Earthquake-resistant Structures Research Articles

Stress state and waves in the lithospheric plate simulation: A 3rd generation AI architecture

Natural disasters present ongoing risks to human life and the global economy, with climate change and environmental factors exacerbating these threats. This article introduces an innovative approach to earthquake prediction and modeling, utilizing a combination of modern mathematical techniques, data-driven methodologies, and artificial intelligence (AI). By integrating the finite element method and wavelet collocation method, our approach enables the solution of complex partial differential equations involving fractional derivatives. This integration provides a more accurate prediction of earthquake behavior by leveraging AI analysis of the resulting numerical solutions.Our advanced modeling technique enables three-dimensional earthquake modeling, surpassing the limitations of traditional methods and offering unprecedented insights. The comprehensive AI approach shows great potential for improving our understanding of earthquake behavior, facilitating the design of earthquake-resistant structures, and effectively mitigating the devastating impacts of earthquakes.This research significantly contributes to the field of disaster risk reduction and offers practical applications for both researchers and practitioners. By combining mathematical rigor, data-driven insights, and the power of AI, our next-generation approach opens new avenues for enhancing our preparedness and response to seismic events.

Determination of Empirical Correlations between Shear Wave Velocity and Penetration Resistance in the Canakkale Residential Area (Turkey)

One of the most important parameters used to determine the dynamic properties of soil layers is the shear wave velocity. In geotechnical earthquake engineering, the shear wave velocity is used to determine the shear modulus, which provides the input parameters for the design of earthquake-resistant structures. Although there are measurement methods used in field studies to determine the shear wave velocity, they may not be economical in some cases. In this study, the empirical correlations between the shear wave velocity and penetration resistance in sandy soils were investigated with the use of geotechnical and geoseismic data obtained within the scope of microzonation studies performed in the Canakkale residential area. The results of the study were compared with correlations obtained from previous studies, and the equation we produced showed a good ability to predict the shear wave velocity. In addition, it was determined that standard penetration resistance, without energy correction, provided a better correlation coefficient.

CALCULATION OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURE OF MEDICAL CENTER BUILDING RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH (RSUD) SOEDARSO PONTIANAK USING PUSHOVER ANALYSIS

Hospitals are essential in providing health services and must withstand the forces that may occur, even due to an earthquake. RSUD Soedarso is a hospital in Pontianak City that has been around for a long time. However, because it is already quite old, various problems must be addressed. The step taken by the government is to build a new building, namely the Medical Centre and Inpatient Building.The purpose of writing this final project is to evaluate the performance of the earthquake-resistant structure of the Soedarso Hospital Medical Centre building using the pushover analysis method. This method analyses the inelastic behaviour of the system due to the earthquake, where the result is a curve of the relationship between the shear force and the displacement of the roof that occurs. The guidelines for pushover rules used are based on the provisions of ATC-40 and FEMA 356. Further research was carried out on the dilation between the Medical Centre Building and the IRNA Building.The results are that both buildings are still in elastic condition when the performance point is reached. Based on ATC-40 and FEMA 356, the building is classified as in the Immediate Occupancy (IO) performance level, regarding drift ratio and from plastic hinges that occur in column and beam elements. Then the dilatation that arises due to pushover is smaller than the design dilation of 150 mm. Both buildings are protected from potential collisions, which is a relief.

Systems with optimal geometric shapes

Objective. In this paper, buildings of various shapes that have high seismic resistance are considered. Such seismic resistance is provided by the rational shape and outlines of the building itself. Here, the influence of the torsion of the building in the plan is minimized, thereby eliminating large stresses at the ends of the designed building. At the same time, the translational movement of the building in the plan is preserved.Method. By optimizing the shape and shape of buildings for various purposes, high efficiency of the structure is ensured under seismic effects. By comparing the shape and outlines of various buildings, the best variant of their layout is selected.Result. Structural schemes of buildings and structures with high resistance to seismic effects are given. A comparative analysis and recommendation for the design of earthquake-resistant buildings are given. Structural schemes for buildings and structures of various outlines have been developed: round, square, rectangular; constructive schemes of volumetric seismic-resistant structures, pyramidal, conical of various shapes, have been drawn up. Recommendations for the design of earthquake-resistant buildings and structures with optimal geometric shapes are made.Conclusion.The design schemes proposed in the article can be used in the design of earthquake-resistant buildings and structures for various purposes.

