Earthquake-resistant Structures Research Articles

Comparative study of internal force at lecture building in special region of Yogyakarta between 2D and 3D models with response spectrum method based on SNI 1726-2019

One of the important things in structural planning is structural analysis. Indonesia has earthquake resistance guidelines for building structures starting from SNI 1726-1989 to the latest version, namely SNI 1726-2019. Yogyakarta Special Region is an active and complex seismic area due to tectonic plate collision activity accompanied by local fault activity on the mainland, so it has a high level of seismic activity, therefore structural planning must pay attention to seismic aspects. Not all buildings in the special area of Yogyakarta use the latest earthquake-resistant building structure guidelines, so a review of the structure must be reviewed. In analyzing the structure, there are two models, namely, 2D and 3D structural analysis using structural analysis software to obtain the internal force value. The study of internal force comparison between 2D and 3D models of dynamic response spectrum method according to SNI 1726-2019 is carried out on the 4-floor lecture building structure used to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the two models. The results of the internal force structure analysis show that the value of the internal force with the 2D model is greater than the 3D model due to differences in the distribution of the working load.

Dr. Nathan M. Newmark

Nathan M. Newmark fue un educador e ingeniero de fama internacional. Fue ampliamente reconocido por sus investigaciones en la ingeniería estructural y en la dinámica estructural en la University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), y por sus contribuciones al diseño de estructuras resistentes a sismos, incluida la Torre Latinoamericana en la Ciudad de México y por su trabajo en el diseño del oleoducto trans-Alaska. Sus importantes contribuciones al diseño sismo resistente de estructuras lo han llevado ser considerado como el padre fundador de la ingeniería sísmica.

Seismic hazard assessment for the proposed site of electric power plant: Comprehensive approach

Al-Sokhna area has been selected for installation one of the electric power plants along the Cairo-Suez Road. Unfortunately, this area lies within small-moderate seismicity area where some destructive earthquakes (>5), great number of earthquakes with magnitudes of less than 5 have been recorded. Through this work, earthquake events within a circle of 300 km radius around the selected site have been gathered, refined, and the affecting earthquake prone zones were recognized as; southern Gulf of Suez, Dahshour and Gulf of Aqaba source, Beni Suef and Sohag-Assuit zones however Dahshour zone is the nearest to the proposed site. The values of Peak Ground Acceleration have been assessed using deterministic and stochastic hazard approaches as 37.63 and 38.4 cm/sec2 respectively. Moreover, the pseudospectral acceleration (PSA) reaches 142, 96 and 74 cm/sec2 at damping values of 2%, 5% and 10% of the critical damping where the predominant period about 0.1 s at the selected site. These results have to be considered by policy and decision-makers to design more earthquake resistant structures at the selected site.

A basis for developing sustainable earthquake-resisting structures

Sustainable seismic design (SSD) is a relatively new field of study that promises improved human welfare and innovative developments in structural engineering worldwide. In the present context, SSD refers to structural operability with a view to post-earthquake realignment and repair (PERR). The difference between conventional seismic design and SSD is the expected behaviour during and after earthquakes. In conventional earthquake-resistant systems, attention is focused on the response of the structure to code-level seismic demand whereas, in SSD, the post-earthquake attributes of the system are as important as those during the event. SSD is neither part of contemporary curricula nor codes of practice. This article promotes the notion that a structure can be seismically sustainable if it is able to prevent actual collapse, overcome residual effects and lend itself well to PERR. In order to gain insight into the inner workings of SSD, resort has been made to adaptive design, bioinspiration and the study of structural differences between conventional and seismically sustainable structures. It is shown that conventional seismic design can be upgraded to SSD without resorting to untenable costs and technologies.

Resiliency and post‐earthquake realignment

SummaryAlthough the mechanics of free‐standing rocking cores have been amply investigated and that numerous replaceable energy dissipating devices with recentring capabilities have been proposed, the literature on complete sustainable earthquake resistant structures has not been fully developed. Seismic sustainability (SS) can be achieved if and only if the structure is capable of collapse prevention (CP) and/or post‐earthquake realignment and repairs (PERR). Rigid rocking core moment frame (RRC‐MF) combinations are special earthquake resistant structures that are capable of damage control, elimination of residual effects, CP, and PERR. High strength cables are commonly utilized as rocking core stabilizers, gap opening and closing regulators as well as energy absorbing devices. RRCs are articulated shear walls developed to reduce relative drift and seismic demand on earthquake‐resistant structures (ERSs), prevent plastic collapse, and help realign the system as needed. After discussing sustainable seismic design (SSD), the mechanics of hybrid rocking–stepping cores and self‐centering steel beams are briefly examined. The following innovations are introduced as part of the current article: (1) introduction to global stiffness reduction (GSR), (2) introduction to restoring force adjustment (RFA), (3) the hybrid rigid rocking–stepping core (RRC), (4) tendon‐enhanced replaceable energy dissipating moment connections (REDMCs), and (5) the heat‐generated realignment system.

