Earthquake-resistant Houses Research Articles

A Simple Stilt Structure Technique for Earthquake Resistance of Wooden Vernacular Houses in Bima, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia

The existence of local building structures in Bima vernacular architecture is the research object in this study. The condition of the Bima Regency, which is prone to tectonic and volcanic earthquakes, is the context that influences the structure of the wooden stilt houses. This vulnerability occurs because of two earthquake fault lines flanking the Sumbawa island and an active volcano, Mount Tambora. Identification of Bima vernacular houses' structures and their effectiveness in reducing deformation due to earthquakes become the aims of this study. Data collection uses field observation methods to identify local building structures and construction systems. It also uses digital simulation to determine diagonal bar elements' effectiveness on the stage structure in reducing deformation due to an earthquake. The results showed that the stilt structure consisting of post components with corbels to support the beams, double beams arranged in a cross, diagonal bars, and wooden pegs were structures that maintained their existence. The existence of this stilt structure technique is part of the local seismic culture of the Bima community. The simulation result shows that diagonal bars' presence reduces deformation in structural elements due to earthquake loads. The synergy between structural components occurs in the construction of the Bima vernacular house structure. Thus, the system, form, and material of the Bima stilt structure can reference the development of earthquake-resistant houses in Indonesia.

The application of Seismic Coefficients in simple earthquake-resistant houses

After an earthquake, reconstruction and rehabilitation are often carried out. One of them is by building a simple house. A simple house is the one built without involving construction experts, and hence it rarely follows earthquake-resistant building regulations. This study aims to determine and apply seismic coefficient in the planning of earthquake-resistant, simple houses. The seismic coefficient calculation is applied by comparing the maximum ground acceleration with gravity in cities in three provinces, namely Banten, DKI Jakarta, and West Java. From the calculation results in 21 cities in 3 provinces, the obtained seismic coefficient ranges from 0.175 to 0.411. The smallest seismic coefficient occurs in Indramayu, while the largest seismic coefficient occurs in Sukabumi. Based on the seismic coefficient, the level of earthquake risk for simple house buildings can be known. The lowest risk level occurs in Indramayu with the value of 17.5% and the highest risk level is in Sukabumi with the value of 41.1% of the standard price of a simple house building in each city. The risk level difference from one city to another can be used to strengthen and save the cost of building simple, earthquake-resistant houses.©2021 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved.

Earthquake Mitigation Based on Local Wisdom : The Vernacular Architecture Concept of Dasan Beleq Traditional House in North Lombok - Indonesia

<p><em>Lombok Regency is one of the zones with a high earthquake hazard potential in Indonesia. However, as an area located in that city, Dasan Beleq </em><em>H</em><em>amlet, Gumantar village did not get any physical damage by the disaster in 2018. The customary system and local wisdom in building houses applied by the society supported their houses to have earthquake resistance. This study aimed to investigate the local wisdom portrayed in the Dasan Beleq traditional houses for earthquake mitigation purposes. This research was a descriptive qualitative study conducted from September to December 2020. The result showed that the local wisdom of the traditional houses was represented by their materials and construction techniques. Techniques for connecting ropes and pegs between poles, roof, poles, and floors were arranged using natural resources and settled semi-permanently based on some believed rules of building earthquake-resistant houses. The people also maintained the local wisdom and customary values by applying some special guidelines and rituals in the process of building their houses.</em><em></em></p>

KAPASITAS PANEL RUMAH INSTAN SEHAT BAJA RINGAN (RISBARI)

Indonesia has a very high earthquake potential. Disaster risk reduction requires the construction of earthquake-resistant housing. Rumah Instan Sehat Baja Ringan (RISBARI) is one of the proposals. There was no research on RISBARI building for the structural cyclic analysis, so it is necessary to assess the capacity of the structure. Cyclic experiment testing at panel RISBARI is required to find out the capacity and structural damage behavior. The experimental test was compared with the analytical analysis. Tests were on strap braced systems and shear wall systems panels. The peak capacity of the strap braced system panel on experimental testing is 2.75 kN and 2.94 kN under the analytical capacity of 7,314 kN. The panel collapsed at a drift of 2.46% (73 mm), under the drift limit of 5.5% (165 mm). The peak capacity of the shear wall panel on experimental testing is 8.77 kN and 8.16 kN under the analytical capacity of 13,354 kN. The panels collapsed at a drift of 3.4% (103 mm) is greater than the drift limit of 3% (90 mm). Damage type tearing of flanges and web determines panel capacity than other types of damage. The capacity of the panel immediately drops after the damage occurs.