Optimizing Seismic Steel for Earthquake-Resistant Structures: The Role of Alloy Chemistry and Thermo-mechanical Processing

Optimizing Seismic Steel for Earthquake-Resistant Structures: The Role of Alloy Chemistry and Thermo-mechanical Processing

Analysis of Steel Braced Steel Framed Building using Designed Base Isolator (LRB)

Abstract: In the construction field, new techniques or methods are invented and later implemented. But there are lots of land areas which exist at high seismic intensity zones in India. So that there is a need for an economic solution having earthquake resistant structure. The steel structures are light weight, cheap in cost, reusable, mostly recycled and most importantly more effective at withstanding seismic activities. Base isolation isolates the structure from strata so building becomes safe from seismic activities. Bracing provides stiffness and strength against horizontal shear. The steel structure with LRB and steel structure with bracing is designed and analysed on ETAB 16 software.

New Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Model for Nepal Himalayas by Integrating Distributed Seismicity and Major Thrust Faults

Nepal is one of the most seismically active regions in the world, as highlighted by the recent devastating 2015, Mw~7.8 Gorkha earthquake, and a robust assessment of seismic hazard is paramount for the design of earthquake-resistant structures. In this study, we present a new probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) for Nepal. We considered data and findings from recent scientific publications, which allowed us to develop a unified magnitude homogenized seismicity catalog and propose alternative seismic source characterization (SSC) models including up-to-date parameters of major thrust faults like main frontal thrust (MFT) and main boundary thrust (MBT), while also considering existing SSC models and various seismic hazard modeling strategies within a logic tree framework. The sensitivity analyses show the seismic hazard levels are generally higher for SSC models integrating the major thrust faults, followed by homogenous volume sources and smoothed seismicity approach. The seismic hazard maps covering the entirety of Nepal are presented as well as the uniform hazard spectra (UHS) for five selected locations (Kathmandu, Pokhara, Biratnagar, Nepalganj, and Dipayal) at return periods of 475- and 2475-years considering Vs,30 = 760 m/s. The results obtained are generally consistent with most recent studies. However, a notable variability in seismic hazard levels and several discrepancies with respect to the Nepal Building Building Code NBC105: 2020 and global hazard model, GEM are noted, and possible causes are discussed.

A Comparative Study on Seismic Analysis of Multistorey Buildings in Different Seismic Zones

The multi-story buildings are constructed to accommodate numerous residents in confined spaces due to the growing population and lack of available land. The population growth and industrial revolution caused a migration of people from rural to urban areas resulting in the need for the construction of multi-story buildings for both residential and commercial uses. The tall buildings, which are not adequately constructed to resist lateral stresses, result in the total collapse of the structure. Buildings that can withstand earthquake forces are created by considering different criteria such as the building’s inherent frequency, damping factor, kind of base, significance of the building and ductility of the structure. Because they have better moment distribution properties, structures designed for ductility need to be designed for lower lateral loads. To ensure safety against the seismic stresses of multi-story buildings, it is essential to understand seismic analysis in order to develop earthquake-resistant structures. Both a regular moment resisting frame and a special moment-resisting frame were taken into account for the seismic study. In the present study, a G + 8 storey reinforced concrete (RC) structure in three different seismic zones was compared in terms of percentage longitudinal steel, reinforcement details, and design base shear. The structure was examined for seismic zones III, IV, and V in accordance with the guidelines of IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016. Results showed that base shear increased with the change in the seismic zone from III to V.

Comparative Analysis of Traditional and Contemporary Architecture in Context to Sustainable Characteristics and its Construction Techniques: A Case of Kumaon Region

Abstract: This research focuses on the study of traditional architecture of Kumaon, and how it has changed over the period of time. Kumaon region in Uttarakhand shows great examples of traditional architecture which has proven to be the best earthresistant structures. The concept of science and earthquake-resistant structures were beyond the thought process of the people of that time. These traditional structures were cost effective, energy-efficient, provide thermal comfort for the longer period of day. The buildings of that time were locally constructed by the skilled person of the community using conventional materials like stone, mud, timber slates etc. With rapid urbanization, the need for rapid development has increased, transportation has improved, and the need for high rise structures has encouraged the use of modern materials such as concrete. However, society continues to demand better services, faster and easier construction to meet the needs of residents, resulting in serious damage to the fragile environment in and around settlements. To minimize the environmental impact of damage caused by modern technology, the use of indigenous practices needs to be revived. This research comprises of the comparison of traditional architectural style “Koti banal” which is rarely being used in many northern parts of Uttarakhand and current construction technique which is affecting the natural terrain of Kumaon resulting in natural calamities like landslide, soil erosion etc. The vernacular practices and patterns followed in conventional hill settlements have splendid capability to emerge as the premise for brand new improvement and system of suitable constructing policies for hill settlements.