A first order finite similitude approach to scaled aseismic structures

For many decades the designs of earthquake-resistant (aseismic) structures have been influenced by scaled experiments, underpinned by the theory of dimensional analysis. Although scaled experiments still play an important role, they are recognised to suffer shortcomings, which are particularly severe when scaling ratios are pronounced. The issue is one of scale effects and the inability of dimensional analysis to offer any solution in their presence.This paper is concerned with a new theory for the analysis of aseismic structures that is founded on the metaphysical concept of space scaling, where beams, substructures or buildings etc. are contracted through the mechanism of space contraction. Although space contraction is evidently practically impossible the theory describes the effects of such a process on the underpinning governing mechanics involved. Unlike dimensional analysis the approach which is termed finite similitude embraces scale effects and accounts for them by linking experiments at more than one scale.It is demonstrated in this work how it is possible to reconstruct full-scale behaviour by means of two scaled experiments of a selected beam, column and multi-storey structure when subjected to dynamic loading conditions.

Effect of Shear Wall Location On Seismic Performance of High Raised Buildings

Multi-storey buildings tend to get damaged mainly during earthquake. Seismic analysis is a tool for the estimation of structural response in the process of designing earthquake resistant structures and/or retrofitting vulnerable existing structures. The principle purpose of this work is to analyze and design a building with a shear wall and also to find the appropriate position of shear wall that result in maximum resistance towards lateral forces and minimum displacement of the structure. In this study, a G+7 multi-storey building of 15 m ×20 m in plan area has been chosen and modelled using ETABS. The developed model was validated by solving manually and the results were validated in ETABS. Thereafter, 4 different new plans were modelled in ETABS located in the same earthquake zone area. These plans have shear wall concepts are implemented on the building at four different locations. Seismic, vibration and response spectrum analysis were performed on these structures. Salient parameters such as storey stiffness, storey displacement and storey drift were computed using the ETABS model. These were compared with that of the frame having no shear walls. By comparing the results obtained at different shear wall locations, the best plan with the shear wall having minimum lateral storey displacement and maximum stiffness is suggested for this location.

High-performance resilient earthquake-resisting moment frames

The need for resilient or sustainable seismic design is at the forefront of structural engineering challenges worldwide. Sustainable seismic design is a relatively new concept that is rapidly gaining interest and hints at the arrival of the next generation earthquake engineering practice. In the present context ‘sustainable seismic’ refers to structural operability with a view to post-earthquake realignment and repairs. Experience has shown that it is cost inhibitive to elevate the status of conventional earthquake-resistant structures to seismic sustainability by means of traditional methods of design and construction. This paper introduces two simple analytic concepts, performance control and design led analysis, that lead to the development of sustainable seismic designs for purpose-specific archetypes. Seismic energy control, global stiffness reduction and restoring force adjustment are introduced as relatively simple methodologies that help achieve efficient post-earthquake realignment and repairs. Combinations of structures of uniform response and rigid rocking cores are used as ideal models for sustainable seismic design. Three simple technologies, the replaceable energy dissipating moment connection, the energy-dissipating grade beams and the hybrid rocking–stepping core, are also introduced. Several parametric examples are provided to demonstrate the applications of the proposed methodologies.

Development prospects of creating armo-bearing shells theory

Abstract. In the article, the prospects for the use of load-bearing armored shells are discussed, which create the possibility of their application in the arising zones of stress concentrators, increased fracturing or zonal disintegration (ZDI) for the formation of objects of special-purpose or with special characteristics. This increases the resistance of the rock mass due to the use of special materials with certain properties (hydrophobic additives, etc.), which in total makes it possible to create formations for various purposes and with specified parameters. Technical problems in the construction of underground structures are mainly caused by the need for the creation and subsequent operation of the internal space. For example, in relation to solving the problems of underground construction of special structures, construction of underground gas storage facilities (UGS), underground construction of protective structures (bomb shelters), construction of earthquake-resisting structures and buildings. The main problems of underground construction, its technical capabilities and solutions are considered. The possibility of using the worked-out underground space of mines is shown in connection with the problems of construction of underground protective structures (bomb shelters), underground gas storages. The possibility of using the phenomenon of zonal disintegration (ZDI) as the main economic prerequisite for the construction of earthquake-resisting buildings and structures in regions with earthquake-resisting mining and geological conditions is proposed, and schematic diagrams of technological solutions are given. The tasks are considered, the solution of which is of paramount importance for the problems listed above. The prospects for the application of technologies for the formation of load-bearing armored shells (LBAS) in conditions of zonal disintegration (ZDI) are shown, namely: control and forecasting of the occurrence of the phenomenon of the rocks ZDI in the course of various underground construction works; control of the state of the massif in which the LBAS are constructed to ensure the specified operating parameters; the use of the fracture zone between the rings of disintegration for filling with materials with certain properties (hydrophobic impurities, etc.), which ultimately makes it possible to create formations for various purposes and with specified parameters.