Progress after the 2015 Nepal Earthquake: Evidence from Two Household Surveys in One of the Hardest-Hit Mountain Villages

Nepal was hit by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake on 25 April 2015, followed by numerous aftershocks, including a 6.8 magnitude earthquake on 26 April and a 7.2 magnitude earthquake on 12 May. Using two household surveys of a panel of 377 households conducted in February 2016 and March 2020 in one of the hardest-hit mountain villages, we found that most of the households recovered well, having better housing, increased income, improved awareness about disaster risk, and better infrastructure facilities than before the earthquake. Notably, the poverty headcount index reduced by 16% from 2016 to 2020, and more than 90% of the households reconstructed into earthquake-resistant houses with financial and technical support, mainly, from the government. The village has increased the quality and length of rural roads; there is also wider coverage of clean water supply and better functioning school buildings and hospitals. Similarly, the subjective well-being of the people, gauged using the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ), has also increased. These aspects combined indicate improved community resilience and the sustainable development of the village. However, the progress differs significantly across gender, caste/ethnic as well as income groups, which calls for inclusive reconstruction and recovery policies as well as disaster risk reduction (DRR) frameworks at a local level to contribute to community resilience and sustainable mountain development.

Earthquake Mitigation Based on Local Wisdom : The Vernacular Architecture Concept of Dasan Beleq Traditional House in North Lombok - Indonesia

Lombok Regency is one of the zones with a high earthquake hazard potential in Indonesia. However, as an area located in that city, Dasan Beleq H amlet, Gumantar village did not get any physical damage by the disaster in 2018. The customary system and local wisdom in building houses applied by the society supported their houses to have earthquake resistance. This study aimed to investigate the local wisdom portrayed in the Dasan Beleq traditional houses for earthquake mitigation purposes. This research was a descriptive qualitative study conducted from September to December 2020. The result showed that the local wisdom of the traditional houses was represented by their materials and construction techniques. Techniques for connecting ropes and pegs between poles, roof, poles, and floors were arranged using natural resources and settled semi-permanently based on some believed rules of building earthquake-resistant houses. The people also maintained the local wisdom and customary values by applying some special guidelines and rituals in the process of building their houses.

IMPROVING PUBLIC AWARENESS OF EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT HOUSE USING FACTOR ANALYSIS

Public awareness of earthquake-resistant houses can increase the region's resilience to earthquake disasters. This study aims to conduct a comparison of two different groups of people on their opinion of earthquake-resistant housing variables and actions to increase the quality of their house. For supporting public awareness of earthquake-resistant houses, the purpose also determines the latent variables of earthquake-resistant houses and actions from the public for improving the quality of the residential building. This quantitative research begins by collecting the earthquake-resistant house attributes through journal reviews. This study used a closed-ended questionnaire to collect data on public experiences of earthquake disasters. For data analysis, it used correlation analysis to determine the level of relationship between two variables and utilizes factor analysis to reduce the variable to a small number of factors. The two groups that have different experiences of earthquakes tend to have similar opinions about the characteristics of earthquake-resistant houses and the actions for improving the quality of residential buildings. The five factors of the earthquake-resistant housing are safe structural construction, fixed architectural elements, open accessibility, lightweight-ductile material, and simple floor plan. Then the three factors represent the actions for improving residential quality, namely, to improve material and structure, build an earthquake-resistant house, and make accessibility easy and safe.