EFFECT OF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWIN TUNNELS ON THE INTERNAL FORCES IN THEIR LININGS UNDER THE IMPACT OF EARTHQUAKES - A CASE STUDY IN HANOI

Calculating earthquake-resistant underground structures is becoming more and more important in general design, many civil structures in the field of constructions over the world have used different tools to calculate this problem. However, among of them, there are few publications which are interested in the influence of the distance between the two tunnels on the internal forces occurring in the tunnel linings. On the basis of using the commercial software Plaxis, the input data is the acceleration graph generated under the condition of matching the response spectrum in accordance with the conditions in Hanoi. This is done by computing with models in case of the distance between the two tunnels increases. The results show a significant influence of the distance between the two tunnels, when their distance is less than 3 times the tunnel diameter, this effect will decrease in case of the larger distance.

Sustainable Seismic Design of Triple Steel Structures

Dual systems composed of steel Moment Frames (MFs) and Eccentric Braced Frames (EBFs) are some of the most popular earthquake-resisting structures (ERSs) worldwide. Triple systems are similar to ERSs but with added hybrid rigid rocking cores (HRRCs) that render the trio sustainable against seismic events. Economy-based Sustainable Seismic Design (SSD) is a new concept with a view to achieving financial benefits and environmental protection. Earthquakes impose the utmost load conditions accompanied by large inelastic distortions of almost all structures. The challenge is always the same: to prevent collapse and attempt repairs. Hence, the aim is to design ERSs with an emphasis on the economy and Post-Earthquake Realignment and Repair (PERR), rather than complying with antiquated guidelines. In conventional ERSs, the aim is to satisfy code requirements, whereas in SSD, the economics and post-earthquake attributes of the system are as important as those during the event. The physical effort involved in PERR is directly affected by the design objectives. SSD is part of neither college curricula nor design guidelines. This article promotes the notion that seismic sustainability (SS) in a structure can be highly economical and environmentally friendly if it can prevent collapse, overcome residual effects, and lend itself to PERR. To gain insight into the inner workings of SSD, this report discusses the principles of performance control (PC), design-led analysis (DLA), and the use of replaceable energy-dissipating devices (REDDs). In conclusion, the main contribution of this paper is that it shows that the conventional design can be upgraded to economy-based SSD without resorting to untenable costs and technologies. All the results have been verified via independent computer analysis.

Analysis The Effect Of Column Height Variation On The Perfomance Of Increased Building Structure

The consequences of these earthquake waves cause damage to buildings ranging from light damage to heavy damage. Dealing with the case, it is necessary to plan and implement earthquake-resistant building structures, especially in high-rise buildings. Another factor that needs to be considered is the function of the room which affects the column height when the column height is different and it causes uneven stiffness from the ground floor to the top.
 The aim of this study was to find out the effect of variations in column height on the performance of multi-storey building structures in terms of shear forces, floor drift and buckling load (Pc). The method used in this study was the response spectrum method. The spectrum response is the maximum response of a Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) structural system, both acceleration, velocity and displacement due to the structure being loaded by a certain external force. Before carrying out the analysis using the response spectrum method, a structural model was undertaken by varying the column height on the 1st floor into 3 variations.
 Dealing with the results of the analysis on the building structure model with varying column height on the 1st floor, it indicated that the higher the column the maximum base shear force value increases. The higher the 1st floor column, the maximum floor deviation value increases. The higher the column the value of the column slenderness ratio increases and the Euler buckling load decreases.