ПРЕДВАРИТЕЛЬНАЯ ОЦЕНКА ПРОЯВЛЕНИЙ ПРОГНОЗНОЙ СЕЙСМИЧНОСТИ НА УЧАСТКЕ МАТЕРИК–САХАЛИН ДЛЯ КРИТИЧЕСКИ ВАЖНОГО ЛИНЕЙНОГО СООРУЖЕНИЯ

The article presents the findings of seismic hazard zoning of the submerged crossing of the pipeline in the Nevelskoy Strait, between the village Lazarev of the Nikolaevsky district, Khabarovsky Krai, and the Cape Pogibi near the Pogibi village, Sakhalin Oblast. Along the water area, this section of the submerged crossing is limited by the zone which is 500 m wide by 11 km long. It follows from the stock of geological documents of the Geophysical Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the OSP-2015 map that the highest seismic activity in the Okhotsk region is observed in the area of the Kuril Islands, and the central seismically prone zone of northern Sakhalin is closest to the construction site. Large earthquakes are recorded by a number of seismological stations in the immediate vicinity of the construction site. The foci of nearby earthquakes occur east of the construction site and are mostly confined to the systems of deep faults resulting from the juncture between the West Sakhalin synclinorium and the Sikhote-Alin volcanic belt. The main purpose of the research is related to the development of a methodology for prognosticating seismic effects for the strong earthquake prone areas. In this context, an approach is proposed for the specific structure, which is based on the construction of a set of seismic models to reach the reference bedrock, setting of the pickup signal corresponding to the initial seismicity of the area, calculating the main parameters of seismic effects for them, and then, in a first approximation, the implementation of the technology for constructing engineering-seismological cross-section along the pipeline construction site. The proposed approaches to prognosticating seismic events for that part of the pipeline submerged crossing in the Nevelskoy Strait are based on certain constraints that made it possible to obtain a set of parameters of seismic effects for prognosticated strong earthquakes necessary for designing and constructing an earthquake-resistant linear structure. Given improved calculation methods and critical object monitoring, the advantage of this approach is the ability to recalculate seismic effects to the structure using the constructed seismic ground motion models.

Earthquake resistant design of G + 5 multistorey residential building using STAAD.pro

The main objective of my present research is to evaluate the structural stability with appropriate techniques by taking standard configuration, the correct cross-section for column and beam, etc. Developing preferred requirements and different types for conditions of support, load types, and amalgamation of loads. It has been said that “Many buildings have been damaged or demolished by earthquakes in India, not killing people, but losing precious lives”. The ability of structures to resist a major earthquake is significantly enhanced by observing how buildings acknowledge to the earthquake and utilising the expertise obtained by engineers. During the design of a perfect structure many challenging areas need to be addressed and when the structures are to be constructed in earthquake-prone areas, those difficulties are compounded. The main intension and purpose of this paper is to design an earthquake resistant structure by undertaking seismic study of the structure by static equivalent method of analysis and execute the design of structure using STAAD.pro software. For this present research work, a G + 5 residential building is considered. Seismic calculations are executed for all the earthquake zones.

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTI-STOREY STEEL STRUCTURES WITH IRRIGATION TO TORQUE ACCORDING TO 2018 EARTHQUAKE REGULATIONS

When observing the consequences of earthquakes, it is accepted that earthquakes are one of the most dangerous natural disasters in the world. Therefore, special engineering methods are used to explore and analyze the effects of earthquakes on structures and to design earthquake resistant structures accordingly. In applying these methods, it is important to investigate the irregularities in the carrier system correctly. There are six irregularities in the Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBDY-2018), one of the most important of which is A1 Torsional Irregularity [TBDY 2018]. In this article, considering TBDY 2018, the dynamic behaviour of structures with different ratios of torsional irregularity in multi-storey steel structures is examined. In a 10-storey steel structure with the same purpose and size, four type models were produced using the central inverted V cross member and changing the cross positions. The Equivalent Seismic Load Method is used in the analysis. Structural analyzes were performed with the "ETABS" finite element program. As a result of these studies; The displacements obtained from the structural analysis of 4 models with different torsional irregularity coefficients due to the cross member placement in various places in 4 buildings with the same dimensions were calculated by the Equivalent Seismic Load method.