Building a Prototype of an Eco-friendly House in the Peri-Urban Area

The concept of sustainable housing has considered the urgency to support the sustainable environment in an integrative way. This concept is related to several main principles include environmental, social, and economic sustainability. In practice, these principles translated into the fundamental of housing choice, both process and product choices. In many peri-urban areas, current house construction tends to imitate city houses with massive concrete structures equipped with air conditioning that caused high energy consumption. The Center for Rural Empowerment team of ITB built a prototype of an eco-friendly house in Haurgombong village, Sumedang, West Java. The house has two floors building on a 7x5 m2 land site. The first floor was renovated from the existing toilet rooms and develop into a two-floor house. The second floor was built using the local wood material. The wood material has been obtaining from the trees of seven years old beechwood (Gmelina Arborea) planted in the garden. The envelope material for this house was constructed from local and common material in rural or peri-urban context, the lightweight fiberglass for the roof of common room, and the transparent fiber materials for the roof of second-floor terrace to make the plantation at this area can easily receive the sunlight. This house is also can be regarded as a prototype of an earthquake-resistant house. The lighting factor, temperature, and airflow settings are made naturally. Besides, this house has also equipped with a rainwater storage system and greywater treatment using a small, constructed wetland that allows the treated water used for watering gardens and fishponds. The budget spent to build this house was as low as possible so that the surrounding community can imitate the building for their house and disseminate eco-friendly housing.

Vulnerability of society on earthquake disasters in kayangan north lombok

The earthquake caused severe damage in North Lombok Regency. The impact of the earthquake was that there were many casualties and most of the residents’ houses suffered minor to severe damage and caused damage to public facilities available. Kayangan Subdistrict is one of five sub-districts located in North Lombok Regency and has the worst damage. This study aims to analyze the level of vulnerability of the community in Kayangan Subdistrict. The technique of collecting data is by observing, documenting, and interviewing relevant offices and stakeholders in Kayangan Subdistrict. Data analysis using qualitative descriptive. The results of this study show that the categories of household vulnerability in Kayangan Subdistrict can be divided into three groups, namely, among others: (1) Prosperous Groups, (2) Middle Groups, and (3) Poor Groups. Whereas when viewed from vulnerable age groups in Kayangan Subdistrict, the productive age group is more vulnerable when compared to the unproductive age group and the unproductive age group. The productive age group includes women and men aged between 15-64 years. In addition, if viewed from the socio-economic aspects this is very closely related to vulnerability analysis. When viewed from the socio-economic capital of the population in Kayangan Subdistrict, it has very good social and economic capital in meeting its needs after an earthquake. This greatly helps the community in fulfilling its life so that it can reduce socio-economic vulnerability in society. In addition, the role of the government in providing assistance in the form of earthquake resistant housing options also greatly helped the community in the recovery period following the earthquake.

Masonry buildings strengthened with textile-fiber composite (TRC) layers and fiber-reinforced cementitious (FRC) layers

In June 2015, the authors published a paper titled “Brief Report of Shaking Table Test on Masonry Building Strengthened with Ferrocement Layers” [1]. The authors suggested in that paper to replace the traditional way of constructing masonry houses using the so called practical columns and beams (herein after called traditional masonry houses) with bandaging using ferrocement layers on both sides of the walls as skin facings and brick wall as core. Since then, many masonry houses bandaged with ferrocement layers are built in Indonesia. Apart from constructing new earthquake resistant houses, ferrocement bandaging is also used for retrofitting existing as well as damaged houses after earthquakes. In the past decades, continuous fiber mesh was introduced to replace the steel wire mesh in a cementitious matrix. Since the early 2000, textile-based composites were used in the field of strengthening and seismic retrofitting of masonry as well as concrete structures. Originally these new “textile fiber composite” materials are called “Textile Reinforced Concrete” (TRC) in Europe. However, in the USA, the term used is “Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix systems” (FRCM). Extensive research on FRCM / TRC were conducted. A wide variety of publications on the subject matter are now available worldwide. Apart from TRC, many technical studies are published addressing fiber reinforced cement and concrete composite. The term “Fiber Reinforced Cementitious” (FRC) is used and defined as concrete and/or cementitious matrix with suitable discontinuous fibers added to it for the purposes of achieving a desired level of performance in a particular property, such as modulus elasticity, tensile strength, and ductility [2]. Lately, the use of discontinuous fibers as reinforcement for concrete and cementitious matrix FRC are introduced by many practitioners and civil engineers. Adding fibers in concrete / cementitious matrix mixer simply like adding sand or admixtures, to create a homogenous, isotropic, strong, tough, durable, and moldable structural materials [2]. In this paper the authors used the terms of TRC and FRC as defined by Naaman [2, 3], namely TRC for fiber-cement with fiber-mesh and FRC for fiber-cement with discontinuous fiber. This paper provides a simplified global analysis of the overall structure strengthened with FRCM / TRC as well as strengthened with FRC.