Structure Design Modification of DPW Nasdem Office Building using Steel Special Moment Resisting Frame

Manokwari is a District located at the junction of three main plates forming the earth's crust, namely the pacific plate. This makes Manokwari Regency prone to earthquakes. Therefore, building planning must be designed with the concept of earthquake-resistant buildings. Steel material is one type of material that is often used for planning earthquake-resistant building structures because it has high strength and lightweight properties that it is good for earthquake-resistant buildings. One of the methods often used in the planning of earthquake-resistant steel structures is the special moment resisting frame system (SMRF). This structural system is used because it has full ductility that it can survive in areas with a high earthquake risk. This planning modification was carried out at the DPW NasDem Office building by changing the main structure in the form of reinforced concrete using a steel structure with a special moment resisting frame system (SMRF). Based on the calculation and analysis, the results were obtained, namely: the dimensions of the secondary beam are IWF 300x150x6.5x9, the main beam 1 IWF 350x250x9x14, the main beam 2 IWF 300x200x9x14, the column dimensions KC 450x200x9x14 (floors 1-3), KC 400x200x8x13 (floors 4-5), and KC 350x175x7x11 (elevator columns). Floor slabs are 12 cm thick and 10 cm thick for roofing plates. The SRMF joint design uses a high-quality bolt (A325) with the quality of the BJ41 joint plate and the planning results meet the requirements.

Experimental study and theoretical analysis on lateral stiffness of RC frame-frame truss composite wall

Two reinforced concrete (RC) frame-frame truss composite wall (FTCW) specimens with a scale of 1:2 are implemented for cyclic loading test. The test results of phenomenon, hysteretic curves, backbone curves and stiffness degradation curves are obtained, and the seismic performance of shear capacity, ductility, lateral stiffness are analyzed. The lateral stiffness of RC frame-FTCW and the horizontal displacement are mechanical analyzed, and the results are compared with the test results. The test behaviour shows that a multistage energy consuming system that FTCW works before RC frame and the internal diagonal struts work before the outer frame inside the FTCW, forming a multistage energy consumption system for the design purpose of earthquake resistant structures. The point that the embedded angle steel effectively extend the elastic stage of the internal diagonal struts and the point that the amount of FTCW is proportionateto the shear capacity and lateral stiffness are also concluded by the test results. The comparison results of lateral stiffness between mechanical analysis and test results show that the reduction coefficients in different stages and the mechanical analysis are practical and significant.

Comparative Assessment of Performance-Based Design Methodologies Applied to a R.C. Shear-Wall Building

Performance-based design has been increasingly used in practice due to computational improvements, the sophistication and dissemination of nonlinear analysis methods, and the development of commercial programs that facilitate its use. We can evaluate the nonlinear effects of seismic events of great magnitude on the structural behavior of a building, verify preliminary designs based on force-based methods, validate standard design regulations, determine deformations, and calculate accelerations that can be translated into parameters of structural damage and economic losses, among other functions. Guiding documents have presented methodologies to establish requirements, evaluation criteria, analysis methods, etc., each with different objectives, revealing the lack of a consensus method. In this paper, the state of the art of performance-based design is studied, and some of the most relevant methods, such as ASCE 41-17, ASCE 7-16, and the alternative procedure of ACHISINA, are applied to a structure with shear walls designed according to current Chilean regulations. Additionally, modal-response spectrum analysis is used. The modeling of the earthquake-resistant structure of the building, the preparation of seismic records, and the consideration of aspects that limit the rigorous application of the method are addressed in a nonelastic analysis framework. Results obtained in the respective analyses that are used to evaluate the structural performance are compared with the corresponding performance criteria for each standard, considering the characteristics of each methodology. Moreover, the main complications that can occur during the application of the methods are discussed.

Limit state design of resilient earthquake-resisting systems

Sustainable seismic design (SSD) is the first step towards next-generation earthquake engineering. SSD of mixed multiple seismic systems (MMSSs), in which more than one earthquake-resisting structure is used, is a challenging structural engineering issue. Seismic sustainability implies survivability during and after an earthquake, preceded by post-earthquake realignment and repairs (PERR). Purpose-specific MMSSs are ideally suited for SSD. However, contemporary codes address neither the sequences nor the failure mechanisms of the earthquake-resisting structures of MMSSs. The difference between conventional design and SSD is their approach to expected behaviour during and after an earthquake. Earthquakes are natural and dynamic occurrences, whereas PERR is a manual and static process. SSD does not favour unreal detailing or oversimplifying assumptions; it is a multi-faceted effort that involves realistic structural analysis and planned manual operations. In this context, design implies operability with a view to PERR and requires a change from damageability assessment and performance-based seismic design to performance control and reparability-based design, including the development of new analytic tools and purpose-specific details. This article presents graphical solutions and theoretical principles to help achieve practical SSD for MMSSs. These new techniques may be used for practical reliability, economy and environmental protection.