Comparison of non-linear dynamic frame response under recorded and numerically generated accelerograms

The time history analysis of the linear and non-linear response of earthquake resistant structures is a tool increasingly used in practice and required by codes. In this paper, a set of 12 accelerograms was generated numerically with the spectral representation methodology. Another set of 15 accelerograms were selected from a database of earthquake records and scaled with a uniform factor so that the mean spectrum fits the design one. The non-linear dynamic response of two frames of different stiffness and resistance was obtained under the action of the two sets of accelerograms. The global force - displacement results showed a higher coefficient of variation for the set of recorded accelerograms, especially for the structure of lower resistance that has a strong non-linear incursion. The same tendency was obtained for the moment - curvature relationships of beam and column sections, with higher dispersions compared to the global results. In addition, the influence of the vertical acceleration component was analyzed, resulting in a higher incidence in the interior columns of the frames.

Study of Various Problems Related to Earthquake-Resistant Structures of Production Facilities

Study of Various Problems Related to Earthquake-Resistant Structures of Production Facilities

RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROBABILITY MAPS OF SEISMIC ZONING OF THE TERRITORY OF KAZAKHSTAN BASED ON MODERN METHODOLOGY

Minimization of fatalities, material damage, and socio-economic destruction due to earthquakes depends on reliable estimates of seismic hazard. The paper presents the methodological foundations of seismic hazard assessment developed for Kazakhstan, the basic requirements and the list of work required to carry out seismic zoning of territories at different scale levels – general, detailed and microzoning. They were tested during the creation of Maps of General Seismic Zoning of the Territory of Kazakhstan, which were included in regulatory documents in 2017 and Maps of Seismic Microzoning of Almaty on a new methodological basis. A new approach to seismic hazard assessment is based on a methodology that complies with the main provisions of Eurocode 8 “Design of structures for earthquake resistance”, meets the needs of earthquake-resistant design and construction, is probabilistic and allows to assess seismic hazard not only in seismic intensity according to MSK-64(K) scale common for Kazakhstan, but also in quantitative parameters – peak ground accelerations. For each type of seismic zoning, general objectives are defined that can be solved with consideration of the scale of developed maps.

An Analysis of Rural Households' Earthquake-Resistant Construction Behavior: Evidence from Pingliang and Yuxi, China.

Due to the lack of earthquake-resistant rural houses, small and medium earthquakes caused massive casualties in rural China. In 2004, China began implementing the Earthquake Rural Housing Safety Project Policy (ERHSPP) to reduce earthquake losses, mainly promoting the adoption of earthquake-resistant structures in rural residents’ self-built houses through subsidies, training of construction craftsmen, and provision of earthquake-resistant housing drawings. We conducted a field survey, collecting 1169 rural households in Pingliang, Gansu Province, and 1501 rural households in Yuxi, Yunnan Province, China. We studied Earthquake-Resistant Construction Behaviors (E-RCB) by the logistic and the ordered logistic regression models. Results show that government housing subsidy promotes E-RCB of rural households; E-RCB was affected by ERHSPP, positively correlated with economic status and housing earthquake damage; E-RCB was negatively correlated with structure danger, house age, and earthquake experience; and housing earthquake damage, not earthquake experience, strikingly promoted E-RCB in rural China. The results could provide suggestions in communication risk strategies for the government. We suggest the local government should promote local acceptable disaster propaganda, provide hierarchical housing subsidies, pay attention to housing seismic supervision, publish earthquake-resistant housing design drawings, and conduct more earthquake-resistant technical training for rural craftsmen.

ANALISA PERBANDINGAN STRUKTUR BAJA 3 LANTAI MENGGUNAKAN SYSTEM CBF DAN EBF DENGAN METODE PUSH OVER ANALYSIS

Indonesia merupakan termasuk negara yang berada di ring of fire dan di beberapa batas lempeng tektonik, sehingga tingkat risiko terjadinya gempa bumi sangatlah tinggi.Analisa struktur yang digunakan yaitu perbandingan sistem concentrically braced frames (CBF) dan eccentrically braced frames (EBF) berdasarkan pada peraturan struktur tahan gempa. Hasil analisis menunjukkan Daktilitas struktur dengan sistem CBF lebih kecil daripada sistem EBF. Struktur dengan sistem CBF lebih kaku dan kokoh dibandingkan dengan sistem EBF. Daktilitas yang bagus adalah yang bernilai lebih dari 1, sehingga struktur tidak mudah runtuh. Pada kondisi linier, sistem CBF memiliki perilaku atau kinerja yang lebih baik ditunjukkan dengan penggunaan material, displacement maksimum dan drift ratio yang lebih kecil. Pada kondisi nonlinier, sistem ini (EBF) memiliki perilaku maupun kinerja yang lebih baik terbukti dengan penyerapan energi dan daktilitas yang lebih baik.

