distribution, offering data sets informed by both expert knowledge and measured data to support training for data‐driven geophysical methods. We demonstrate the flexibility and effectiveness of our method through training diffusion models on the OpenFWI data set under various conditions, including class labels, well logs, reflectivity images, and the combination of these priors. The performance of the approach under out‐of‐distribution conditions further underscores its generalization ability, showcasing its potential to provide tailored priors for velocity inverse problems and create specific training data sets for machine learning‐based geophysical applications.

Improving ambient noise cross-correlations using a polarization-based azimuth filter

Seismic interferometry is widely used to image and monitor earth structures at different scales by extracting an empirical Green’s function (EGF) from the cross-correlation of ambient noise under the assumption of diffuse wavefields or energy equipartitioning. The EGFs, however, may be incorrectly estimated and lead to a misunderstanding of subsurface structures, because the distribution of ambient noise sources is neither isotropic nor stationary. To extract reliable EGFs from the non-ideal ambient noise data, we propose a polarization-based azimuth filter (PAF) to attenuate the ambient noise energy of non-stationary sources to improve the quality of cross-correlation functions. The PAF is a time-frequency domain azimuth filter for three-component seismic data, which uses time-frequency polarization analysis to measure azimuths of ambient noise signals, and then filters the three-component data to obtain signals from desired directions. Based on the stationary-phase theory, we use the PAF to extract the ambient noise signals from the stationary-phase zones (SPZs), which improves the quality of the cross-correlation function and gets rid of the requirement for long observations. A synthetic test and two short-time engineering examples demonstrate that uneven source distributions might cause serious spurious signals in EGFs and we show the improvement in EGFs using our method. In addition, the PAF may allow for the complete separation of the fundamental and higher mode of Rayleigh waves, which uncovers more information implicit in the ambient noise data.

Experimental Study of Soil Compaction with Proctor Standard Test Equipment

Soil is the surface layer of the earth which consists of minerals, organic materials, air, living things. Clay soil is one type of soil that is important in determining the bearing capacity of subgrade required for construction. The bearing capacity of the soil is obtained by compacting it, using the TS-365 Automatic Standard Proctor. Soil compaction is the process of removing air from the pores of the soil, and is effective for improving soil properties in order to increase the density (density) of the soil so that shear strength increases, soil settlement decreases, and soil permeability decreases. The standard proctor test uses 5 separate soil samples weighing 2 kg, with a mixture of 16%, 19%, 22%, 25% and 28% air respectively. The test results show that the soil obtained from the Pojok sub-district area. Mojoroto, East Java obtained the results of soil compaction data using a standard proctor test, it was obtained that the optimum dry volume weight of the soil was 1,630 gr/cm3 and the optimum water content was 32%. So that the results of soil testing in the laboratory can be used as a reference for controlling soil compaction in construction.