Different orientations of shear wall in a reinforced concrete structure to control drift and deflection

While Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, adapts to more and more high-rise buildings and skyscrapers, concerns remain about their design efficiency and ability to withstand shear loads from seismic movements. In this study, several orientations and placements of shear walls in a regular G +15 story reinforced concrete building were assessed to observe the nature of the structure subjected to earthquake seismic loads by adopting the Equivalent Static Analysis. CSi ETABS 2019 was utilized to analyze the story shear, drift, displacement, stiffness, torsional irregularity and compared against eight separate models with different shear wall placements. The significance of this study lies in its contribution to the area of designing earthquake-resistant structures with appropriate shear wall locations following the recent Bangladesh National Building Code 2020 (Seismic criteria as per ASCE 7-05). Results reveal that shear walls placed symmetrically and along the shorter span for the selected structural plan have shown less lateral drift and displacement than structures with other shear wall orientations.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ECCENTRIC PORTAL BRACING TO VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LINK CLASSIFICATION

Indonesia, which has tectonic conditions in the form of a large meeting point of the world's plates and several small plates, makes the region in Indonesia the center of earthquake occurrences and earthquake-resistant buildings are an absolute necessity. Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBFs) are a model of earthquake-resistant steel building structures that can limit inelastic behavior only to link elements, where the use of these links, especially replaceable links, can facilitate post-earthquake building repairs without having to reconstruct the main building. This study will analyze the stability, behavior, performance levels, and energy dissipation capabilities of six EBF models by combining vertical link and horizontal link configurations for different building height classifications, namely low, medium, and high buildings. Analysis uses the Response Spectrum Analysis and Pushover Analysis methods with the help of structural analysis software. From this analysis, 3-storey H-EBF has the highest stability, 10-storey V-EBF has the fastest time to reach the first yielding condition and consumes the most energy, 3-storey V-EBF has the highest ductility, and 3-storey H-EBF has the highest stiffness. highest. However, the performance level of all EBFs is in the form of Immediate Occupation and similar collapse mechanisms.

Structural damage evaluation of mosques and minarets in Adıyaman due to the 06 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes

This paper evaluates the failures of masonry and RC minarets and mosques during the February 06, 2023, Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. Two big independent earthquakes (Mw = 7.7 and Mw = 7.6), which can be called the disaster of the century for Turkey and occurred at nine-hour intervals, caused a lot of loss of life and destruction in the region where approximately 16% of the country's population lived. It has been observed that the accelerations obtained from many stations exceed the response spectrum values predicted by the Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBEC). Numerous aftershocks occurred after the earthquakes. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the field and evaluate the structural damages of 27 different mosques and minarets in Adıyaman province, which is one of the provinces with significant losses after these earthquakes and is located on the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ). Significant structural damage and total collapses occurred in mosques and minarets, which were built in masonry and reinforced concrete style, as in other types of structures. However, due to the occurrence time of the earthquakes, no loss of life caused by these structures was experienced. Very few of the mosques and minarets examined in this study behaved like earthquake-resistant structures without any damage. As a result of the field investigations, the main reason for the damages in such structures is that they were built by local masters without any engineering service.

Behavior and design of earthquake resistant concrete structure

Earthquake and seismic-resistant concrete structures are essential components and requirements of structural design. The performance and response of concrete structures during/after the earthquake event are significant to determine the condition of the structures as well as to identify the possibility of structural failure. The main objective is to investigate the appropriate method to evaluate the impact on the structure due to earthquakes based on closed-form solutions, and to determine its differences with the results of numerical modelling. The seismic behavior of structures is required to be designed in accordance with the minimum design requirements specified in the Standard. Seismic design, where ground behavior is considered, is presented as a significant part of design analyses, and ground movement and shaking, are associated with the ground deformation which is the primary seismic load consideration for the design of plain or reinforced concrete structures. The outcome of the longitudinal analysis provided the maximum axial and bending strain which is adopted to calculate the combined strain. These results of strain are considered with the design of concrete structures against Ultimate Limit State and Service Limit State design phases. Therefore, the results evaluate the effect of seismic design on the performance of the concrete structure.