Evaluation of Dynamic Properties and Ground-Response Analysis of Soil Reinforced with Cement and Biopolymer

In Korea, earthquakes have continued to occur even after the occurrence of Gyeongju and Pohang earthquakes of 2016 and 2017, respectively, raising awareness of earthquakes. Because earthquakes cause damage to not only structures but also humans, it is essential to improve the seismic performance and design earthquake-resistant structures to minimize earthquake damages. If the seismic performance of a structure is improved through ground improvement and reinforcement, ground response analysis should be performed considering the dynamic properties of the site of the structure. In addition, cement has been widely used as a material for ground improvement, but recently, ground improvement methods in which biopolymers are utilized for ecofriendly construction have been investigated extensively. However, studies on the changes in the dynamic properties of ground improved using biopolymers, and the ground-response analysis has not been investigated in detail. In this study, resonant column tests were performed using samples mixed with cement and sodium alginate to evaluate the effects o f ground improvement using a biopolymer. In addition, the dynamic properties of the improved samples were adopted in performing the ground response analysis, which demonstrated confirmed the ground stability after ground improvement. From the results, the ground dynamic properties, shear modulus, and damping ratio were influenced when the biopolymer and cement were mixed with the soil. Furthermore, the ground response analysis confirmed that the maximum ground acceleration on the surface decreased.

Analisis Struktur Baja Tahan Gempa dengan Sistem SRPMK (Struktur Rangka Pemikul Momen Khusus) Berdasarkan SNI 1729:2015 dan SNI 1726:2012

The selection of material is one of the important aspects used to design a building as it is known that every type of material has a different characteristic. The steel material used as the main component of building structure because of its ductility is more than another material which is the main criterion to design an earthquake resistance building. In this paper, an earthquake steel resistant structure building will be design. This building structure will consist of a five-story office with a regular structure configuration. A special moment frame (SMF) used as the resisting structure system of the earthquake loads as the amount of its load is analyzed using the spectrum response method. The steel material used is type of A36 (fy = 250 MPa; fu = 400 MPa), concrete used f’c = 30 MPa. The design process then produces an earthquake steel resistant structure building, which satisfies the requirement of story drift with a maximum number of story drift occurred in the 2nd story which is 93.5 mm less than allowed story drift that is 95 mm. A structure element dimension used is a beam with a profile of W16x7x40 for every level in the X-axis direction, and the beam with a profile is W14x6.75x38 for every level in Y-axis direction, 12 cm thick plates and column with a profile W14x16x211 is regularly used to every level.

Progressive collapse behavior of joints in steel moment frames involving reduced beam section

In this study, nine laboratory tests were conducted to estimate the performance of earthquake-resistant structures, i.e., reduced beam section (RBS) connection, under a scenario in which the middle column is removed. Four types of joints were tested, namely, welded unreinforced flange – bolted web connection without RBS (WUF-B-NRBS), welded unreinforced flange – bolted web connection with RBS (WUF-B-RBS), welded unreinforced flange – welded web connection without RBS (WUF-W-NRBS), and welded unreinforced flange – welded web connection with RBS (WUF-B-RBS), to investigate the effect of RBS and different beam web connection methods. The experimental results involving the responses of general behavior, resistance mechanisms, failure modes, deformation shapes, and limit displacements are presented in detail. A performance comparison of different connection types indicated that the RBS connection exhibits the optimum performance against progressive collapse, and its practical rotational capacity is >1.9 and 2.7 times larger than that provided by Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 350 and Department of Defense (DOD) guidelines, respectively. Additionally, in the design of the RBS connection, the welded web connection joint exhibited good load-carrying capacity, whereas the bolted web connection joint performed poorly owing to early fracture near the bolt holes. Furthermore, the research parameters were extrapolated within and beyond the limits using ABAQUS. This demonstrated that by increasing the values of horizontal distance from the column flange to the beginning of the beam flange reduction, a, or the length of the beam flange reduction, b, is beneficial to structural load-carrying capacity and ductility. However increasing the value of depth of the beam flange reduction, c, has the opposite effect. Based on the comparison, the recommended design details of RBS connections are presented.