Earthquake and tsunami potential levels in Sulawesi (lesson learned earthquake West Sulawesi)

Earthquake and tsunami disasters always bring negative impacts and losses for humans. The high frequency of earthquake disasters in Sulawesi and the massive impact of destruction and damage to infrastructure, loss of homes and property, and death of people are partly due to the lack of knowledge of this potential disaster by the surrounding community. Therefore, it is necessary to study the potential for earthquake and tsunami disasters on Sulawesi Island, and Lesson Learned about the Earthquake Disaster that has occurred in past. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive analysis design of secondary data obtained through a comprehensive literature review. The results showed that Sulawesi Island has a high potential for earthquake disasters, which is in the historical records of disasters, some of these earthquakes were accompanied by tsunami waves. The lesson that can be drawn from the earthquake in West Sulawesi is the potential for aftershocks after the opening earthquake and the main earthquake. In addition, the urgency of building earthquake-resistant housing structural mitigation is the key to safety during an earthquake. The post-earthquake recovery program in West Sulawesi requires further studies related to soil classification surveys, soil dominant periods, and soil seismic vulnerability index, as part of rebuilding a better and safer post-disaster area.

An Analysis of Rural Households' Earthquake-Resistant Construction Behavior: Evidence from Pingliang and Yuxi, China.

Due to the lack of earthquake-resistant rural houses, small and medium earthquakes caused massive casualties in rural China. In 2004, China began implementing the Earthquake Rural Housing Safety Project Policy (ERHSPP) to reduce earthquake losses, mainly promoting the adoption of earthquake-resistant structures in rural residents’ self-built houses through subsidies, training of construction craftsmen, and provision of earthquake-resistant housing drawings. We conducted a field survey, collecting 1169 rural households in Pingliang, Gansu Province, and 1501 rural households in Yuxi, Yunnan Province, China. We studied Earthquake-Resistant Construction Behaviors (E-RCB) by the logistic and the ordered logistic regression models. Results show that government housing subsidy promotes E-RCB of rural households; E-RCB was affected by ERHSPP, positively correlated with economic status and housing earthquake damage; E-RCB was negatively correlated with structure danger, house age, and earthquake experience; and housing earthquake damage, not earthquake experience, strikingly promoted E-RCB in rural China. The results could provide suggestions in communication risk strategies for the government. We suggest the local government should promote local acceptable disaster propaganda, provide hierarchical housing subsidies, pay attention to housing seismic supervision, publish earthquake-resistant housing design drawings, and conduct more earthquake-resistant technical training for rural craftsmen.

Assessment of energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions in low rise building systems: Case study of five building systems built after the Gorkha Earthquake in Nepal

Buildings are responsible for significant energy consumption and greenhouse gases (GHG) emission. This study aims to assess energy consumption and CO2 emission in five low rise building systems of buildings used for the reconstruction of earthquake-resistant houses in hilly regions of Nepal after Gorkha Earthquake. The Ecoinvent dataset version 3.5 and software tool OpenLCA version 1.8 has been used to assess the energy consumption and CO2 emission due to the construction of the buildings after the earthquake. The study considers four stages of lifecycle assessment starting from firstly, material production and transportation stage; secondly, the construction of the building stage; thirdly, operation of the building stage to finally, demolition stage of the residential buildings with different construction materials. The results of the study show that Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) system demands 1.69 times higher energy than the Compressed Stabilized Earth Block (CSEB) system, whereas, the RCC system emits 1.64 times higher CO2 equivalent emission than Interlocking Block (IB) building system throughout their lifecycle. This outcome of the study would be useful to the policymakers to choose the right structural system of the building with appropriate construction materials for the construction of houses which will give less impact on the environment.

Long-term evaluation of proactive attitudes toward disaster education in Nepal

This study proposes a change in the approach to evaluating disaster risk reduction (DRR) education from short-term knowledge transfer to a long-term action-oriented approach. Furthermore, the study recommends introducing a chronological and progressive evaluation method that follows learners in DRR education from the beginning, rather than evaluating retrospectively. Thus, the study discusses the strong tendency in the literature toward the short-term knowledge-transfer evaluation paradigm and its problems from two viewpoints: inconsistency between what is evaluated and what needs to be achieved, and dissociation of knowledge from action. Three studies on long-term evaluation have solved these problems; however, they did not evaluate how the proactive attitude grows and is evoked. Thus, this study describes the chronological development of a DRR education exchange program between Nepalese and Japanese students and the progressive change in attitude of Nepalese students from 2001 to 2015. It was revealed that the education contributed to fostering the learners' proactive attitude, which they maintained even after graduation. The learners promoted the construction of earthquake-resistant houses in their village and contributed to decreasing structural damage sustained from the 2015 earthquake. More importantly, the study clarified that the learners’ attitudes evolved to become proactive, and that this proactive attitude was maintained for more than 10 years throughout three phases: educational, participation, and independent action. The study recommends that researchers change their approach to evaluating DRR education to a long-term action-oriented approach. Accumulation of data for long-term action-oriented evaluation leads to the ability to explore an effective education methodology that fosters a proactive attitude in learners.

Bamboo Reinforcement Concrete Beam as Innovation for Low-cost Earthquake Resistant House

The aim of study is to know about shape, specification, strength, and reduction bamboo reinforced concrete cost construction percentage against reinforced concrete. This study was conducted with a comparative quantitative method. The comparison examined includes cost reduction that occur when using bamboo. Study was using one of bamboo species called Bambusa Vulgaris which has great growth potential in Tidore City, especially Rum District. Bambusa Vulgaris is a strong and recommended bamboo for application as a construction material. Based on the analysis results, bamboo reinforced concrete has enough strength to replace the type of steel-reinforced concrete construction on sloof beam and ring beam. The use of bamboo as reinforced concrete for simple houses projects could save projects cost up to 10.4 million rupiahs. It reflects that Rum Village and Tidore City has tremendous bamboo potential to be used as a structural material. That fact expected that the results of this study can be empirically tested in the laboratory to determine mechanical properties of bamboo reinforced beams originating from Tidore City. For the long term, it is hoped that the local government can move together with the society of the Tidore City to cultivate bamboo seriously and sustainably.

Builder perception on the implementation of earthquake resistant non-engineered house construction practice in Padang City

Disaster preparedness from the builder is crucial due to the increase of earthquake vulnerability in Padang City. To ensure that the house is built following the concept of an earthquake-resistant non-engineered house must be followed in building the house to secure and minimizes the risk of casualties and losses caused by the earthquake. Previous experience shows that technical factors are not enough to increase the awareness of the builders. It requires non-technical factors that may play a significant role in disaster reduction in the community. That is why this study intends to identify builder perception about indicators of earthquake-resistant non-engineered house development and its implementation in the field. Questionnaires are used to gather the data to 30 housing projects in Padang City. In general, all statements about the concept of earthquake-resistant houses are strongly considered by the builders. However, it does not implement in the field run smoothly. Many construction practices found did not meet the principles. Government and stakeholder participation are needed to enhance the competency and knowledge of the homeowners and builders.

Lombok earthquake, one year later: housing sector recovery

The series of strong earthquakes that hit the province of West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) on 29 July 2018 (M6.4), 5 August 2018 (M7.0), 9 August 2018 (M6.2) and 19 August 2018 (M6.5 and M6.9) has caused many casualties, injuries as well as damages in the housing sector. The disaster emergency was stated on July 29th, 2018 and was extended several times up to August 25th, 2018. A transition period from an emergency situation to recovery was declared starting from August 26th, 2018 to February 26th, 2019, while the rehabilitation and reconstruction (R & R) phase was started from February 27th. , 2019. In the R & R program, the Government has established a policy of building earthquake-resistant houses with a self-managed system through the formation of community groups (POKMAS) consisting of house owners, supported by technical and administrative facilitators. There are many models of earthquake resistant houses, both those proposed by the government and the private sector that are approved by the government. A Presidential Instruction (Inpres) Number 5 Year 2018 was issued on 23 August 2018 to provide guidance on the housing sector reconstruction. An investigation to study and document the lessons learnt from the housing reconstruction process is conducted in Lombok Island, covering the issues of program management, institutional set up and coordination, project administration, technical design, quality assurance and community participation. It was found that there were so many house building models proposed to the community by various sponsors, which cause confusion to the affected community. The study also found that the house reconstruction program has been delayed during the process, as one year after the earthquake, there were only about 52 thousands houses which have been completed, and 80 thousands other are still in progress, compared to the total of more than 237 thousand affected houses to be repaired and rebuilt. The study is expected to reveal various impeding issues and propose solutions for expediting the process. It is also expected that the result of the study can be used as a reference for future post-disaster housing sector recovery program in other places.

KUAT LENTUR PANEL DINDING EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE DENGAN PERKUATAN KALSIUM SILIKAT DAN PENYAMBUNG GESER BAUT

Started from an innovative construction system programmed by the government to provide residential homes in 2007 that is the use of expanded polystyrene concrete as a wall construction. This type of construction provides advantages that can reduce the risk of damage in the earthquakes because it has a relatively light weight which is one of the requirements for earthquake resistant houses. For this reason, the bearing capacity of the wall panel is increased to become an earthquake resistant wall using reinforcement layers. Variations on this research are expanded polystyrene concrete panels without reinforcement, with reinforcement, and with reinforcement and bolt shear connectors. Strengthening uses a reinforcement of Calcium Silicate are Kalsi board. Testing based on SNI 03-3122-1992 (Fibrous Lightweight Concrete Panel). The results showed that the average value of the panel densities was 612,57 kg/m3, the elastic modulus was 942,37 MPa, compressive strength of 2,52 MPa and water absorption capacity of 12,11%. The highest flexural strength was obtained by the panel with kalsiboard reinforcement of 1,60 MPa. This results the addition of reinforcement layers will affect the increase in strength.

Behaviour of oil palm broom fibres (OPBF) reinforced concrete

Recent concerns on global environmental sustainability and climate change have favoured the use of natural fibres as alternatives to traditional reinforcing steel in concrete due to their low carbon footprint. Oil palm broom fibres (OPBF) which are the ribs of oil palm leaflets have average length, cross-sectional area, density and tensile strength of 900 mm, 1.837 mm2, 0.84 g/cm3 and 389 MPa respectively, hence making the fibres superior to steel in terms of strength-to-weight ratio. A study on the effect of OPBF on some mechanical properties of concrete mix of 1:1.5:3 of cement, sand and gravel respectively, was carried out. Short discrete OPBF of 50 mm length were incorporated in the fresh concrete mix at 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 3% and 4% of total aggregate volume. A total of two hundred and seventy-six (276) samples of 150 cubic, 63 cylindrical and 63 prismatic specimens were cast to assess compressive strength of OPBF-concrete at 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112 days, and flexural and split-tensile strengths at 28, 56 and 112 days. Bond strength between OPBF and concrete matrix was also investigated through pull-out tests. Flexural strength and splitting tensile strength of concrete were slightly improved for 0.5–1% OPBF inclusion at 28 days but do not show marked improvements at 112 days. Failure of hardened OPBF-concrete was characterised by more fibre-pull-outs than fibre-fracture but with an enhanced ductility of the composite at failure. The post-yield behaviour of OPBF-concrete shows enhanced energy absorption capacity of between 70 and 320% at 112 days, thereby possessing potential application in low-cost earthquake resistant housing.

Earthquake loss estimation of residential buildings in Bantul regency, Indonesia.

Bantul regency in 2006 had experienced considerable earthquake and suffered many casualties. The factors such as high population density and lack of seismic design of residential buildings in Bantul besides its location in a high seismic region have increased its vulnerability to earthquake disasters that can lead to a widespread economic losses and casualties. This research aims to capture earthquake risk in Bantul towards economic losses and casualties by using risk curve. Risk curve is a combination of several sources from literatures containing hazard curve and vulnerability curve together with exposure. The result showed that the expected economic loss in 50 years for residential building is $647.22 million; however, the highest value of economic losses shows the value up to $7600m which occurs in earthquake of 7.15 MW scale. The same worst-case scenario caused the casualties up to 49 000 people at night-time and 15 000 people at daytime. The result established that confined masonry building type conduces the highest value of economic losses and timber frame building shows the highest vulnerability to the earthquake disaster than other building types. Furthermore, in order to reduce the risk, we applied the hypothetical policy to build a simple earthquake-resistant house called Simple Instant Healthy House. The result indicates that this mitigation policy can effectively reduce both economic losses and casualties.